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• The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) pheno-menon has attracted various attentions in recent years due to its great significances in exploring the functional luminescence materials^[1-3]. Generally, comp-ounds with AIE nature could emit strong or moderate solid-state fluorescence, which is beneficial for the possible optoelectronic applications^[4-6]. To date, many organic systems such as tetraphenylethene (TPE)^[7], hexaphenylsilole (HPS)^[8], cyano-stilbene^[9], difluoro-boron avobenzone^[10] derivatives have been verified to be AIE active. Among them, the restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR) of the phenyl rings for TPE and HPS is believed to be responsible for their AIE phenomenon^[4]. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between polar nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms and aromatic hydrogen atoms play key roles in generating the AIE nature for cyano-stilbene and difluoroboron avobenzone species. It is well-known that molecules with different push-pull functional groups forming the donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) backbone would have longer wavelength emission. Nowadays, it is a tendency to obtain more colorful luminogens by introducing polar groups into the skeletons of AIE molecules^[11]. However, the risk of fluorescence quenching still exists in the processes of increasing the conjugated system of new AIE system. In fact, the exploration of novel AIE molecules having new parent structures and with high luminescent efficiency is still a challenging issue.

  As a classical building block, 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) has been widely used in organic, inorganic and supramolecular chemistry^[12-17]. The most impressive usage for phen, however, is still in coordination chemistry^[18-20]. On the other hand, examples of phen based AIE compounds are seldom mentioned in the literature^[21]. Numerous efforts have been made to extend the phen core in the aim of receiving functional phen derivatives. Among them, 2-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline (TIP) is a typical D-π-A molecule, which could be prepared via the condensation reaction between 1, 10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione and related thiophene formaldehyde^[22]. In fact, TIP species display poor solubility in common organic solvents, which will restrict their further practical applications. It is clear to us that the N-alkylation strategy can result in better solubility of TIP molecules and facilitate the easier purification of the resultant compounds^[22-23]. By taking advantage of the dual functionality strategy, i.e. simultaneous imidazole N-alkylation of TIP and rhenium(Ⅰ) tricar-bonyl complexation, our group firstly reported two examples of AIEE active TIP based rhenium(Ⅰ) tricar-bonyl complexes^[21]. It is noted that the presence of an alkyl chain in TIP compounds can impact the solid-state molecular packing conformations: (1) providing enough attachment sites for intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which is vital to fix the molecular configura-tions; (2) staggering the strong interlayer interactions between neighboring molecules.

  In this work, 2-(5-bromo-4-methylthiophen-2-yl)-imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline (1), three N-alkylated derivatives (2a~2c) and one related rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl compound 3 were synthesized to explore the possible AIE materials (Scheme 1). Initially, the imbedment of a methyl group into the β position of thiophen unit is to improve the solubility of 1. However, this strategy is unsuccessful. Then, a systematic investigation of N-alkylation for 1 has been carried out, in which three alkyl chains with different lengths (n-C₄H₉, n-C₈H₁₇ and n-C₁₂H₂₅) were used. Indeed, the presence of N-alkyl tails in 2a~2c can obviously enhance the solubility in common organic solvents of TIP molecules. Further X-ray single-crystal analyses of 1 and 2a~2c indicated that the molecular planarity for TIP moiety could be maintained when using a short alkyl chain. The dihedral angle between adjacent imidazo-[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline and thiophene rings in 2a is 10.2(5)°, which is just a bit bigger than un-alkylated 1 (2.1(8)°). At last, 2a having the optimal balance between solubility and planarity was selected as the ligand to construct corresponding AIEE rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl compound.

  Scheme 1

  

  Scheme 1.  Synthetic routes of N-alkylated TIP based compounds 2a~2c and rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl compound 3

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  1.   Experimental

  1.1   Syntheses of the compounds

  Compound 1: 1, 10-Phenanthroline-5, 6-dione (3.0 g, 14.3 mmol), 5-bromo-4-methylthiophene-2-carbalde-hyde (3.2 g, 15.7 mmol) and ammonium acetate (10.8 g, 140.3 mmol) were dissolved in acetic acid (50 mL) and the resulting mixture was heated at 110 ℃ for 8 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and neutralized by adding ammonium hydroxide until no more precipitate was formed. The precipitate was filtered through a glass fibre filter and then washed with excess water and diethyl ether. The residue was then dried in vacuo to afford compound 1 as a white solid (5.3 g, 93%). Colorless single crystals of 1 suitable for X-ray diffraction determination were grown from the mixture solution of CH₃OH/CHCl₃ by slow evaporation in air at room temperature for 7 days. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.91 (s, 1H), 9.03(s, 2H), 8.83~8.78 (m, 2H), 7.88~7.85 (m, 1H), 7.81~7.88 (m, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H).

  Compound 2a: Compound 1 (1.0 g, 2.5 mmol) and NaH (0.2 g, 8.3 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DMF (50 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 50 ℃ for 0.5 h, and a solution of n-butyl bromide (1.0 g, 7.5 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (25 mL) was added slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 105 ℃, cooled to room temperature and quenched with water. The solution was removed under a vacuum, and then the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and rinsed with distilled water for three times. The desired compound 2a as white solid (0.8 g, 71%) was finally separated by silica gel column chromato-graphy using CHCl₃ as the eluent. Colorless single crystals of 2a suitable for X-ray diffraction determina-tion were grown from CHCl₃ by slow evaporation in air at room temperature for three days. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.20~9.18 (m, 2H), 9.60 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 8.56 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.74~7.70 (m, 2H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 4.73 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.05~2.00 (m, 2H), 1.55~1.48 (m, 2H), 1.04 (t, 3H, J=7.4 Hz). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 149.0, 147.8, 146.4, 144.7, 144.0, 138.2, 136.7, 135.3, 130.6, 130.2, 130.0, 127.8, 125.3, 123.8, 123.5, 122.8, 122.6, 119.7, 46.8, 32.2, 19.9, 13.7, 13.6.

  Compound 2b: The synthetic procedure for 2a was followed using 1 (1.0 g, 2.5 mmol), NaH (0.2 g, 8.3 mmol), n-octyl bromide (1.5 g, 7.8 mmol) and DMF (100 mL). Compound 2b was obtained as white solid in a yield of 0.9 g (69%). Colorless single crystals of 2b suitable for X-ray diffraction measurements were obtained from CHCl₃ by slow evaporation in air at room temperature for 10 days. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.19~9.16 (m, 2H), 9.04 (d, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 8.52 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.74~7.68 (m, 2H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.70 (t, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.06~2.00 (m, 2H), 1.49~1.43 (m, 2H), 1.36~1.27 (m, 8H), 0.89 (t, 3H, J=6.7 Hz). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 149.1, 147.7, 146.3, 144.8, 144.2, 138.1, 136.7, 135.3, 130.4, 130.2, 130.0, 127.8, 125.2, 123.8, 123.5, 122.6, 119.7, 46.9, 31.7, 28.9, 29.1, 26.4, 22.6, 14.1, 13.7.

  Compound 2c: The synthetic procedure for 2a was followed using 1 (1.0 g, 2.5 mmol), NaH (0.2 g, 8.3 mmol), 1-bromododecane (1.9 g, 7.6 mmol) and DMF (100 mL). Compound 2c was obtained as a white solid in a yield of 1.1 g (75%). Colorless single crystals of 2c suitable for X-ray diffraction measure-ments were obtained from CHCl₃ by slow evaporation in air at room temperature for 15 days. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.13~9.11 (m, 2H), 8.98 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 8.43 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.68~7.61 (s, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 4.61 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.24 (m, 16H), 0.87 (t, 3H, J=6.72 Hz). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 149.0, 147.6, 146.2, 144.7, 144.1, 138.1, 136.5, 135.2, 130.3, 130.0, 127.6, 125.1, 123.7, 123.4, 122.5, 119.5, 46.8, 31.9, 29.6, 29.5, 29.4, 29.3, 28.9, 26.3. 22.6, 15.3, 14.1, 13.7.

  Compound 3: Compound 2a (0.10 g, 0.22 mmol) and Re(CO)₅Cl (0.11 g, 0.30 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of CH₃CN (10 mL) and CHCl₃ (10 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h and cooled to room temperature. The organic solvent was removed under a vacuum, and then the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and rinsed with distilled water three times. The desired compound 3 as yellow solid (0.14 g, 85%) was finally separated by silica gel column chromatography using CHCl₃ as the eluent. Yellow single crystals of 3 suitable for X-ray diffraction measurements were obtained from CHCl₃ by slow evaporation in air at room temperature for 3 day. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.38~9.35 (m, 2H), 9.25 (dd, 1H, J=8.2, 1.2 Hz), 8.77 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.93~7.88 (m, 2H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 4.79 (t, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.05~1.99 (m, 2H), 1.54~1.48 (m, 2H), 1.06 (t, 3H, J=7.3 Hz).

  CCDC: 1992191, 1; 1992192, 2a; 1992193, 2b; 1992194, 2c; 1992195, 3.

  Table 1

  

  Table 1.  Crystal data and structural refinements for five compounds

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  Compound	1	2a	2b	2c	3
  Formula	C19H15BrN4OS	C23H20BrCl3N4S	C27H28BrCl3N4S	C30H35BrN4S	C26H20BrClN3O3ReS
  Formula weight	427.32	570.75	626.85	563.59	756.07
  T / K	291(2)	291(2)	291(2)	123(2)	291(2)
  Wavelength / nm	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07
  Crystal size / mm	0.12×0.12×0.10	0.14×0.12×0.10	0.10×0.10×0.10	0.12×0.10×0.10	0.12×0.10×0.10
  Crystal system	Orthorhombic	Triclinic	Monoclinic	Triclinic	Orthorhombic
  Space group	P212121	P1	C2/c	P1	Pbca
  a / nm	0.570 7(1)	0.934 7(2)	3.334 2(8)	0.739 6(2)	1.482 1(1)
  b / nm	1.344 1(2)	1.098 8(2)	0.728 7(2)	0.923 0(2)	1.058 7(1)
  c / nm	2.262 7(4)	1.266 1(3)	2.712 3(9)	2.127 1(5)	3.141 5(1)
  α / (°)		107.669(3)		89.481(4)
  β / (°)		103.561(3)	119.057(19)	88.705(3)
  γ / (°)		94.534(4)		70.839(4)
  V / nm3	1.735 8(5)	1.188 5(4)	5.760(3)	1.371 3(5)	4.929 0(2)
  Z	4	2	8	2	8
  Dc / (g·cm-3)	1.635	1.595	1.446	1.365	2.038
  F(000)	864	576	2 560	588	2 912
  μ / mm-1	2.505	2.174	1.802	1.601	6.781
  hmin, hmax	-6, 6	-11, 11	-39, 36	-20, 20	-18, 19
  kmin, kmax	-13, 15	-13, 12	-6, 8	-11, 11	-13, 13
  lmin, lmax	-25, 26	-13, 15	-32, 32	-25, 23	-34, 40
  Data, parameter	3 050, 238	4 151, 319	5 060, 326	4 789, 326	5 660, 327
  Final R indices [I>2σ(I)]*	R1=0.105 9, wR2=0.291 2	R1=0.078 9, wR2=0.208 3	R1=0.109 7, wR2=0.247 8	R1=0.104 4, wR2=0.239 4	R1=0.038 6, wR2=0.091 0
  R indices (all data)	R1=0.125 0, wR2=0.310 0	R1=0.098 6, wR2=0.218 3	R1=0.249 1, wR2=0.282 1	R1=0.158 7, wR2=0.262 3	R1=0.056 9, wR2=0.100 2
  S	1.286	1.068	1.194	0.950	1.068
  (Δρ)max, (Δρ)min / (e·nm-3)	1 829, -1 052	995, -1 378	591, -861	629, -1 262	1 252, -2 364
  $* R_{1}=\sum\left\|F_{0}|-| F_{\mathrm{c}}\right\| \sum\left|F_{0}\right|, w R_{2}=\left\{\sum\left[w\left(F_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}-F_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\right)^{2}\right] \sum w\left(F_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}\right)^{2}\right\}^{1 / 2} $

  2.   Results and discussion

  2.1   Syntheses

  As shown in Scheme 1, precursor 1 was prepared via the Debus-Radziszewski reaction in a high yield of 93%. Similar to the known 2-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline^[22], compound 1 shows poor solubility in common organic solvents, which may be due to the existence of proton in the imidazole unit. Compounds 2a~2c having the same skeleton but different alkyl tails (n-C₄H₉, n-C₈H₁₇ and n-C₁₂H₂₅) were obtained via the N-alkylation reactions between 1 and corresponding alkyl bromides in satisfactory yields. All new organic compounds herein have been verified by NMR spectra and X-ray single-crystal structural analyses. It is found that the solubility of N-alkylated compounds is significantly increased with the increase of alkyl chain lengths. Herein, compound 2a was used as the bidentate chelating ligand for preparing tricarbonyl Re(Ⅰ) compound 3. The reaction between Re(CO)₅Cl and 2a in CH₃CN/CHCl₃ under the refluxing condition afforded compound 3. Because of the presence of an alkyl chain, compound 3 shows good solubility in common organic solvents and could be further purified by column chromatography. As can be seen in Fig. 1, all characteristic proton signals of 3 are shifted to lower fields in comparison with its free ligand 2a because of the deshielding effects from the rhenium(Ⅰ) center. Especially, the Δδ values for phen protons are larger than others because the lone pair electrons of two nitrogen atoms of phen are more closer to Re(Ⅰ) center, thus exhibiting stronger deshielding effects.

  Figure 1

  

  Figure 1.  Comparative ¹H NMR spectra for compound 2a and its Re(Ⅰ) compound 3

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  2.2   Spectral characterizations

  For the sake of comparison, electronic absorption behaviors of 2a~2c in solution were recorded at the same concentration of 50 μmol·L^-1 (Fig. 2). Generally, TIP could be considered as a typical D-π-A molecule, where the electron deficient phenanthroline part is fused with an imidazole ring and bridged by an electron-rich thiophene ring. The maximum absorption peak around 327 nm can be assigned as the π-π* transition absorption of the conjugated system. It is noted that compounds 2a~2c with different alkyl chains show very similar UV-Vis absorptions since all of them have similar molecular conjugation system.

  Figure 2

  

  Figure 2.  UV-Vis absorption spectra of compounds 2a~2c in dichloromethane at room temperature with the same concentration of 50 μmol·L^-1

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  Similar to most of phen based rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl complexes, herein, 3 only displayed very dark red emission in organic solvent^{[21, 24]}. On the other hand, the solid sample of 3 showed stronger photoluminescence (PL) intensity than that in solution. The distinguishing PL property between solid and solution states hints the possible AIEE nature of 3. So the aggregation behavior of 3 was further studied via recording the PL spectra in acetone/water under various volume fractions of water, f_w (Fig. 3). The pure acetone solution of 3 exhibited weak emission at 606 nm when excited at 365 nm. When the f_w value was increased from 0 to 40% gradually, no obvious changes in the PL spectra could be observed. By further increasing the water fraction (40% and 50%), the PL intensity was slightly increased, indicative of the formation of aggregates. The highest fluorescence intensity for Re(Ⅰ) compound 3 could be recorded at f_w=80%, therefore testifying the AIEE property. How-ever, a slight decline in the PL intensity was found when f_w value reached to 90%, and significant precipitants could be observed in the solution.

  Figure 3

  

  Figure 3.  Fluorescence emission for Re(Ⅰ) compound 3 in acetone/water mixtures with the same starting concentration of 30 μmol·L^-1 and different water volume fractions (f_w)

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  2.3   Single-crystal structures and AIE mechanism

  Compared with the traditional characterization methods, X-ray single-crystal diffraction technique could afford a deeper insight into compounds especially for the molecular geometry and packing^[25]. Herein, we have obtained the single-crystal structures of organic compounds 1, 2a~2c and compound 3. The molecular structures with the atom-numbering scheme of 1, 2a~2c are shown in Fig. 4. Compound 1 has an additional methyl group in the thiophene ring in comparison with the classical 2-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline. In 2a~2c, the implanted N-alkyl chains and the neighboring sulfur atom of the thiophene ring are found to point the opposite directions, thus displaying the trans configuration. It is known that the planarity of the entire molecule has a close relation to the photo-physical property of the D-π-A compound. Herein, the whole molecule of 1 adopts the planar conformation, in which the dihedral angle between the imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline moiety and its neighboring thio-phene ring is as small as 2.1(8)°. However, the above-mentioned dihedral angles are slightly increased to 10.2(5)° in 2a and 13.4(7)° in 2b, respectively, while it is significantly increased to 38.0(9)° in 2c. In other words, the introduction of different N-alkyl chains into the imidazole ring in TIP molecules could increase the afore-mentioned dihedral angles to different extents owing to the steric hindrance effects of alkyl chains.

  Figure 4

  

  Figure 4.  ORTEP diagrams (30% thermal probability ellipsoids) for the molecular structures of 1, 2a, 2b and 2c, showing the relative configuration and related dihedral angles between adjacent aromatic heterocycles

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  As can be seen in Fig. 5a, the six-coordinated rhenium(Ⅰ) center in 3 adopts the distorted octahedral geometry, which is constituted by one chlorine coun-terion, two nitrogen atoms from phen and three carbonyl ligands in the fac arrangement. Similar to its ligand, the thiophene sulfur atom and the implanted N-alkyl chain in 3 pointing toward the opposite directions adopting the trans configuration as well. The dihedral angle between imidazo [4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline and its neighboring thiophene ring in 3 is 11.6(7)°, which is slightly larger than its free ligand 2a (10.2(5)°). As shown in Fig. 5b and 5c, every molecule in 3 connects with three adjacent ones via multiple intermolecular C-H…O and C-H…Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions. The chlorine and one carbonyl oxygen atoms of the distorted octahedral structure work as the stators to connect their adjacent hydrogen atoms from the N-alkyl chain and thiophen methyl group. Moreover, molecules of 3 are assembled into loose two dimensional networks via synergistic effects of crowding N-alkyl chains and distoreted octahedral geometry, in which no typical π-π stacking could be found (Fig. 5d).

  Figure 5

  

  Figure 5.  (a) ORTEP diagram (30% thermal probability ellipsoids) for compound 3 showing the relative configuration and related dihedral angles between adjacent aromatic heterocycles; (b, c) Hydrogen-bonding interactions (nm) in the single-crystal lattice of 3; (d) Packing structure of 3

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  As discussed in the above-mentioned structural analysis, it is concluded that the AIEE effect of compound 3 is associated with its molecular conformation and packing mode in the solid state: (1) the fixation effect from multiple intermolecular C-H…O and C-H…Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions in 3 is suggested to restrict the non-radiative channel and activate the radiative pathway; (2) the twisted conformation from the rhenium(Ⅰ) octahedral geometry as well as the presence of crowding N-alkyl chain of 3 will help to prevent the formation of close stacking in their condensed state, which is also beneficial for the solid-state PL emission. When aggregated into nanosuspensions, the intramolecular free rotations for aryl rotors of the whole molecules in 3 are restricted, thus resulting in the observed AIEE phenomenon.

  3.   Conclusions

  In this work, systematic investigations on the N-alkylation of 2-(5-bromo-4-methylthiophen-2-yl)-imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline (1) have been performed. As a result, three N-alkylated TIP based derivatives 2a~2c with different alkyl chains (n-C₄H₉, n-C₈H₁₇ and n-C₁₂H₂₅) have been obtained. It is found that the introduction of an N-alkyl group into the imidazole ring can obviously improve the solubility of this family of TIP compounds. X-ray single-crystal analyses reveal that the presence of different N-alkyl chains in 2a~2c can increase the dihedral angles between imidazo[4, 5-f]-[1, 10]-phenanthroline and its neighboring thiophene ring in different extents. Among them, compound 2a with the shortest alkyl tail was used as the ligand to construct the rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl compound 3. The AIEE effect of 3 was further verified by recording the PL spectra in the acetone/water mixtures with different fractions of water. Further X-ray single-crystal analysis of 3 indicate that the existence of loose packing mode and the multiple intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions can guarantee the generation of AIEE activity of 3. This work is suggested to throw some new lights on the exploring of AIEE materials via the combination of imidazole N-alkylation and rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl complexation.

  Supporting information is available at http://www.wjhxxb.cn

  
  
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• 

  Scheme 1  Synthetic routes of N-alkylated TIP based compounds 2a~2c and rhenium(Ⅰ) tricarbonyl compound 3

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  Figure 1  Comparative ¹H NMR spectra for compound 2a and its Re(Ⅰ) compound 3

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  Figure 2  UV-Vis absorption spectra of compounds 2a~2c in dichloromethane at room temperature with the same concentration of 50 μmol·L^-1

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  Figure 3  Fluorescence emission for Re(Ⅰ) compound 3 in acetone/water mixtures with the same starting concentration of 30 μmol·L^-1 and different water volume fractions (f_w)

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  Figure 4  ORTEP diagrams (30% thermal probability ellipsoids) for the molecular structures of 1, 2a, 2b and 2c, showing the relative configuration and related dihedral angles between adjacent aromatic heterocycles

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  Figure 5  (a) ORTEP diagram (30% thermal probability ellipsoids) for compound 3 showing the relative configuration and related dihedral angles between adjacent aromatic heterocycles; (b, c) Hydrogen-bonding interactions (nm) in the single-crystal lattice of 3; (d) Packing structure of 3

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  Table 1.  Crystal data and structural refinements for five compounds

  Compound	1	2a	2b	2c	3
  Formula	C19H15BrN4OS	C23H20BrCl3N4S	C27H28BrCl3N4S	C30H35BrN4S	C26H20BrClN3O3ReS
  Formula weight	427.32	570.75	626.85	563.59	756.07
  T / K	291(2)	291(2)	291(2)	123(2)	291(2)
  Wavelength / nm	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07	0.071 07
  Crystal size / mm	0.12×0.12×0.10	0.14×0.12×0.10	0.10×0.10×0.10	0.12×0.10×0.10	0.12×0.10×0.10
  Crystal system	Orthorhombic	Triclinic	Monoclinic	Triclinic	Orthorhombic
  Space group	P212121	P1	C2/c	P1	Pbca
  a / nm	0.570 7(1)	0.934 7(2)	3.334 2(8)	0.739 6(2)	1.482 1(1)
  b / nm	1.344 1(2)	1.098 8(2)	0.728 7(2)	0.923 0(2)	1.058 7(1)
  c / nm	2.262 7(4)	1.266 1(3)	2.712 3(9)	2.127 1(5)	3.141 5(1)
  α / (°)		107.669(3)		89.481(4)
  β / (°)		103.561(3)	119.057(19)	88.705(3)
  γ / (°)		94.534(4)		70.839(4)
  V / nm3	1.735 8(5)	1.188 5(4)	5.760(3)	1.371 3(5)	4.929 0(2)
  Z	4	2	8	2	8
  Dc / (g·cm-3)	1.635	1.595	1.446	1.365	2.038
  F(000)	864	576	2 560	588	2 912
  μ / mm-1	2.505	2.174	1.802	1.601	6.781
  hmin, hmax	-6, 6	-11, 11	-39, 36	-20, 20	-18, 19
  kmin, kmax	-13, 15	-13, 12	-6, 8	-11, 11	-13, 13
  lmin, lmax	-25, 26	-13, 15	-32, 32	-25, 23	-34, 40
  Data, parameter	3 050, 238	4 151, 319	5 060, 326	4 789, 326	5 660, 327
  Final R indices [I>2σ(I)]*	R1=0.105 9, wR2=0.291 2	R1=0.078 9, wR2=0.208 3	R1=0.109 7, wR2=0.247 8	R1=0.104 4, wR2=0.239 4	R1=0.038 6, wR2=0.091 0
  R indices (all data)	R1=0.125 0, wR2=0.310 0	R1=0.098 6, wR2=0.218 3	R1=0.249 1, wR2=0.282 1	R1=0.158 7, wR2=0.262 3	R1=0.056 9, wR2=0.100 2
  S	1.286	1.068	1.194	0.950	1.068
  (Δρ)max, (Δρ)min / (e·nm-3)	1 829, -1 052	995, -1 378	591, -861	629, -1 262	1 252, -2 364
  $* R_{1}=\sum\left\|F_{0}|-| F_{\mathrm{c}}\right\| \sum\left|F_{0}\right|, w R_{2}=\left\{\sum\left[w\left(F_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}-F_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}\right)^{2}\right] \sum w\left(F_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}\right)^{2}\right\}^{1 / 2} $

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