English

• 1. INTRODUCTION

  Helix as a special one-dimensional chiral form widely exists in biomolecules and performs crucial role in the natural world^{[1, 2]}. For instance, double helix structure of DNA can store and transfer genetic information in organisms^[3-5]. Therefore, the research of helical chiral compounds has scientific significance and applied importance. Homochiral CPs often contain absolute helix, offering an effective approach to understand the relationship of chirality and helicity^[6-9]. Apart from delicate structures, homochiral CPs also possess promising applications in chiral separation, asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition and so on, receiving a great amount of attention in recent years^[10-13]. Some synthetic strategies, such as spontaneous resolution, asymmetric induction and chiral ligands, have been developed to prepare homochiral CPs^[14-17]. Among them, using enantiopure organic compound as ligands to react with metal ions is the most direct and reliable synthetic method, so the design and selection of chiral ligands are a key factor in the synthesis of homochiral CPs.

  Fortunately, nature has provided enormous amino and hydroxy acids as cheap and readily available synthons for homochiral CPs. However, their flexible skeletons and preferred chelating coordination modes are an obstacle to obtain Homochiral CPs. Therefore, utilizing organic moieties to modify amino and hydroxy acids is necessarily alternative^[18-22]. Recently, chiral aromatic dicarboxylic ligands (R)-4-(1-carboxyethoxy)benzoic acid ((R)-H₂CBA) were synthesized by binding natural L-lactic acid to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in our group^[23]. Containing lactic and benzoic acid units, (R)-H₂CBA is a semi-rigid chiral ligand and has offered a new approach to synthesize homochiral CPs. Furthermore, selecting different metal ions to add in the reaction system is also a feasible method to obtain various homochiral CPs^{[24, 25]}.

  According to the above mentioned synthetic strategy, we chose Zn(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) ions to assemble with (R)-H₂CBA to build chiral CPs with the help of auxiliary ligand 3, 5-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)toluene (3, 5-DIT), respectively (Scheme 1). As a result, [Cd((R)-CBA)(3, 5-DIT)]_n (1-R) and [Zn₂((R)-CBA)₂ (3, 5-DIT)₂]_n (2-R) were successfully synthesized via similar hydrothermal methods. Single-crystal structure analysis revealed that (R)-CBA^2-, 3, 5-DIT and Cd(Ⅱ) formed a chiral left-handed helical chain in 1-R, and correspondingly that (R)-CBA^2-, 3, 5-DIT and Zn(Ⅱ) built six types of helixes in 2-R. Herein, we report their syntheses, structures, CD spectra, UV-visible absorption and fluorescence character.

  Scheme 1

  

  Scheme 1.  Synthetic routes of complexes 1-R and 2-R

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  2. EXPERIMENTAL

  2.1 General materials and methods

  Chiral ligands (R)-H₂CBA were prepared according to the previously reported procedure^[23]. The other chemicals were of reagent grade and directly used without further purification. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) profiles were achieved on a Rigaku MiniFlex 600 diffractometer with CuKα (λ = 1.5406 Å) radiation (40 kV, 15 mA) from 5.00 to 50.00°. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and the contents of C, H and N were measured though a NETSCHZ STA-F5 thermoanalyzer and a Perkin-Elmer 240C elemental analyzer, respectively. Circular dichroism (CD) data were obtained on a MOS-450 spectropolarimeter. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescent spectra were collected by a Shimadzu UV-3600 Plus spectrophotometer and a Hitachi FL-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer, respectively.

  2.2 Synthesis of [Cd((R)-CBA)(3, 5-DIT)]_n (1-R)

  The mixture of Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O (90 mg, 0.3 mmol), (R)-H₂CBA (42 mg, 0.2 mmol), 3, 5-DIT (0.3 mmol, 67 mg), NaOH (0.4 mmol, 16 mg) and 8 mL of water was kept stirring for 10 minutes, and then was sealed in a 10 mL Teflon-lined stainless autoclave and heated at 120 ℃ for 72 h. The colorless block crystals of 1-R were isolated, washed with water and ethanol, and dried in air (Yield: 30% based on (R)-H₂CBA). Anal. Calcd. (%) for C₂₃H₂₃N₄O_6.50Cd: C, 48.31; H, 4.05; N, 9.80. Found (%): C, 47.24; H, 4.16; N, 9.68.

  2.3 Synthesis of [Zn₂((R)-CBA)₂(3, 5-DIT)₂]_n (2-R)

  Complex 2-R was prepared according to the above-mentioned procedure except Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O (90 mg, 0.3 mmol) was replaced by Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (0.3 mmol, 90 mg). Colorless block crystals of 2-R were obtained with a yield of 40% (based on (R)-H₂CBA). Anal. Calcd. (%) for C₄₆H₄₄N₈O₁₂Zn₂: C, 53.55; H, 4.30; N, 10.86. Found (%): C, 52.10; H, 4.22; N, 10.42.

  2.4 Single-crystal X-ray crystallography

  Single crystal data of 1-R and 2-R were all collected by a Rigaku 003 CCD diffractometer with a Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). Their structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares analysis with SHELXT-2017 and SHELXL-2017 program packages on Olex2-1.2 software^[24]. All hydrogen atoms attached to parent atoms were generated theoretically and treated as riding atoms with default parameters. Some selected bond lengths and angels are listed in Table 1.

  Table 1

  

  Table 1.  Selected Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (°)

  DownLoad: CSV

  1-R
  Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.
  Cd(1)–O5	2.477(3)		Cd(1)–N(4)a	2.267(3)		Cd(1)–O(4)	2.250(3)
  Cd(1)–O(2)b	2.357(4)		Cd(1)–N(1)	2.244(3)		Cd(1)–O(1)b	2.404(4)
  N(4)b–Cd(1)–O(5)	122.85(13)		N(4)b–Cd(1)–O(2)a	139.04(13)		N(4)b–Cd(1)–O1a	85.63(13)
  N(4)–Cd(1)–O(5)	55.14(12)		O(4)–Cd(1)–N(4)b	88.07(13)		O(4)–Cd(1)-O(2)a	108.42(14)
  O(4)–Cd(1)–O(1)a	129.56(16)		O(2)a–Cd(1)–O(5)	96.50(12)		O(2)a–Cd(1)–O(1)a	54.71(12)
  N(1)–Cd(1)–O(5)	88.85(12)		N(1)–Cd(1)–N(4)b	97.60(13)		N(1)–Cd(1)–O(4)	138.70(14)
  N(1)–Cd(1)–O(2)a	93.76(14)		N(1)–Cd(1)–O(1)a	91.72(16)		N(1)a–Cd(1)-O(5)	151.19(12)
  2-R
  Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.
  Zn(1)–O(2)a	1.996(2)		Zn(1)–O(5)	1.948(2)		Zn(1)–N(4)b	2.028(2)
  Zn(1)–N(1)	2.007(2)		Zn(2)–O(10)	1.942(2)		Zn(2)–N(8)3	2.045(2)
  Zn(2)–O(7)d	1.992(2)		Zn(2)–N(5)	2.008(2)		O(2)a–Zn(1)–N(4)b	108.62(9)
  O(2)a–Zn(1)–N(1)	114.96(9)		O(5)–Zn(1)–O(2)a	105.42(10)		O(5)–Zn(1)–N(4)b	94.01(10)
  O(5)–Zn(1)–N(1)	112.65(10)		N(1)–Zn(1)–N(4)b	118.60(10)		O(10)–Zn(2)–N(8)c	92.93(9)
  O(10)–Zn(2)–O(7)d	107.99(11)		O(10)–Zn(2)–N(5)	117.22(10)		O(7)d–Zn(2)–N(8)c	104.47(9)
  O(7)d–Zn(2)–N(5)	108.75(10)		N(5)–Zn(2)–N(8)c	123.67(10)
  Symmetry transformation: a: –1+x, y, –1+z; b: 1+x, y, –1+z; b: 1+x, y, –1+z for 1-R; a: 2–x, –0.5+y, 1–z; b: 1–x, –0.5+y, 2–z; c: –x, –0.5+y, 2–z; d: 1–x, –0.5+y, 2–z for 2-R

  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  3.1 Structural descriptions for complexes 1-R and 2-R

  Complex 1-R crystallizes in triclinic P1 space group with absolute structural Flack factor of –0.057(18). In 1-R, each asymmetric unit is comprised of a Cd(Ⅱ) center, a deprotonated (R)-CBA^2- and a 1, 4-BMIB ligand. The (R)-CBA^2- as κ₄-linker was linked by two Cd(Ⅱ) ions, while the Cd(Ⅱ) center adopted a slightly distorted octahedral bipyramidal configuration coordinated by four carbonyl O atoms from two (R)-CBA^2- and two imidazole N atoms from two 2, 5-DIP (Fig. 1a). The existence of helical structure is the outstanding feature of complex 1-R. As shown in Fig. 1b, the Cd(Ⅱ) centers are connected by (R)-CBA^2- and 2, 5-DIP ligands to form the left-handed helical chain along the c-axis (Fig. 1b). The adjacent helixes further constructed the helical 2, 5-DIP-Cd-(R)-CBA layer (Fig. 1c). Finally, such 2D layers are packed together to form a 3D supramolecular framework of 1-R (Fig. 1d). In the framework, each Cd(Ⅱ) center was connected by two 2, 5-DIP ligands and two (R)-CBA^2- ligands, acting as a 4-connected node. Thereby, the 1-R is a 4-connected sql net with a point symbol of (4⁴.6²) (Fig. 1e)^[25].

  Figure 1

  

  Figure 1.  Schematic illustration of complex 1-R: (a) coordination environment of Cd(Ⅱ) center; (b) right-handed helical chain formed by (R)-CBA^2-, 2, 5-DIT and Cd(Ⅱ) ions; (c) 2D helical layer; (d) 3D supramolecular framework; (e) sql net

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  While Cd(Ⅱ) ions were replaced by Zn(Ⅱ) ions under the same condition, another chiral complex [Zn₂((R)-CBA)₂(3, 5-DIT)₂]_n (2-R) was synthesized. X-ray crystallo-graphic analysis revealed that 2-R crystallizes in monoclinic space group P2₁ with absolute structural Flack factor of –0.006(3), respectively. There are two independent structural units in the asymmetric unit, and each structural unit is comprised of a Zn(Ⅱ) ion, a (R)-CBA^2- and a 3, 5-DIT, where all Zn(Ⅱ) centers adopted a tetrahedral configuration coordinated by three carbonyl O atoms from two (R)-CBA^2- and two imidazole N atoms from two 3, 5-DIT (Fig. 2).

  Figure 2

  

  Figure 2.  Coordination environment of the Zn(Ⅱ) centers of 2-R

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  Different from 1-R with only one helix, complex 2-R contains six types of helical chains. Thus, the helical structures are still the outstanding features of 2-R. The Zn1 and Zn2 ions were bridged by (R)-CBA^2- or 1, 3-BMIB to form four types of left-handed helical chains in 2-R along the b axis, respectively (Fig. 2a~2d). Apart from the above helical chains, Zn1 and Zn2 ions were respectively connected by (R)-CBA^2- and 1, 3-BMIB to form two other types of helical chains along the a-axis (Fig. 2e~2f). Adjacent helical chains constructed two kinds of similar two-dimensional layers based on Zn1 or Zn2 ions (Fig. 2g). Finally, 2D layers are packed together to form a 3D supramolecular framework by hydrogen bonds (Fig. 3h and Table 2).

  Figure 3

  

  Figure 3.  Schematic illustrations of 2-R: (a) left-handed helix formed by Zn1 and (R)-CBA; (b) left-handed helix formed by Zn2 and (R)-CBA; (c) left-handed helix formed by Zn1 and 2, 5-DIT; (d) left-handed helix formed by Zn2 and 2, 5-DIT; (e) right-handed helix formed by Zn1, (R)-CBA and 2, 5-DIT; (f) right-handed helix formed by Zn2, (R)-CBA and 2, 5-DIT; g) 2D layer (constructed by helixes; (h) the 3D supramolecular framework based on 2D layers and hydrogen bonds

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  Table 2

  

  Table 2.  Hydrogen Bond Geometry (Å, °) in Complex 2-R

  DownLoad: CSV

  D–H…A	D–H	H…A	D…A	D–H…A
  O(1W)–H(1Wa)…O(4)	0.86(4)	1.97(4)	2.819(5)	168(5)
  O(1W)–H(1Wb)…O(8)	0.85(5)	2.25(5)	3.093(5)	173(7)
  O(2W)–H(2Wa)…O(8)	0.85	1.98	2.820(5)	172
  O(1W)–H(2Wb)…O(8)	0.85	2.46	2.846(4)	108

  As far as complexes 1-R and 2-R are concerned, various frameworks were constructed by the same chiral ligands with different metal ions under the same hydrothermal condition. Helical structures existed in all the complexes, indicating that chirality of ligands can translate into the target frameworks to form helical chirality. Therefore, the chiral ligands played a key role in the synthesis of helical homochiral CPs. Furthermore, the introduction of different metal ions in reaction system is also an effective strategy to synthesize diversity homochiral CPs.

  3.2 PXRD and TG analyses

  As displayed in Fig. 4a, the main peak positions in measured PXRD data of complexes 1-R and 2-R match very well with their simulated results from the single crystal data. The test results indicate that the crystal structures of 1-R and 2-R are truly representative of the crystal products. Additionally, thermal behaviors of complexes 1-R and 2-R were also studied by TGA to check their thermal stabilities (Fig. 4b). TGA curve of complex 1-R shows a weight loss of 4.6% from room temperature to 210 ℃, which should be attributed to the release of guest water molecules (calculated, 4.5%). For complex 2-R, a weight loss of 3.3% appears between room temperature and 150 ℃, which should be also attributed to the release of guest water molecules (calculated, 3.5%). Over 290 ℃, the frameworks of 1-R and 2-R start to decompose until 800 ℃ without stopping.

  Figure 4

  

  Figure 4.  (a) PXRD patterns and (b) TGA curves of complexes 1-R and 2-R

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  3.3 Circular dichroism

  Although chirality of 1-R and 2-R has been confirmed by their space groups and absolute Flack factors, their solid-state circular dichroism (CD) spectra were still measured to further check their chiral characteristic (Fig. 5). Complex 1-R has a broad positive CD signal about 224 nm, whereas complex 2-R shows a strong positive Cotton effect with the peak located at around 233 nm and a weak negative Cotton effect CD signal at 264 nm. The above results from CD measurements once again indicated that 1-R and 2-R are both chiral complexes.

  Figure 5

  

  Figure 5.  Solid-state CD spectra of complexes 1-R and 2-R

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  3.4 Solid UV-vis absorbing spectra and photoluminescent properties

  The UV/vis spectra revealed that complexes 1-R and 2-R both have weak absorption bands from 400 to 900 nm and strong absorption bands in the region of 200~400 nm (Fig. 6a). Upon excitation at 300 nm, complex 1-R indicates a strong emission peak at about 330 nm. For 2-R, its emission spectrum excited at 297 nm exhibits strong emission peak at 357 nm. The solid-state photoluminescence property of free ligand (R)-H₂CBA was also investigated at room temperature to better understand the above emission bands. (R)-H₂CBA exhibits strong emission peak at 380 nm excited at 330 nm. As compared to (R)-H₂CBA, emission maxima of 1-R and 2-R both showed distinct blue-shift (Fig. 6b), which should be ascribed to intraligand (n−π* or π−π*) emission in 1-R and 2-R.

  Figure 6

  

  Figure 6.  Solid UV-vis absorbing curves (a) and fluorescent emission spectra of 1-R and 2-R

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  4. CONCLUSION

  In summary, two helical homochiral CPs have been successfully synthesized by using predesigned chiral lactate ligand (R)-H₂CBA to assemble with rigid auxiliary ligand 1, 3-BMIB, Cd(II) or Zn(II) ions in similar conditions. Among them, Cd(II) centers, (R)-CBA^2- and 1, 3-BMIB ligands formed a left-handed helical chain in complex 1, while Zn(II) centers, (R)-CBA^2- and 1, 3-BMIB ligands constructed six types of helixes in complex 2. Herein, different coor-dination geometries between Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions leaded to different number of helices. This work can help us to further understand the metal effect in the synthesis of helical homochiral CPs.

  
  
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• 

  Scheme 1  Synthetic routes of complexes 1-R and 2-R

  下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片
  

  Figure 1  Schematic illustration of complex 1-R: (a) coordination environment of Cd(Ⅱ) center; (b) right-handed helical chain formed by (R)-CBA^2-, 2, 5-DIT and Cd(Ⅱ) ions; (c) 2D helical layer; (d) 3D supramolecular framework; (e) sql net

  下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片
  

  Figure 2  Coordination environment of the Zn(Ⅱ) centers of 2-R

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  Figure 3  Schematic illustrations of 2-R: (a) left-handed helix formed by Zn1 and (R)-CBA; (b) left-handed helix formed by Zn2 and (R)-CBA; (c) left-handed helix formed by Zn1 and 2, 5-DIT; (d) left-handed helix formed by Zn2 and 2, 5-DIT; (e) right-handed helix formed by Zn1, (R)-CBA and 2, 5-DIT; (f) right-handed helix formed by Zn2, (R)-CBA and 2, 5-DIT; g) 2D layer (constructed by helixes; (h) the 3D supramolecular framework based on 2D layers and hydrogen bonds

  下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片
  

  Figure 4  (a) PXRD patterns and (b) TGA curves of complexes 1-R and 2-R

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  Figure 5  Solid-state CD spectra of complexes 1-R and 2-R

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  Figure 6  Solid UV-vis absorbing curves (a) and fluorescent emission spectra of 1-R and 2-R

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  Table 1.  Selected Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (°)

  1-R
  Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.
  Cd(1)–O5	2.477(3)		Cd(1)–N(4)a	2.267(3)		Cd(1)–O(4)	2.250(3)
  Cd(1)–O(2)b	2.357(4)		Cd(1)–N(1)	2.244(3)		Cd(1)–O(1)b	2.404(4)
  N(4)b–Cd(1)–O(5)	122.85(13)		N(4)b–Cd(1)–O(2)a	139.04(13)		N(4)b–Cd(1)–O1a	85.63(13)
  N(4)–Cd(1)–O(5)	55.14(12)		O(4)–Cd(1)–N(4)b	88.07(13)		O(4)–Cd(1)-O(2)a	108.42(14)
  O(4)–Cd(1)–O(1)a	129.56(16)		O(2)a–Cd(1)–O(5)	96.50(12)		O(2)a–Cd(1)–O(1)a	54.71(12)
  N(1)–Cd(1)–O(5)	88.85(12)		N(1)–Cd(1)–N(4)b	97.60(13)		N(1)–Cd(1)–O(4)	138.70(14)
  N(1)–Cd(1)–O(2)a	93.76(14)		N(1)–Cd(1)–O(1)a	91.72(16)		N(1)a–Cd(1)-O(5)	151.19(12)
  2-R
  Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.		Bond	Dist.
  Zn(1)–O(2)a	1.996(2)		Zn(1)–O(5)	1.948(2)		Zn(1)–N(4)b	2.028(2)
  Zn(1)–N(1)	2.007(2)		Zn(2)–O(10)	1.942(2)		Zn(2)–N(8)3	2.045(2)
  Zn(2)–O(7)d	1.992(2)		Zn(2)–N(5)	2.008(2)		O(2)a–Zn(1)–N(4)b	108.62(9)
  O(2)a–Zn(1)–N(1)	114.96(9)		O(5)–Zn(1)–O(2)a	105.42(10)		O(5)–Zn(1)–N(4)b	94.01(10)
  O(5)–Zn(1)–N(1)	112.65(10)		N(1)–Zn(1)–N(4)b	118.60(10)		O(10)–Zn(2)–N(8)c	92.93(9)
  O(10)–Zn(2)–O(7)d	107.99(11)		O(10)–Zn(2)–N(5)	117.22(10)		O(7)d–Zn(2)–N(8)c	104.47(9)
  O(7)d–Zn(2)–N(5)	108.75(10)		N(5)–Zn(2)–N(8)c	123.67(10)
  Symmetry transformation: a: –1+x, y, –1+z; b: 1+x, y, –1+z; b: 1+x, y, –1+z for 1-R; a: 2–x, –0.5+y, 1–z; b: 1–x, –0.5+y, 2–z; c: –x, –0.5+y, 2–z; d: 1–x, –0.5+y, 2–z for 2-R

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  Table 2.  Hydrogen Bond Geometry (Å, °) in Complex 2-R

  D–H…A	D–H	H…A	D…A	D–H…A
  O(1W)–H(1Wa)…O(4)	0.86(4)	1.97(4)	2.819(5)	168(5)
  O(1W)–H(1Wb)…O(8)	0.85(5)	2.25(5)	3.093(5)	173(7)
  O(2W)–H(2Wa)…O(8)	0.85	1.98	2.820(5)	172
  O(1W)–H(2Wb)…O(8)	0.85	2.46	2.846(4)	108

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