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Citation: Youwen Rong, Jiaqi Sang, Li Che, Dunfeng Gao, Guoxiong Wang. Designing Electrolytes for Aqueous Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2023, 39(5): 221202. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202212027 shu

Designing Electrolytes for Aqueous Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

  • 1.

    School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning Province, China

  • 2.

    State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China

  • 3.

    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

  • Corresponding author: Li Che, liche@dlmu.edu.cn Dunfeng Gao, dfgao@dicp.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 16 December 2022
    Revised Date: 2 January 2023
    Accepted Date: 2 January 2023
    Available Online: 9 January 2023

    Fund Project: the National Key R & D Program of China 2021YFA1501503National Natural Science Foundation of China 22002155National Natural Science Foundation of China 21973010National Natural Science Foundation of China 22125205National Natural Science Foundation of China 92045302Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA21061010Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program, China XLYC1907032Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China 2021-MS-022the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China DICP I202203

  • As an emerging technology for achieving carbon neutrality, the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) converts CO2 and water to valuable fuels and chemicals with power supply from renewable energy. Currently, the practical application of the CO2RR suffers from insufficient electrocatalytic performance in terms of selectivity, reaction rate, energy efficiency, and long-term stability. Electrolytes are considered as equally critical as catalysts for enhancing the CO2RR performance. From a catalysis perspective, electrolytes significantly affect the reaction microenvironments around catalytically active sites. From an electrochemical perspective, electrolytes determine the electric double layer structure. The electrocatalytic electrode/electrolyte interface where the CO2RR takes place is strongly influenced by electrolyte composition and identity. Thus, beyond catalyst design, rational electrolyte design is an alternative strategy for advancing the CO2RR towards industrial applications. This review presents important electrolyte effects in the aqueous CO2RR using the most recent studies, with an emphasis on those conducted under industrially-relevant reaction conditions. The effects of (local) pH, cations, and anions in aqueous inorganic electrolytes and their coupled effects with solid polymer electrolytes on tuning the activity and selectivity of the CO2RR are summarized. Although their influences on CO2RR performance are interconnected, pH effects, cation effects, and anion effects as well as electrolyte effects in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers are discussed separately considering the leading role of each factor. The experimentally observed performance dependence on the electrolyte composition and identity as well as the underlying reaction mechanism are discussed. The unique role of vibrational spectroscopies, such as surface-enhanced infrared absorption and Raman, in the characterization of electrode/electrolyte interfaces and the elucidation of electrolyte effects is highlighted. An innovative experimental strategy that involves the validation of specific adsorption of alkali-metal cations on the surface of an electrode by precisely monitoring the vibrational spectroscopic characteristics of probe molecules is highly recommended. The review focuses on the pH-dependent electrocatalytic performance and reaction pathways, the uncertain mechanisms of cation effects, and the roles of typical anions, such as bicarbonate and halides. Particularly, emphasis is given to the transport of key species, such as anions, cations, water, and products in ion exchange membranes, as well as their dynamic behaviors at the electrode/electrolyte interface in MEA CO2 electrolyzers. Although it has some drawbacks, anion exchange membranes are currently the most promising polymer electrolytes for practical application of the CO2RR. However, some emerging strategies based on cation exchange and bipolar membranes as well as tandem electrolysis processes are in progress. In all cases, a detailed understanding of electrolyte effects in the complex environments of MEA electrolyzers is indispensable for achieving performance enhancement. In conclusion, the remaining challenges and research opportunities in terms of the experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrolyte effects in the CO2RR process are proposed. This review provides novel insights into rational electrolyte design and useful guidelines for researchers in the field.
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