冷热现象是人类最早观察和认识的自然现象之一。在自然界的能量转化现象中，化学能与热能的转化是常见形式之一。现代社会中，有很多相关应用给大众生活带来了极大的便利。本科普实验秉承着“应用化学，安全至上，造福社会”的理念，旨在通过简单的实验，激发普通大众对化学的兴趣，帮助他们正确认识化学，了解化学反应可能存在的安全风险，并培养其正确的安全意识。实验围绕化学反应中两个特征鲜明的反应：吸热反应(氯化铵与氢氧化钡反应)和放热反应(发热包与水反应)，针对不同知识背景的受众，设计了不同的呈现形式(如趣味实验——气球捏捏冰、情景剧——碘-淀抱抱乐)，在幼儿园、中学和社区开展了多场主题科普教育活动。实验通过这些活动向大众展示了化学能与热能之间相互转化的奇妙现象，普及了相关安全常识，使不同的受众真切地感受到了化学的无穷魅力，同时也提高了他们的安全意识。

采用原位聚合法制备了氯氧化铋(BiOCl)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合的Ⅱ型异质结光催化剂BiOCl/PANI，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附测试等多种技术手段对其进行了表征，考察了BiOCl/PANI在模拟可见光下对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明：BiOCl/PANI催化剂比PANI和BiOCl具有更高的光催化活性，在RhB质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、PANI与BiOCl的物质的量之比为0.02∶1、50 mg·L^-1的催化剂条件下，所制备的BiOCl/PANI光催化150 min后，RhB降解率为98.8%，速率常数为0.031 min^-1；经过4次循环实验后，RhB降解率从98.8%降低至98.4%，表现出良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。光催化剂BiOCl/PANI实现了电子和空穴对的快速分离，降低了二者在催化剂内部的复合速率，提高了光催化性能。

酰胺合成是有机化学重要的研究方向之一。将国际前沿的酰胺合成方法引入到基础有机化学实验教学中可以丰富教学内容并促进本科教学与科研成果之间的融合。本文报道了一个以氮杂环卡宾催化醛的极性反转为知识重点的酰胺合成实验，以苯甲醛、亚硝基苯为原料，在无水无氧条件下实现了N-羟基-N-苯基苯甲酰胺的高效合成。该实验利用薄层色谱对反应过程进行监测，并通过红外、核磁共振波谱确定了产物结构。该实验具有操作简单、反应条件温和、高原子经济性、可重复性好等特点，非常适用于本科生实验教学。本实验将极性反转这一重要概念与氮杂环卡宾催化这一科学前沿有机结合起来，有利于激发和培养学生的科研兴趣。

仪器分析实验“分子荧光法测定罗丹明B的含量”存在实验过于简单、未考虑实际情况等问题。因此，本改进实验在三维荧光扫描模式下获取样本数据，不进行复杂预处理，而是运用化学计量学算法解析出目标分析物的纯信号，进而实现了染色辣椒中罗丹明6G和123的同时测定。本改进实验提高了学生全面考虑问题和创新解决问题的能力。

厨余垃圾的不当处置会造成土地和水资源的污染，随着垃圾分类政策在全国的推行，有效处理厨余垃圾成为解决环境问题的热点议题。厨余垃圾黏度的大小可直接影响处理设备的选型和工艺参数确定。将厨余垃圾的黏度测定作为实际应用案例引入物理化学实验教学，结合实际改进实验，对不同组成厨余垃圾的黏度值进行测量，考察含固率、转子型号、搅拌速度选择等对黏度值的影响，为厨余垃圾处理设备选型及工艺参数选择提供理论依据。改进后的实验可以强化学生学以致用的意识，增强对工程问题的综合性和复杂性的认识，启迪学生对厨余垃圾资源化利用的探索思考，实现基于“双碳”和绿色环保的创新思维学科素养培养，增强社会责任感。

为解决当前分析化学实验教学中常出现的“重结果达标、轻过程规范”问题，本教学团队开展了将标准化理念融入分析化学实验课程的教学实践。在内容层面，教学团队制定了统一教案，明确了教学重难点、讲解逻辑及操作规范；在实践层面，推行“虚拟仿真预习+学生自查”相结合的沉浸式教学模式，助力学生从“机械模仿”转变为“主动规范”。同时依托预实验以规避潜在教学风险，配套提供评分标准；在考核层面，以过程性评价为核心，细化了操作与数据结果的评分标准，引导学生重视实验全流程的标准化。教学实践表明，该方法不仅提升了学生实验操作的规范程度与数据质量，还改善了分析化学实验教学的整体质量，为实验课程教学改革提供了有益思路。

在pH = 5缓冲溶液条件下，对仅有Co²⁺、仅有Ni²⁺、Co²⁺与Ni²⁺混合三种情况下Co²⁺的萃取率进行了探究。结果显示单独萃取Co²⁺时萃取率高达75.47%；然而对于混合溶液，萃取率较单独萃取Co²⁺明显下降。通过系列对比实验发现Ni²⁺的存在对Co²⁺的分光光度测量造成了干扰。因此，在综合性实验中我们利用分光光度法针对Co²⁺的萃取率进行分析，以及对可能影响萃取率的因素——pH、萃取时间、萃取次数进行了探究，寻找最佳实验条件，提高萃取率。

In this study, sawdust served as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source to synthesize carbon- supported, nitrogen-doped TiO₂ composites via a one-pot solvothermal method. The composites were characterized using FTIR, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated that all synthesized composites exhibit the anatase phase, with those calcined at 800 ℃ demonstrating enhanced crystallinity. Nitrogen is incorporated into the TiO₂ lattice, while carbon is predominantly located on the surface. Photodegradation experiments showed that 20 mg of composite N-TiO₂/C-800 achieved degradation rates of 93.4% for methylene blue (20 mg·L^-1, 50 mL) and 99.4% for oxytetracycline (20 mg·L^-1, 50 mL) within 30 min. Free radical capture experiments indicated that h⁺ was the primary active species in the photocatalytic degradation process.

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe₃O₄. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range, promoting their photocatalytic properties. Under visible light irradiation, CdS/Fe₃O₄ (2:5) with a mass ratio of 2:5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation rate of 98.8% for rhodamine B. Furthermore, after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation reaction, the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%, indicating that the photocatalysts have good photocatalytic stability.

A flower-like BiOBr photocatalyst (CS/BiOBr) was prepared by using the carbon material derived from corn straw (CS) as the carrier. The prepared composites were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FIIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS). The SEM analyses indicate that the introduction of CS promotes the formation of a unique flower-like structure in BiOBr, which not only optimizes the efficiency of light capture but also increases the specific surface area of BiOBr. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the pure BiOBr. The CS/BiOBr composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure CS and BiOBr under visible light irradiation, and a higher first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.043 7 min^-1 than BiOBr (0.014 6 min^-1), and exhibited excellent stability and reusability during the cyclic run. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and holes were the major active species.