Received Date:
09 June 2020 Available Online:
15 September 2020
Fund Project:
Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB1105100, 2018YFA0703300 and 2018YFC2001300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51822504, 51675223 and 91848204), Key Scientific and Technological Project of Jilin Province (20180201051GX), Program for Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team (2017TD-04), Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research (2018G944J00084) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661204).
Abstract:
Shape memory polymers are the most widely studied smart deformable materials at present. Due to their low density, large deformation, high stress resistance, various driving methods, good biocompatibility, easier modification and processing, shape memory polymers have become a cutting-edge research in the field of smart materials. Under certain external stimulus (such as temperature, light, electric field, magnetic field, pH, specific ions, enzymes, etc.), shape memory polymers can change their shapes according to pre-designed way and quickly change from temporary shape to permanent shape. Shape memory polymers have shown great application potential in aerospace, biomedicine, bionic engineering, electronic devices, intelligent robots and other fields, which effectively overcome the bottleneck problems in the corresponding fields. In order to make the shape memory polymers more suitable for various fields, not only a simple deformation process from a temporary shape to a permanent shape is needed, the deformation mode should also be improved to adapt the actual situation in practical applications. In this paper, the deformation modes of shape memory polymers are divided into four categories, including the simple dual shape memory deformation mode, the multiple shape memory deformation mode with multiple temporary shapes, the self-folding deformation mode, and the reversible two-way shape memory deformation mode. Multiple shape memory polymers generally have multiple reversible switches or a wide range of temperature switches, which have greater freedom in practical applications. The self-folding structure can spontaneously fold/unfold to the desired shape under stimulation conditions without artificially giving shape, so it has great application prospects in the fields of space systems and self-assembly systems. The reversible shape memory polymer can reversibly convert between permanent and temporary shapes under stimulation conditions, which show great application prospects in the fields of sensors and drivers. The deformation modes are more diversified which can fulfill different requirements in various applications. The deformation mode is an important functional index of shape memory materials. Therefore, from the perspective of different deformation modes of shape memory polymers, this paper reviews the different deformation modes of shape memory polymers and the progress of their related applications, as well as the challenges faced by different deformation modes and their potential research directions.
Figure 1.
(A) Photo-curable shape memory polymer network is constructed by mono-functional monomer, benzyl methacrylate (BMA) as linear chain builder (LCB), and multi-functional oligomers, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (BPA), and di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) as crosslinkers. And 4D printed shape memory Eiffel Tower, stent and bionic gripper with different structural shapes and their deformation process[60]. (B) Exquisite and complex 3D printed structure of cardiovascular stent, Eiffel Tower and Eagle model and the process of their shape recovery at 70 ℃[61]
Figure 2.
(A) The reaction mechanism of SMP synthesized by the reaction of polycaprolactone triol, castor oil and crosslinker, and the shape recovery process of the SMP scaffold at 37 ℃[63]. (B) Schematic illustration of the direct writing printing process and UV cross-linking reaction triggered during the depositing process. The restrictive shape recovery process of the stent and the restricted shape recovery process triggered by the alternating magnetic field. The original shape, the deformed shape and the restored shape under the conditional constraints are represented by SO, SD and SRr respectively[64]. (C) Schematic diagram of polycaprolactone (PCL) dimethacrylates synthesis and deformation process of 3D printed tracheal stent [65]
Figure 3.
(A) The chemical structures of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NGDE), and Jeffamine D-230. And recovery process of composite from temporary shape 1, temporary shape 2 and permanent shape sequence[68]. (B) Details of curved, helix and wave shape design and deformation behavior during shape memory recovery [69]
Figure 4.
(A) Triple-shape effect of PCL/PEG and molecular mechanism of three alternative ways of dual-shape programming for graft polymer networks. (a) Fixation of the temporary shape by the PCL phase (I), (b) fixation of the temporary shape by the PEG phase (II), (c) fixation of the temporary shape by PCL and PEG phases (III)[72]. (B) PMMA/PEG semi-interpenetrating polymer network achieves quintuple-shape memory process[74]
Figure 5.
(A) Self-folding box, self-folding dodecahedron and self-bending actuator combined with semi-passive panel, and the sequential shape changes of leaves and flower, the active area in the structure is highlighted with a white rectangle [78]. (B) The black ink absorbs light and heats the PS so that the flat PS plate spontaneously folds into a three-dimensional object [80].
Figure 6.
(A) The sequential recovery process of the spiral assembly with a uniform hinge and a gradient hinge, folded into a box with a self-locking mechanism after heating[82]. (B) Self-folding of cube, icosahedron, miura pattern and corrugated structure[83]. (C) A pyramid folded by activating four hinges simultaneously by circuits, sequentially folded locking assembly and a crane folded in sequence and simultaneously[84]
Figure 7.
(A) Scheme of low temperature capture and high temperature release of microparticles by self-rolling microtubes[85]. (B) The self-folding process of four-arm and six-arm self-folding capsules[86]
Figure 8.
(A) Schematic diagram of the driving mechanism of the reversible composite material and thermal image of actuator before current flow and after current flow[90]. (B) Schematic diagram of the design and bidirectional driving process of a bidirectional reversible actuator with a hydrogel wrapped by a polymer and elastomer layer. And reversible ladder, ring, net and self-folding/unfolding origami structure [91]
Figure 9.
(A) Working mechanism of magnetic SMP and the reversible cantilever bending and gripper by superimposed magnetic field[92]. (B) Schematic diagram of nanocomposite design, and shows demonstrating the reprogram ability of one and the same sample to different actuation geometries[93]
Figure 10.
(A) Schematic diagram of reversible shape memory programming. Reversible gripper device that can grab and release coin and reversible fixer device that collapses when heated and expands when cooled[94]. (B) Reversible shape memory effect vs cycles and schematic graph of reversible shape memory effect of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer[95]
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Figure 1
(A) Photo-curable shape memory polymer network is constructed by mono-functional monomer, benzyl methacrylate (BMA) as linear chain builder (LCB), and multi-functional oligomers, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (BPA), and di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) as crosslinkers. And 4D printed shape memory Eiffel Tower, stent and bionic gripper with different structural shapes and their deformation process[60]. (B) Exquisite and complex 3D printed structure of cardiovascular stent, Eiffel Tower and Eagle model and the process of their shape recovery at 70 ℃[61]
Figure 2
(A) The reaction mechanism of SMP synthesized by the reaction of polycaprolactone triol, castor oil and crosslinker, and the shape recovery process of the SMP scaffold at 37 ℃[63]. (B) Schematic illustration of the direct writing printing process and UV cross-linking reaction triggered during the depositing process. The restrictive shape recovery process of the stent and the restricted shape recovery process triggered by the alternating magnetic field. The original shape, the deformed shape and the restored shape under the conditional constraints are represented by SO, SD and SRr respectively[64]. (C) Schematic diagram of polycaprolactone (PCL) dimethacrylates synthesis and deformation process of 3D printed tracheal stent [65]
Figure 3
(A) The chemical structures of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NGDE), and Jeffamine D-230. And recovery process of composite from temporary shape 1, temporary shape 2 and permanent shape sequence[68]. (B) Details of curved, helix and wave shape design and deformation behavior during shape memory recovery [69]
Figure 4
(A) Triple-shape effect of PCL/PEG and molecular mechanism of three alternative ways of dual-shape programming for graft polymer networks. (a) Fixation of the temporary shape by the PCL phase (I), (b) fixation of the temporary shape by the PEG phase (II), (c) fixation of the temporary shape by PCL and PEG phases (III)[72]. (B) PMMA/PEG semi-interpenetrating polymer network achieves quintuple-shape memory process[74]
Figure 5
(A) Self-folding box, self-folding dodecahedron and self-bending actuator combined with semi-passive panel, and the sequential shape changes of leaves and flower, the active area in the structure is highlighted with a white rectangle [78]. (B) The black ink absorbs light and heats the PS so that the flat PS plate spontaneously folds into a three-dimensional object [80].
Figure 6
(A) The sequential recovery process of the spiral assembly with a uniform hinge and a gradient hinge, folded into a box with a self-locking mechanism after heating[82]. (B) Self-folding of cube, icosahedron, miura pattern and corrugated structure[83]. (C) A pyramid folded by activating four hinges simultaneously by circuits, sequentially folded locking assembly and a crane folded in sequence and simultaneously[84]
Figure 7
(A) Scheme of low temperature capture and high temperature release of microparticles by self-rolling microtubes[85]. (B) The self-folding process of four-arm and six-arm self-folding capsules[86]
Figure 8
(A) Schematic diagram of the driving mechanism of the reversible composite material and thermal image of actuator before current flow and after current flow[90]. (B) Schematic diagram of the design and bidirectional driving process of a bidirectional reversible actuator with a hydrogel wrapped by a polymer and elastomer layer. And reversible ladder, ring, net and self-folding/unfolding origami structure [91]
Figure 9
(A) Working mechanism of magnetic SMP and the reversible cantilever bending and gripper by superimposed magnetic field[92]. (B) Schematic diagram of nanocomposite design, and shows demonstrating the reprogram ability of one and the same sample to different actuation geometries[93]
Figure 10
(A) Schematic diagram of reversible shape memory programming. Reversible gripper device that can grab and release coin and reversible fixer device that collapses when heated and expands when cooled[94]. (B) Reversible shape memory effect vs cycles and schematic graph of reversible shape memory effect of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer[95]
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