English

• Fluorine-containing organic compounds play increasingly important roles in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. Among the newly marketed pharmaceuticals every year, the proportion of fluoro-pharmaceuticals increased rapidly, which reached 50% in 2018 and 43% in 2019 [1]. In agrochemical field, it is striking that fluoro-agrochemicals have accounted for 53% of all successful agrochemicals [2]. Consequently, developing different methods for the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules is of great significance. The growing demand of fluorination methods promoted the rapid development of fluorine-containing reagents, which are essential tools to introduce fluorine atoms. Among diverse reagents, hypervalent iodine(Ⅲ) monofluorine-transfer reagents are becoming popular in recent years.

  With the booming development of hypervalent iodine(Ⅲ) reagents as multipurpose functional-group-transfer reagents [3-10], ones containing I-F bond, including p-iodotoluene difluoride (p-TolIF₂) (1), fluorobenziodoxole (2), fluorobenziodoxolone (3) and fluoro-N-acetylbenziodazole (4) (Fig. 1), have received widespread attention in fluorine chemistry. They act as both a potent oxidant and a fluorine source in fluorination reactions. Various fluorination reactions achieved by reagents 1 and 2 have been reported, including α-fluorination of carbonyl compounds [11], fluorinative rearrangements of styrenes and related compounds [12-14], ring-opening 1, 3-difluorination of cyclopropane [15] and oxyfluorination of diazocarbonyl compounds [16, 17], various cyclization fluorination reactions [18-21], Balz–Schiemann fluorination [22]; it is worth noting that the rearrangement fluorinated products from some reactions mediated by 2 cannot be generated by N-F reagents [20, 21], which demonstrates the unique reactivity of fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents. 4 is the first monofluorine-transfer hypervalent iodine(Ⅲ) reagent containing an I-N five-membered heterocycle, which was developed by our group in 2021. 4 cannot only achieve intramolecular ring expansion fluorination of unactivated cyclopropanes, but also realize a series of known fluorination reactions [23].

  Figure 1

  

  Figure 1.  Monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents containing I-F bond.

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  Because of the versatility of fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents in fluorination reactions, it is of great significance to develop a simple and effective method to synthesize these reagents. Existing methods for their synthesis can be divided into two categories: ligand exchange reactions and one-step oxidative fluorination reactions (Scheme 1). Ligand exchange reactions are the most commonly used methods to synthesize reagents 1, 2 and 3 (Scheme 1a), which including: (1) 1 can be afforded through the ligand exchange reaction of p-iodosyltoluene and aqueous HF [24, 25] or the reaction of p-iodotoluene dichloride (p-TolICl₂) and aqueous HF in the presence of HgO [26]; Togni et al. developed the TCICA/KF (spray-dried) system and applied it to the synthesis of iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides in one pot in 2019 [27]; (2) 2 was often synthesized through Cl→F ligand exchange reactions [28]; ligand exchange reactions of OH→F, OTs→F, and OCOCF₃→F are also efficient ways reported by Stuart et al. [29]; (3) 3 was synthesized firstly by Biber and Togni et al. through the reaction of its chloride precursor and spray-dried KF in 2016 [30]. Although ligand exchange is the most commonly used method for the synthesis of these reagents, they are usually accomplished by multi-step synthesis, that is, p-iodosyltoluene, p-TolICl₂, and cyclic iodane(Ⅲ) precursors all need to be prepared in advance, and then ligand exchange is carried out with various organic or inorganic nucleophilic fluorine sources; but in most cases, HF together with ligand trapping additives, like the harmful HgO, are employed to remove the Cl ion. It is well known that aqueous HF is highly corrosive and HgO is highly toxic. As a common inorganic nucleophilic fluorine source in Cl→F ligand exchange reactions, KF absorbs moisture easily during use, which requires that the reactions must be carried out under strictly anhydrous and air-free conditions.

  Scheme 1

  

  Scheme 1.  (a) Examples of multi-step synthesis of monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents. (b) Examples of one-step synthesis of monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents.

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  Reagents 1 and 2 can also be synthesized through one-step protocol (Scheme 1b). Fluorinating reagents with strong oxidative ability including F₂ [31, 32], SF₄ [33] and XeF₂ [32, 34] can directly oxidize p-iodotoluene to 1. However, F₂ and SF₄ are hazardous and highly toxic gasses at room temperature, causing experimental operations difficult in most laboratories. Direct electrosynthesis of 1 can be accomplished by anodic oxidation in the presence of Et₃N·3HF or Et₃N·5HF [35, 36]. Shreeve et al. [37] and Gilmour et al. [38] developed two systems of Selectfluor/Et₃N·3HF and Selectfluor/CsF for one-step synthesis of 1. Prévost et al. reported that 2 can be directly synthesized by treating 2-(2-iodophenyl)propan-2-ol with Selectfluor [39]. Unlike 1 and 2, the one-step method for 3 has not been developed, to the best of our knowledge. Although previous methods work well, there is not a direct general reagent for the oxidation of aryl iodides to the corresponding hypervalent iodine(Ⅲ) monofluorine-transfer reagents of 1, 2, and 3. To synthesize these reagents more conveniently and efficiently, the development of a general one-step method is thus highly desirable.

  Silver difluoride (AgF₂), a commercially available fluorinating reagent with strong oxidation ability, has been used in few fluorination reactions. For example, Hartwig et al. applied it to the direct C-H fluorination of pyridines and diazines with exclusive site-selectivity [40]. AgF₂ could also react with an excess of benzene in refluxing hexane to afford fluorobenzene [41]. Recently, Tang et al. developed the ortho selective C-H trifluoromethoxylation of pyridine mediated by AgF₂ [42]. In addition, AgF₂ can also act as a fluorine source in Cl→F ligand exchange reaction to synthesize fluoro-N-acetylbenziodazole (4) in high yield done by our group (Scheme 2a) [23]. It is worth noting that AgF₂ (+1.98 V) [43] has stronger oxidation potential than Selectfluor (+0.33 V) [44]. Therefore we speculated that AgF₂ would directly achieve the oxidative fluorination of the iodine center of aryl iodides, thereby providing a general method for the synthesis of fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents (Scheme 2b).

  Scheme 2

  

  Scheme 2.  (a) Ligand exchange reaction of Cl→F mediated by AgF₂. (b) One-step oxidative fluorination of aryl iodides.

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  We began our preliminary investigation by trying to synthesize iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides. 4-Fluoroiodobenzene (5d) was allowed to react with 2.5 equiv. of AgF₂ in anhydrous acetonitrile at room temperature. We monitored the reaction through the ¹H NMR spectroscopy of the reaction mixture, and pleasantly observed two new signals other than 5d (Fig. 2). However, only 77% of the raw material was converted, and prolonging the reaction time was ineffective. Therefore, we increased the amount of AgF₂ to 3.3 equiv. and found that 5d was converted completely after 1 h. The proton spectrum of the reaction mixture is quite clean in which no by-product was observed. By referring to the ¹H NMR data of 1d reported previously [45], we concluded that H₃ and H₄ belong to 1d. After simple purification, we obtained the desired fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) product 1d in 81% yield.

  Figure 2

  

  Figure 2.  ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) spectroscopy of the reaction mixture of 5d.

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  Subsequently, a series of iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides 1a-1g containing various substituents were synthesized by this method (Scheme 3). In the presence of 3.3 equiv. of AgF₂, p-TolIF₂ could be obtained in 82% yield within 1 h. The reaction of various aryl iodides bearing electron-withdrawing groups including phenyl (5b), chlorine (5c) and fluorine (5d) atoms proceeded smoothly, affording their corresponding iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides 1b-1d in 81%–95% yield within 1 h. ortho-Fluoroiodobenzene (5e) and 2, 4, 6-trimethyliodobenzene (5f) could generate the corresponding desired products in good yields. Under the same condition, 1g was obtained in 79% yield. However, the stability of 1g is not as good as 1a-1f under ambient temperature, so we suggest that 1g should be stored in the freezer after work-up as soon as possible.

  Scheme 3

  

  Scheme 3.  One-step synthesis of iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate 5 (1.0 mmol), AgF₂ (3.3 mmol), 10 mL of anhydrous MeCN, r.t., 1 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  Encouraged by the exceptional performance of AgF₂ in the synthesis of iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides, we turned our attention toward the application of AgF₂ in the one-step synthesis of cyclic fluoro-benziodoxole (2) (Scheme 4). By monitoring the reaction in the same way, we found that 2.5 equiv. of AgF₂ was enough to make 6 react completely within 1 h (see Supporting information for details). Under this simple condition, 2a was obtained in 89% yield. Electron-donating substituents on the para-position of the iodine (methyl 6b and methoxy 6c) did not affect the reaction, the corresponding desired products 2b and 2c were obtained in 92% yield respectively. The structure of 2c was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A single crystal of 2c was grown in chloroform/n-hexane at room temperature, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2c showed that the F−I−O bond angle was 166° and the length of I-F bond was 2.0988 Å. Aryl iodides with electron-withdrawing substituents on the para-position of the iodine (fluoro 6d, chloro 6e, bromo 6f) could also react smoothly, providing the desired products 2d, 2e and 2f in excellent yields. Significantly, reagents 2b-2f all have good stability and can be stored in the refrigerator for at least 3 months. 2g bearing a methyl group on the meta-position, was obtained in 82% yield, but slight decomposition of it was observed after work-up.

  Scheme 4

  

  Scheme 4.  One-step synthesis of fluoro-benziodoxole. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate (1.0 mmol), AgF₂ (2.5 mmol), anhydrous MeCN (10 mL), r.t., 1 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  Fluoro-benziodoxolone (3), another important fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagent, can only be prepared by the multi-step synthesis involving Cl→F ligand exchange reaction. Therefore, we are interested in exploring the one-step synthesis of 3 by AgF₂. Initially, the reaction of 2-iodobenzoic (7a) and AgF₂ in d₃-MeCN was performed and monitored by means of ¹H NMR spectroscopy. After 1 h, an aromatic main product can be observed on the spectrum (see Supporting information for details). According to the ¹H NMR data of 3a reported previously, there is no doubt that the new compound is our desired product. However, 3a was easy to decompose in the course of separation and purification. We speculated that HF, as a by-product of AgF₂ oxidative fluorination reaction of 7a, was very likely to form a hydrogen bond with the fluorine atom in 3a, thus activating 3a and making it easy to decompose [46-48]. To verify our speculation, we added K₂CO₃ (1.2 equiv.) to the reaction and the desired product 3a was isolated successfully as a white solid in a 78% yield without decomposition (Scheme 5). Replacing K₂CO₃ with N, N-diisopropylethylamine gave inferior result. Consequently, we decided to add K₂CO₃ as an additive to the reaction system. 5-Methyl-and 5-fluoro-2-iodobenzoic acid (7b and 7c) also reacted smoothly and afforded the corresponding 3b, 3c in 73% and 81% yield successfully. Compared with the ligand exchange reaction mediated by spray-dried KF, our one-step protocol does not require a glove box during the reaction, which is convenient for researchers.

  Scheme 5

  

  Scheme 5.  One-step synthesis of fluoro-benziodoxolone. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate (1.0 mmol), K₂CO₃ (1.2 mmol), AgF₂ (2.5 mmol), anhydrous MeCN (10 mL), r.t., 2 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  We finally tried to synthesize fluoro-N-acetylbenziodazole (4) in one step. By treating N-acetyl-2-iodobenzamide (8) with 2.5 equivalent of AgF₂, we obtained 4 as a white solid in 90% yield (Scheme 6). 4 is a new hypervalent iodane(Ⅲ) monofluorine-transfer reagent containing a I-N five-membered heterocycle. The unique N-acetylbenziodazole skeleton would give it unique reactivity, and we have applied it to the intramolecular ring expansion fluorination of unactivated cyclopropanes [23].

  Scheme 6

  

  Scheme 6.  One-step synthesis of 4.

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  To elucidate the mechanism of the direct oxidative fluorination of 6a by AgF₂, we performed DFT calculation (Fig. 3). We thought this reaction would feature a bimolecular radical oxidation pathway. Initially, AgF₂ forms a stable complex 1 with two acetonitrile molecules. The reaction starts with IM1, which is a stable complex generated from 6a and AgF₂ by coordination interaction. Subsequently, a concerted hydrogen-atom abstraction process occurs with a barrier of 6.2 kcal/mol, yielding the HF, AgF and IM2. Next, the fluorination process mediated by the second equivalent of AgF₂ would form 2a. The Gibbs free energy profile of the overall reaction pathway indicates that the fluorination process of iodine is the rate-limiting step, with an activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mol. The overall reaction pathway explains the use of excess equivalent of AgF₂ and the mild reaction conditions. In addition, this mechanism also provides a mechanism clue for the synthesis of other fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents by AgF₂.

  Figure 3

  

  Figure 3.  DFT-computed potential energy profile for the reaction between AgF₂ and 6a (Standard state: 25 ℃, 1 mol/L).

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  We also performed a large-scale synthesis of 2a. When the reaction was scaled up to 5.3 mmol of 6a, the yield and reaction time were not affected at all (Scheme 7).

  Scheme 7

  

  Scheme 7.  Large-scale synthesis of 2a.

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  In conclusion, we have developed a general one-step method for rapid and efficient synthesis of the hypervalent iodane(Ⅲ) monofluorine-transfer reagents from their corresponding aryl iodides by means of AgF₂. Through this oxidative fluorination method, all four kinds of fluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents are obtained. This method has the advantages of simple operation, high yield, step economy, and no use of harmful reagents. Noteworthy, we have developed the first one-step method for the synthesis of 3, and 3 can only be synthesized through Cl→F ligand exchange reaction previously. The convenient and rapid synthesis of monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents would lay foundation for their widespread applications.

  Declaration of competing interest

  The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  Acknowledgments

  This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21772096 and 22071116) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFD020030202).

  Supplementary materials

  Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.070.

  
  
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• 

  Figure 1  Monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents containing I-F bond.

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  Scheme 1  (a) Examples of multi-step synthesis of monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents. (b) Examples of one-step synthesis of monofluoroiodane(Ⅲ) reagents.

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  Scheme 2  (a) Ligand exchange reaction of Cl→F mediated by AgF₂. (b) One-step oxidative fluorination of aryl iodides.

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  Figure 2  ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) spectroscopy of the reaction mixture of 5d.

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  Scheme 3  One-step synthesis of iodane(Ⅲ) difluorides. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate 5 (1.0 mmol), AgF₂ (3.3 mmol), 10 mL of anhydrous MeCN, r.t., 1 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  Scheme 4  One-step synthesis of fluoro-benziodoxole. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate (1.0 mmol), AgF₂ (2.5 mmol), anhydrous MeCN (10 mL), r.t., 1 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  Scheme 5  One-step synthesis of fluoro-benziodoxolone. Reaction conditions: Aryl iodide substrate (1.0 mmol), K₂CO₃ (1.2 mmol), AgF₂ (2.5 mmol), anhydrous MeCN (10 mL), r.t., 2 h, Ar atmosphere. Yields are for the isolated products.

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  Scheme 6  One-step synthesis of 4.

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  Figure 3  DFT-computed potential energy profile for the reaction between AgF₂ and 6a (Standard state: 25 ℃, 1 mol/L).

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  Scheme 7  Large-scale synthesis of 2a.

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•