金纳米棒在光学、电学、信息学和生物医学等领域具有广泛的应用。然而，一些具有特殊要求的金纳米棒还不能通过常规的方法制备。在本研究中，我们创新地将十二醇(LA)分子引入到传统种子生长方法中，成功实现了具有固定宽度的不同长径比(AR)金纳米棒(FW-Au NR)的按需制备。此外，通过合理地选择相应的反应条件(如氯金酸和硝酸银的浓度)，可以在130–38.4，109–26.4和16–46 nm范围之间分别调节FW²³-Au NRs，FW¹⁴-Au NRs和FW^6.5-Au NRs (右上角的标注数字表示金纳米棒的宽度)的长度。即，可在一个较大的长度范围内调节具有固定宽度的金纳米棒的长径比。并且，在合适浓度的十二醇，0.24–0.30 mmol∙L⁻¹范围内调节硝酸银浓度，可以使这些金纳米棒的宽度固定在6.5–23 nm之间。另外，实现FW-Au NRs制备的关键是银离子和十二醇分子对分布在金种子晶面上的CTA-Br-Ag⁺化合物的密度的协同影响。

采用原位聚合法制备了氯氧化铋(BiOCl)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合的Ⅱ型异质结光催化剂BiOCl/PANI，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附测试等多种技术手段对其进行了表征，考察了BiOCl/PANI在模拟可见光下对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明：BiOCl/PANI催化剂比PANI和BiOCl具有更高的光催化活性，在RhB质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、PANI与BiOCl的物质的量之比为0.02∶1、50 mg·L^-1的催化剂条件下，所制备的BiOCl/PANI光催化150 min后，RhB降解率为98.8%，速率常数为0.031 min^-1；经过4次循环实验后，RhB降解率从98.8%降低至98.4%，表现出良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。光催化剂BiOCl/PANI实现了电子和空穴对的快速分离，降低了二者在催化剂内部的复合速率，提高了光催化性能。

仪器分析实验“分子荧光法测定罗丹明B的含量”存在实验过于简单、未考虑实际情况等问题。因此，本改进实验在三维荧光扫描模式下获取样本数据，不进行复杂预处理，而是运用化学计量学算法解析出目标分析物的纯信号，进而实现了染色辣椒中罗丹明6G和123的同时测定。本改进实验提高了学生全面考虑问题和创新解决问题的能力。

得益于过渡金属和晶格氧共同参与氧化还原反应，富锂层状氧化物(LLOs)具有大于250 mAh·g⁻¹的比容量，因而成为下一代商用锂离子电池的潜在候选正极材料。为进一步提高理论比容量并减少对环境和健康有害的钴、镍元素依赖，开发高锰富锂层状氧化物(HM-LLOs)成为一种可行的策略。通过引入更多的Li–O–Li构型，可以促进更多晶格氧参与氧化还原反应，从而提升理论比容量。然而，锰含量的增加也带来了如活化困难和不可逆氧释放等挑战，显著限制了HM-LLOs理论比容量的实际利用。基于此，本文首先探讨了HM-LLOs高理论比容量的来源，随后深入分析了高锰特性引发的结构变化及其对实际比容量利用的限制，最后系统总结了从合成到活性材料改性的多种优化策略，并展望了可能提升HM-LLOs实际比容量的未来方向。

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe₃O₄. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range, promoting their photocatalytic properties. Under visible light irradiation, CdS/Fe₃O₄ (2:5) with a mass ratio of 2:5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation rate of 98.8% for rhodamine B. Furthermore, after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation reaction, the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%, indicating that the photocatalysts have good photocatalytic stability.

A flower-like BiOBr photocatalyst (CS/BiOBr) was prepared by using the carbon material derived from corn straw (CS) as the carrier. The prepared composites were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FIIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS). The SEM analyses indicate that the introduction of CS promotes the formation of a unique flower-like structure in BiOBr, which not only optimizes the efficiency of light capture but also increases the specific surface area of BiOBr. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the pure BiOBr. The CS/BiOBr composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure CS and BiOBr under visible light irradiation, and a higher first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.043 7 min^-1 than BiOBr (0.014 6 min^-1), and exhibited excellent stability and reusability during the cyclic run. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and holes were the major active species.