Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part III): Indirect Heating and the Use of Thermal Baths (Water Bath, Oil Bath, Metal Bath and Sand Bath)

• Wenwei Zhang ^1, ,
• Yiru Wang ^2, ,
• Chanzi Ruan ^2, ,
• Juanjuan Song ^3, ,
• Yongxian Fan ^4, ,
• Houjin Li ^5, ,
• Dongcheng Liu ^6, ,
• Yanping Ren ^{2, ,} ,
• Xiuqiong Zeng ^7, ,
• Faqiong Zhao ^8, ,
• Mei Shi ^9, ,
• Min Hu ^10, ,
• Wan Li ^11, ,
• Xiuyun Wang ^12, ,
• Weihong Li ^13, ,
• Xiaohang Qiu ^14, ,
• Yong Fan ^15, ,
• Jianrong Zhang ^{1, ,} ,
• Shuyong Zhang ^{16, ,}

• 1.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;

• 2.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;

• 3.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;

• 4.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;

• 5.

  School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;

• 6.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;

• 7.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;

• 8.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;

• 9.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

• 10.

  School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;

• 11.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;

• 12.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;

• 13.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;

• 14.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;

• 15.

  National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;

• 16.

  School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

Corresponding author: Yanping Ren, ;  Jianrong Zhang, ;  Shuyong Zhang,

• Received Date: 03 July 2025
  Accepted Date: 21 July 2025
  Available Online: 26 December 2025