Citation: Fu-Kai ZHENG, Zong-Lin LI, Yu-Qi CAO, Hui ZHANG, Xin CAO, Jian-Hua SUN. Cobalt and Carbon Co-doped Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, ;2021, 37(11): 2029-2036. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.2021.226 shu

Cobalt and Carbon Co-doped Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Advanced Functional Materials for Energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, China

Corresponding author: Hui ZHANG, zhanghui@jsut.edu.cn
Received Date: 19 May 2021
Revised Date: 16 July 2021

Figures(8)

The photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride is greatly limited by the low visible-light utilization and fast photocarries recombination. Here, a new cobalt and carbon co-doped carbon nitride (CNCoC) was prepared via a one -step thermal condensation method using vitamin B12 (VB12) as the cobalt and carbon source mixed with urea. The characterization results indicate that the cobalt and carbon co-doping does not change the morphology, skeleton structure or functional groups of carbon nitride. However, the co-doping contributes to the enhanced surface area, optimized band structure and increased visible-light absorption. More importantly, compared to carbon doping, the synergistic effect of cobalt and carbon co-doping leads to more efficient photocarrier separation and transport. As a result, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of CNCoC-6 prepared with 6 mg VB12 reached 56.1 μmol·h^-1 under visible light irradiation, which was 3.05 times that of pure carbon nitride (CN). While the carbon doped carbon nitride (CNC-6) only exhibited a hydrogen evolution rate to be 2.55 times that of CN.
- carbon nitride,
- photocatalysis,
- co-doped,
- water splitting,
- hydrogen evolution
1. [1]
  Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode[J]. Nature, 1972,238(5358):37-38. doi: 10.1038/238037a0
2. [2]
  Tang J, Durrant J R, Klug D R. Mechanism of Photocatalytic Water Splitting in TiO₂[J]. Reaction of Water with Photoholes, Importance of Charge Carrier Dynamics, and Evidence for Four-Hole Chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008,130(42):13885-13891.
3. [3]
  Zhang Y Y, Han L L, Wang C H, Wang W H, Ling T, Yang J, Dong C K, Lin F, Du X W. Zinc-Blende CdS Nanocubes with Coordinated Facets for Photocatalytic Water Splitting[J]. ACS Catal., 2017,7(2):1470-1477. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03212
4. [4]
  Wang M, Han X X, Zhao Y, Li J J, Ju P, Hao Z M. Tuning Size of MoS₂ in MoS₂/Graphene Oxide Heterostructures for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2018,53(5):3603-3612.
5. [5]
  Shen R C, Zhang L P, Chen X Z, Jaroniec M, Li N, Li X. Integrating 2D/2D CdS/α-Fe₂O₃ Utrathin Bilayer Z-Scheme Heterojunction with Metallic β-NiS Nanosheet-Based Ohmic-Junction for Efficient Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution[J]. Appl. Catal. B, 2020,266118619. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118619
6. [6]
  Wang X C, Maeda K, Thomas A, Takanabe K, Xin G, Carlsson J M, Domen K, Antonietti M. A Metal-Free Polymeric Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water under Visible Light[J]. Nat. Mater., 2009,8(1):76-80. doi: 10.1038/nmat2317
7. [7]
  Sun J H, Zhang J S, Zhang M W, Antonietti M, Fu X Z, Wang X C. Bioinspired Hollow Semiconductor Nanospheres as Photosynthetic Nanoparticles[J]. Nat. Commun., 2012,31139. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2152
8. [8]
  Jun Y S, Lee E Z, Wang X C, Hong W H, Stucky G D, Thomas A. From Melamine-Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Aggregates to Carbon Nitride Hollow Spheres[J]. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013,23(29):3661-3667. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201203732
9. [9]
  Dong G H, Zhao K, Zhang L Z. Carbon Self-Doping Induced High Electronic Conductivity and Photoreactivity of g-C₃N₄[J]. Chem. Commun., 2012,48(49):6178-6180. doi: 10.1039/c2cc32181e
10. [10]
  Wei F Y, Liu Y, Zhao H, Ren X N, Liu J, Hasan T, Chen L H, Li Y, Su B L. Oxygen Self-Doped g-C₃N₄ with Tunable Electronic Band Structure for Unprecedentedly Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance[J]. Nanoscale, 2018,10(9):4515-4522. doi: 10.1039/C7NR09660G
11. [11]
  Wang N, Wang J, Hu J H, Lu X Q, Sun J, Shi F, Liu Z H, Lei Z B, Jiang R B. Design of Palladium-Doped g-C₃N₄ for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction[J]. ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2018,1(6):2866-2873. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00526
12. [12]
  Zheng D D, Zhang G G, Wang X C. Integrating CdS Quantum Dots on Hollow Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanospheres for Hydrogen Evolution Photocatalysis[J]. Appl. Catal. B, 2015,179:479-488. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.05.060
13. [13]
  Liu R X, Yang W L, He G W, Zheng W, Li M K, Tao W L, Tian M K. Ag-Modified g-C₃N₄ Prepared by a One-Step Calcination Method for Enhanced Catalytic Efficiency and Stability[J]. ACS Omega, 2020,5(31):19615-19624. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02161
14. [14]
  Wang Q, Li J, Tu X J, Liu H B, Shu M, Si R, Ferguson C T J, Zhang K A I, Li R. Single Atomically Anchored Cobalt on Carbon Quantum Dots as Efficient Photocatalysts for Visible Light-Promoted Oxidation Reactions[J]. Chem. Mater., 2020,32(2):734-743. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03708
15. [15]
  Zhang G G, Zang S H, Wang X C. Layered Co(OH)₂ Deposited Polymeric Carbon Nitrides for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation[J]. ACS Catal., 2015,5(2):941-947. doi: 10.1021/cs502002u
16. [16]
  Wang Y, Liu X Q, Liu J, Han B, Hu X Q, Yang F, Xu Z W, Li Y C, Jia S R, Li Z, Zhao Y L. Carbon Quantum Dot Implanted Graphite Carbon Nitride Nanotubes: Excellent Charge Separation and Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018,57(20):5765-5771. doi: 10.1002/anie.201802014
17. [17]
  Zhang H, Liu F, Wu H, Cao X, Sun J H, Lei W W. In Situ Synthesis of g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ Heterostructures with Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light[J]. RSC Adv., 2017,7(64):40327-40333. doi: 10.1039/C7RA06786K
18. [18]
  Xing W N, Chen G, Li C M, Sun J X, Han Z H, Zhou Y S, Hu Y D, Meng Q Q. Construction of Large-Scale Ultrathin Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets by a Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Strategy for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Ciprofloxacin Degradation Activity[J]. ChemCatChem, 2016,8(17):2838-2845. doi: 10.1002/cctc.201600397
19. [19]
  Zhang G G, Zang S H, Lin L H, Lan Z A, Li G S, Wang X C. Ultrafine Cobalt Catalysts on Covalent Carbon Nitride Frameworks for Oxygenic Photosynthesis[J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016,8(3):2287-2296. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b11167
20. [20]
  Chu X Y, Qu Y, Zada A, Bai L L, Li Z J, Yang F, Zhao L N, Zhang G L, Sun X J, Yang Z D, Jing L Q. Ultrathin Phosphate-Modulated Co Phthalocyanine/g-C₃N₄ Heterojunction Photocatalysts with Single Co-N₄(Ⅱ) Sites for Efficient O₂ Activation[J]. Adv. Sci., 2020,7(16)2001543. doi: 10.1002/advs.202001543
21. [21]
  Zhang G G, Lan Z A, Lin L H, Lin S, Wang X C. Overall Water Splitting by Pt/g-C₃N₄ Photocatalysts without Using Sacrificial Agents[J]. Chem. Sci., 2016,7(5):3062-3066. doi: 10.1039/C5SC04572J
22. [22]
  Che W, Cheng W R, Yao T, Tang F M, Liu W, Su H, Huang Y Y, Liu Q H, Liu J K, Hu F C, Pan Z Y, Sun Z H, Wei S Q. Fast Photoelectron Transfer in (C_ring)-C₃N₄ Plane Heterostructural Nanosheets for Overall Water Splitting[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017,139(8):3021-3026. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b11878
1. [1]
  Yadan Luo , Hao Zheng , Xin Li , Fengmin Li , Hua Tang , Xilin She . Modulating reactive oxygen species in O, S co-doped C₃N₄ to enhance photocatalytic degradation of microplastics. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(6): 100052-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100052
2. [2]
  Jingzhao Cheng , Shiyu Gao , Bei Cheng , Kai Yang , Wang Wang , Shaowen Cao . Construction of 4-Amino-1H-imidazole-5-carbonitrile Modified Carbon Nitride-Based Donor-Acceptor Photocatalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406026-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406026
3. [3]
  Haitao Wang , Lianglang Yu , Jizhou Jiang , Arramel , Jing Zou . S-Doping of the N-Sites of g-C₃N₄ to Enhance Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution Activity. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(5): 2305047-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202305047
4. [4]
  Jiawei Hu , Kai Xia , Ao Yang , Zhihao Zhang , Wen Xiao , Chao Liu , Qinfang Zhang . Interfacial Engineering of Ultrathin 2D/2D NiPS₃/C₃N₅ Heterojunctions for Boosting Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(5): 2305043-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202305043
5. [5]
  Chenye An , Sikandaier Abiduweili , Xue Guo , Yukun Zhu , Hua Tang , Dongjiang Yang . Hierarchical S-scheme Heterojunction of Red Phosphorus Nanoparticles Embedded Flower-like CeO₂ Triggering Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2405019-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202405019
6. [6]
  Jiajie Cai , Chang Cheng , Bowen Liu , Jianjun Zhang , Chuanjia Jiang , Bei Cheng . CdS/DBTSO-BDTO S-scheme photocatalyst for H₂ production and its charge transfer dynamics. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(8): 100084-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100084
7. [7]
  Qin Hu , Liuyun Chen , Xinling Xie , Zuzeng Qin , Hongbing Ji , Tongming Su . Construction of Electron Bridge and Activation of MoS₂ Inert Basal Planes by Ni Doping for Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406024-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406024
8. [8]
  Sumiya Akter Dristy , Md Ahasan Habib , Shusen Lin , Mehedi Hasan Joni , Rutuja Mandavkar , Young-Uk Chung , Md Najibullah , Jihoon Lee . Exploring Zn doped NiBP microspheres as efficient and stable electrocatalyst for industrial-scale water splitting. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(7): 100079-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100079
9. [9]
  Wei Zhong , Dan Zheng , Yuanxin Ou , Aiyun Meng , Yaorong Su . Simultaneously Improving Inter-Plane Crystallization and Incorporating K Atoms in g-C₃N₄ Photocatalyst for Highly-Efficient H₂O₂ Photosynthesis. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406005-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406005
10. [10]
  Shuang Cao , Bo Zhong , Chuanbiao Bie , Bei Cheng , Feiyan Xu . Insights into Photocatalytic Mechanism of H₂ Production Integrated with Organic Transformation over WO₃/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S S-Scheme Heterojunction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(5): 2307016-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307016
11. [11]
  Xi YANG , Chunxiang CHANG , Yingpeng XIE , Yang LI , Yuhui CHEN , Borao WANG , Ludong YI , Zhonghao HAN . Co-catalyst Ni₃N supported Al-doped SrTiO₃: Synthesis and application to hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic water splitting. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(3): 440-452. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240371
12. [12]
  Ke Li , Chuang Liu , Jingping Li , Guohong Wang , Kai Wang . Architecting Inorganic/Organic S-Scheme Heterojunction of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ Coupling with g-C₃N₄ for Photocatalytic H₂O₂ Production from Pure Water. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2403009-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202403009
13. [13]
  Fanpeng Meng , Fei Zhao , Jingkai Lin , Jinsheng Zhao , Huayang Zhang , Shaobin Wang . Optimizing interfacial electric fields in carbon nitride nanosheet/spherical conjugated polymer S-scheme heterojunction for hydrogen evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(8): 100095-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100095
14. [14]
  Peipei Sun , Jinyuan Zhang , Yanhua Song , Zhao Mo , Zhigang Chen , Hui Xu . Built-in Electric Fields Enhancing Photocarrier Separation and H₂ Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2311001-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311001
15. [15]
  Qingtang ZHANG , Xiaoyu WU , Zheng WANG , Xiaomei WANG . Performance of nano Li₂FeSiO₄/C cathode material co-doped by potassium and chlorine ions. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1689-1696. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240115
16. [16]
  Rui LIU , Xinjun ZHOU , Tao WANG . Photocatalytic degradation performance of tetracycline by MOF-74-Mn/g-C₃N₄ Z-type heterojunction. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(9): 1796-1804. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250033
17. [17]
  Jianyin He , Liuyun Chen , Xinling Xie , Zuzeng Qin , Hongbing Ji , Tongming Su . Construction of ZnCoP/CdLa₂S₄ Schottky Heterojunctions for Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2404030-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404030
18. [18]
  Zhuo WANG , Junshan ZHANG , Shaoyan YANG , Lingyan ZHOU , Yedi LI , Yuanpei LAN . Preparation and photocatalytic performance of CeO₂-reduced graphene oxide by thermal decomposition. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1708-1718. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240067
19. [19]
  Jingzhuo Tian , Chaohong Guan , Haobin Hu , Enzhou Liu , Dongyuan Yang . Waste plastics promoted photocatalytic H₂ evolution over S-scheme NiCr₂O₄/twinned-Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S homo-heterojunction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(6): 100068-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100068
20. [20]
  Yifan ZHAO , Qiyun MAO , Meijing GUO , Guoying ZHANG , Tongliang HU . Z-scheme bismuth-based multi-site heterojunction: Synthesis and hydrogen production from photocatalytic hydrogen production. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(7): 1318-1330. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250001

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(25)
Abstract views(2219)
HTML views(756)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142