Citation: Yong Zhang, Haojie Lu, Xiaoping Liang, Mingchao Zhang, Huarun Liang, Yingying Zhang. Silk Materials for Intelligent Fibers and Textiles: Potential, Progress and Future Perspective[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2022, 38(9): 210303. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202103034 shu

Silk Materials for Intelligent Fibers and Textiles: Potential, Progress and Future Perspective

Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Corresponding author: Yingying Zhang, yingyingzhang@tsinghua.edu.cn
Received Date: 16 March 2021
Revised Date: 3 April 2021
Accepted Date: 6 April 2021
Available Online: 12 April 2021
Fund Project: the National Natural Science Foundation of China 21975141the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2020M680547

Fibers and textiles with good flexibility, air permeability, and mechanical properties are indispensable materials in our daily lives. With the rapid development of flexible electronics, fabricating fibers and textiles that exhibit intelligent characteristics has become an attractive research topic. On the basis of the characteristics of common fibers or textiles, intelligent fibers and textiles may exhibit unique functions such as sensing, feedback, response, self-diagnosis, self-repair, and self-regulation. The development of intelligent fibers and textiles is closely related with the development of material science. Many materials, including metals, artificial polymers and natural biopolymers can be used for fabricating intelligent fibers and textiles. Compared with metals and artificial polymers, natural biopolymers have advantages of green source, biosafety, biodegradability and lightweight. Among natural biopolymers, natural silks, especially that from Bombyx mori, can be obtained in large amounts and have been used for clothes for thousands of years. Silkworm silk has exceptional mechanical properties, attractive luster, good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Therefore, silk materials are considered to be one of most promising candidates for intelligent fibers and textiles. In this review, we firstly introduce the hierarchical structures and basic properties of natural silk fibers. The exceptional mechanical properties of silk fibers can be ascribed to their unique hierarchical structures (from polypeptide chains, secondary structures to macroscopic fibers). The approaches to fabricate regenerated silk materials are briefly reviewed. The basic properties of silk materials, including the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, optical properties, piezoelectric properties, and thermal stability are presented. Then, the application of silk materials in various intelligent fibers and textiles, including fiber-based sensors, actuators, optical devices, energy harvesting and storage devices, are reviewed. Silk fibers can be functionalized and made into strain sensors, pressure sensors, and humidity sensors for applications in health monitoring. They can also transform into electrically conductive materials through high-temperature carbonization and then be fabricated into high-performance sensors or other functional devices. Silk-based actuators have been fabricated based on the response of silk to water or other molecules. Besides, silk-based fluorescence fibers and optical fibers were developed. Silk fibers have also been used in wearable energy devices by designing and fabricating piezoelectric nanogenerators, triboelectric nanogenerators, super-capacitors and batteries. The preparation methods, performance, and working mechanisms of those silk-based intelligent fibers and textiles are discussed in details. Finally, the persisting challenges and future opportunities of silk-based intelligent fibers and textiles are discussed. We believe that silk-based materials have great potential for intelligent fibers and textiles. The further development of this field will be accelerated by the continued development of material science and related techniques.
- Silk material,
- Preparation method,
- Intelligent fiber,
- Electronic Textile,
- Flexible and wearable device
1. [1]
  Sun, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Sun, X.; Peng, H. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17023. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.23 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.23
2. [2]
  Weng, W.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Yang, S.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, M. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902301. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902301 doi: 10.1002/adma.201902301
3. [3]
  Lee, J.; Zambrano, B. L.; Woo, J.; Yoon, K.; Lee, T. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1902532. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902532 doi: 10.1002/adma.201902532
4. [4]
  Wang, H.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Shen, X.; Zhang, M.; Lu, H.; He, M.; Zhang, Y. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1908214. doi: 10.1002/adma.201908214 doi: 10.1002/adma.201908214
5. [5]
  Zhang, M.; Zhao, M.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Yu, A.; Yin, Z.; Liang, X.; Wang, H.; Xia, K.; Liang, X.; et al. Matter 2019, 1, 168. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.02.003 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.02.003
6. [6]
  Kim, S. H.; Haines, C. S.; Li, N.; Kim, K. J.; Mun, T. J.; Choi, C.; Di, J.; Oh, Y. J.; Oviedo, J. P.; Bykova, J.; et al. Science 2017, 357, 773. doi: 10.1126/science.aam8771 doi: 10.1126/science.aam8771
7. [7]
  Zhang, M.; Wang, Y.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Liang, X.; Niu, J.; Zhang, Y. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1903048. doi: 10.1002/advs.201903048 doi: 10.1002/advs.201903048
8. [8]
  Wu, Y.; Mechael, S. S.; Lerma, C.; Carmichael, R. S.; Carmichael, T. B. Matter 2020, 2, 882. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.01.017 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.01.017
9. [9]
  Hardy, D. A.; Moneta, A.; Sakalyte, V.; Connolly, L.; Shahidi, A.; Hughes-Riley, T. Fibers 2018, 6, 35. doi: 10.3390/fib6020035 doi: 10.3390/fib6020035
10. [10]
  Zhang, Z.; Cui, L.; Shi, X.; Tian, X.; Wang, D.; Gu, C.; Chen, E.; Cheng, X.; Xu, Y.; Hu, Y.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800323. doi: 10.1002/adma.201800323 doi: 10.1002/adma.201800323
11. [11]
  Zhang, Z.; Guo, K.; Li, Y.; Li, X.; Guan, G.; Li, H.; Luo, Y.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, Q.; Wei, B.; et al. Nat. Photonic. 2015, 9, 233. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.37 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.37
12. [12]
  Shi, X.; Zuo, Y.; Zhai, P.; Shen, J.; Yang, Y.; Gao, Z.; Liao, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, J.; Xu, X.; et al. Nature 2021, 591, 240. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03295-8
13. [13]
  Levitt, A.; Hegh, D.; Phillips, P.; Uzun, S.; Anayee, M.; Razal, J. M.; Gogotsi, Y.; Dion, G. Mater. Today 2020, 34, 17. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.02.005 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.02.005
14. [14]
  Yu, X.; Pan, J.; Zhang, J.; Sun, H.; He, S.; Qiu, L.; Lou, H.; Sun, X.; Peng, H. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 6032. doi: 10.1039/C7TA00248C doi: 10.1039/C7TA00248C
15. [15]
  Wen, Z.; Yeh, M. -H.; Guo, H.; Wang, J.; Zi, Y.; Xu, W.; Deng, J.; Zhu, L.; Wang, X.; Hu, C.; et al. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1600097. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600097 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600097
16. [16]
  Fu, Y.; Cai, X.; Wu, H.; Lv, Z.; Hou, S.; Peng, M.; Yu, X.; Zou, D. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5713. doi: 10.1002/adma.201202930 doi: 10.1002/adma.201202930
17. [17]
  Yang, C.; Jiang, Q.; Li, W.; He, H.; Yang, L.; Lu, Z.; Huang, H. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 9277. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02115 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02115
18. [18]
  Guo, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, Y.; Dong, X.; Chen, L.; Cao, J.; Wang, C.; Xia, Y.; Peng, H.; Wang, Y. Chem 2017, 3, 348. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.05.004 doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.05.004
19. [19]
  Wang, C.; Xia, K.; Zhang, Y.; Kaplan, D. L. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2916. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00333 doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00333
20. [20]
  Liu, Y.; Ren, J.; Ling, S. Compos. Commun. 2019, 13, 85. doi: 10.1016/j.coco.2019.03.004 doi: 10.1016/j.coco.2019.03.004
21. [21]
  Ling, S.; Qin, Z.; Li, C.; Huang, W.; Kaplan, D. L.; Buehler, M. J. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1387. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00613-5 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00613-5
22. [22]
  Terry, A. E.; Knight, D. P.; Porter, D.; Vollrath, F. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5, 768. doi: 10.1021/bm034381v doi: 10.1021/bm034381v
23. [23]
  Hu, L.; Han, Y.; Ling, S.; Huang, Y.; Yao, J.; Shao, Z.; Chen, X. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 6, 1874. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01586 doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01586
24. [24]
  Asakura, T.; Umemura, K.; Nakazawa, Y.; Hirose, H.; Higham, J.; Knight, D. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8, 175. doi: 10.1021/bm060874z doi: 10.1021/bm060874z
25. [25]
  Eisoldt, L.; Smith, A.; Scheibel, T. Mater. Today 2011, 14, 80. doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70057-8 doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70057-8
26. [26]
  Vollrath, F.; Knight, D. P. Nature 2001, 410, 541. doi: 10.1038/35069000 doi: 10.1038/35069000
27. [27]
  Willcox, P. J.; Gido, S. P.; Muller, W.; Kaplan, D. L. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 5106. doi: 10.1021/ma960588n doi: 10.1021/ma960588n
28. [28]
  Volkov, V.; Ferreira, A. V.; Cavaco-Paulo, A. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2015, 300, 1199. doi: 10.1002/mame.201500179 doi: 10.1002/mame.201500179
29. [29]
  Rising, A.; Johansson, J. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2015, 11, 309. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1789 doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1789
30. [30]
  Nguyen, A. T.; Huang, Q. -L.; Yang, Z.; Lin, N.; Xu, G.; Liu, X. Y. Small 2015, 11, 1039. doi: 10.1002/smll.201402985 doi: 10.1002/smll.201402985
31. [31]
  Wang, Q.; Ling, S.; Yao, Q.; Li, Q.; Hu, D.; Dai, Q.; Weitz, D. A.; Kaplan, D. L.; Buehler, M. J.; Zhang, Y. ACS Mater. Lett. 2020, 2, 153. doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00461 doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00461
32. [32]
  Guo, C.; Li, C.; Vu, H. V.; Hanna, P.; Lechtig, A.; Qiu, Y.; Mu, X.; Ling, S.; Nazarian, A.; Lin, S. J.; et al. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 102. doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0560-8 doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0560-8
33. [33]
  Rockwood, D. N.; Preda, R. C.; Yücel, T.; Wang, X.; Lovett, M. L.; Kaplan, D. L. Nat. Protoc. 2011, 6, 1612. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2011.379 doi: 10.1038/nprot.2011.379
34. [34]
  Wang, X.; Wenk, E.; Matsumoto, A.; Meinel, L.; Li, C.; Kaplan, D. L. J. Controlled Release 2007, 117, 360. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.11.021
35. [35]
  Wang, X.; Yucel, T.; Lu, Q.; Hu, X.; Kaplan, D. L. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 1025. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.002 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.002
36. [36]
  Cao, Z.; Chen, X.; Yao, J.; Huang, L.; Shao, Z. Soft Matter 2007, 3, 910. doi: 10.1039/B703139D doi: 10.1039/B703139D
37. [37]
  Breslauer, D. N.; Muller, S. J.; Lee, L. P. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 643. doi: 10.1021/bm901209u doi: 10.1021/bm901209u
38. [38]
  Zhou, G.; Shao, Z.; Knight, D. P.; Yan, J.; Chen, X. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 366. doi: 10.1002/adma.200800582 doi: 10.1002/adma.200800582
39. [39]
  Shao, Z. Silkworm Fiber, Spider Silk and Their Fibroin. Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, 2015; 220–289.
40. [40]
  Yang, W.; Lv, L.; Li, X.; Han, X.; Li, M.; Li, C. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 10600. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04686 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04686
41. [41]
  Wang, Z.; Yang, H.; Li, Y.; Zheng, X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 15726. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c01330 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c01330
42. [42]
  Ling, S.; Kaplan, D. L.; Buehler, M. J. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 18016. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2018.16 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2018.16
43. [43]
  Ren, J.; Wang, Y.; Yao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Fei, X.; Qi, P.; Lin, S.; Kaplan, D. L.; Buehler, M. J.; Ling, S. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 12279. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00416 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00416
44. [44]
  Huang, W.; Ling, S.; Li, C.; Omenetto, F. G.; Kaplan, D. L. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 6486. doi: 10.1039/c8cs00187a doi: 10.1039/c8cs00187a
45. [45]
  Yarger, J. L.; Cherry, B. R.; van der Vaart, A. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 11. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats2018.8 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats2018.8
46. [46]
  Mortimer, B.; Holland, C.; Vollrath, F. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14, 3653. doi: 10.1021/bm401013k doi: 10.1021/bm401013k
47. [47]
  Shao, Z. Z.; Vollrath, F. Nature 2002, 418, 741. doi: 10.1038/418741a doi: 10.1038/418741a
48. [48]
  Wang, J. -T.; Li, L. -L.; Zhang, M. -Y.; Liu, S. -L.; Jiang, L. -H.; Shen, Q. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2014, 34, 417. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.041 doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.041
49. [49]
  Wang, Q.; Wang, C.; Zhang, M.; Jian, M.; Zhang, Y. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 6695. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03597 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03597
50. [50]
  Lazaris, A.; Arcidiacono, S.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, J. F.; Duguay, F.; Chretien, N.; Welsh, E. A.; Soares, J. W.; Karatzas, C. N. Science 2002, 295, 472. doi: 10.1126/science.1065780 doi: 10.1126/science.1065780
51. [51]
  Fang, G.; Zheng, Z.; Yao, J.; Chen, M.; Tang, Y.; Zhong, J.; Qi, Z.; Li, Z.; Shao, Z.; Chen, X. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 3940. doi: 10.1039/c5tb00448a doi: 10.1039/c5tb00448a
52. [52]
  Qiu, W.; Patil, A.; Hu, F.; Liu, X. Y. Small 2019, 15, 1903948. doi: 10.1002/smll.201903948 doi: 10.1002/smll.201903948
53. [53]
  Soong, H. K.; Kenyon, K. R. Ophthalmology 1984, 91, 479. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(84)34273-7 doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(84)34273-7
54. [54]
  Catherine, P. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2013, 23, 767. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2013.2186 doi: 10.1684/ejd.2013.2186
55. [55]
  Jiao, Z.; Song, Y.; Jin, Y.; Zhang, C.; Peng, D.; Chen, Z.; Chang, P.; Kundu, S. C.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z.; et al. Macromol. Biosci. 2017, 17, 1700229. doi: 10.1002/mabi.201700229 doi: 10.1002/mabi.201700229
56. [56]
  Kunz, R. I.; Brancalhão, R. M. C.; Ribeiro, L. D. F. C.; Natali, M. R. M. Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 8175701. doi: 10.1155/2016/8175701 doi: 10.1155/2016/8175701
57. [57]
  Meinel, L.; Hofmann, S.; Karageorgiou, V.; Kirker-Head, C.; McCool, J.; Gronowicz, G.; Zichner, L.; Langer, R.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Kaplan, D. L. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 147. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.047 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.047
58. [58]
  Patil, A. C.; Xiong, Z.; Thakor, N. V. Small Methods 2020, 4, 2000274. doi: 10.1002/smtd.202000274 doi: 10.1002/smtd.202000274
59. [59]
  Holland, C.; Numata, K.; Rnjak-Kovacina, J.; Seib, F. P. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2019, 8, 1800465. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201800465 doi: 10.1002/adhm.201800465
60. [60]
  Hwang, S. W.; Tao, H.; Kim, D. H.; Cheng, H. Y.; Song, J. K.; Rill, E.; Brenckle, M. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Won, S. M.; Kim, Y. S.; et al. Science 2012, 337, 1640. doi: 10.1126/science.1226325 doi: 10.1126/science.1226325
61. [61]
  Hu, F.; Lin, N.; Liu, X. Y. iScience 2020, 23, 101035. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101035 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101035
62. [62]
  Maiti, S.; Karan, S. K.; Kim, J. K.; Khatua, B. B. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803027. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803027 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803027
63. [63]
  Niu, Q.; Huang, L.; Lv, S.; Shao, H.; Fan, S.; Zhang, Y. Nano Energy 2020, 74, 104837. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104837 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104837
64. [64]
  Cho, S. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Lee, S.; Jang, D.; Park, K. -Y.; Kim, J. K.; Kim, B. H.; Kang, K.; Kaplan, D. L.; Jin, H. -J. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7145. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8145 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8145
65. [65]
  Wang, C. Y.; Li, X.; Gao, E. L.; Jian, M. Q.; Xia, K. L.; Wang, Q.; Xu, Z. P.; Ren, T. L.; Zhang, Y. Y. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6640. doi: 10.1002/adma.201601572 doi: 10.1002/adma.201601572
66. [66]
  Wang, C.; Chen, W.; Xia, K.; Xie, N.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y. Small 2019, 15, 1804966. doi: 10.1002/smll.201804966 doi: 10.1002/smll.201804966
67. [67]
  Wang, C.; Xie, N. -H.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, Z.; Xia, K.; Wang, H.; Guo, S.; Xu, B. -Q.; Zhang, Y. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 1023. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04572 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04572
68. [68]
  Qiao, M.; Wang, H.; Lu, H.; Li, S.; Yan, J.; Qu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Lu, Y. Sci. China Mater. 2020, 63, 1300. doi: 10.1007/s40843-020-1351-3 doi: 10.1007/s40843-020-1351-3
69. [69]
  Jian, M.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 38, 459. doi: 10.1007/s10118-020-2379-9 doi: 10.1007/s10118-020-2379-9
70. [70]
  Hwang, B.; Lund, A.; Tian, Y.; Darabi, S.; Müller, C. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 27537. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04316 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04316
71. [71]
  Ye, C.; Ren, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Qian, C.; Han, J.; Zhang, C.; Jin, K.; Buehler, M. J.; Kaplan, D. L.; et al. Matter 2019, 1, 1411. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.07.016 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.07.016
72. [72]
  Ma, L.; Liu, Q.; Wu, R.; Meng, Z.; Patil, A.; Yu, R.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, S.; Fan, X.; Hou, C.; et al. Small 2020, 16, e2000203. doi: 10.1002/smll.202000203 doi: 10.1002/smll.202000203
73. [73]
  Steven, E.; Saleh, W. R.; Lebedev, V.; Acquah, S. F. A.; Laukhin, V.; Alamo, R. G.; Brooks, J. S. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2435. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3435 doi: 10.1038/ncomms3435
74. [74]
  Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Nie, Y.; Wang, C.; Ji, X.; Zhou, L.; Pan, F.; Zhang, S. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 20013. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05489 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05489
75. [75]
  Cho, S. -Y.; Yu, H.; Choi, J.; Kang, H.; Park, S.; Jang, J. -S.; Hong, H. -J.; Kim, I. -D.; Lee, S. -K.; Jeong, H. S.; et al. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 9332. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03971 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03971
76. [76]
  Lee, S.; Shin, S.; Lee, S.; Seo, J.; Lee, J.; Son, S.; Cho, H. J.; Algadi, H.; Al-Sayari, S.; Kim, D. E.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 3114. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201500628 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201500628
77. [77]
  Levitt, A.; Seyedin, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, X.; Razal, J. M.; Dion, G.; Gogotsi, Y. Small 2020, 16, 2002158. doi: 10.1002/smll.202002158 doi: 10.1002/smll.202002158
78. [78]
  Jalili, R.; Razal, J. M.; Innis, P. C.; Wallace, G. G. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 3363. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201100785 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201100785
79. [79]
  Schirmer, K. S. U.; Esrafilzadeh, D.; Thompson, B. C.; Quigley, A. F.; Kapsa, R. M. I.; Wallace, G. G. J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 1142. doi: 10.1039/C5TB02130H doi: 10.1039/C5TB02130H
80. [80]
  Zhang, M.; Wang, C.; Wang, Q.; Jian, M.; Zhang, Y. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 20894. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b06984 doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b06984
81. [81]
  Wu, R.; Ma, L.; Hou, C.; Meng, Z.; Guo, W.; Yu, W.; Yu, R.; Hu, F.; Liu, X. Y. Small 2019, 15, 1901558. doi: 10.1002/smll.201901558 doi: 10.1002/smll.201901558
82. [82]
  Lu, Z.; Mao, C.; Zhang, H. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 4265. doi: 10.1039/C5TC00917K doi: 10.1039/C5TC00917K
83. [83]
  Ling, S.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Mu, X.; Kaplan, D. L.; Buehler, M. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1705291. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201705291 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201705291
84. [84]
  Hwang, B.; Lund, A.; Tian, Y.; Darabi, S.; Muller, C. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 27537. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04316 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04316
85. [85]
  Li, B. T.; Xiao, G.; Liu, F.; Qiao, Y.; Li, C. M.; Lu, Z. S. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 4549. doi: 10.1039/c8tc00238j doi: 10.1039/c8tc00238j
86. [86]
  Wang, C.; Xia, K.; Jian, M.; Wang, H.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 7604. doi: 10.1039/C7TC01962A doi: 10.1039/C7TC01962A
87. [87]
  He, W.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Jian, M.; Lu, W.; Liang, X.; Zhang, X.; Yang, F.; Zhang, Y. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaax0649. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0649 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0649
88. [88]
  Lu, W.; Yu, P.; Jian, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, H.; Liang, X.; Zhang, Y. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 11825. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b21068 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b21068
89. [89]
  Lu, W.; Jian, M.; Wang, Q.; Xia, K.; Zhang, M.; Wang, H.; He, W.; Lu, H.; Zhang, Y. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 11856. doi: 10.1039/C9NR01791G doi: 10.1039/C9NR01791G
90. [90]
  Wang, Q.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1605657. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201605657 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201605657
91. [91]
  Wang, C.; Xia, K.; Zhang, M.; Jian, M.; Zhang, Y. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 39484. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b13356 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b13356
92. [92]
  Gotti, C.; Sensini, A.; Zucchelli, A.; Carloni, R.; Focarete, M. L. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 20, 100772. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100772 doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100772
93. [93]
  Jia, T.; Wang, Y.; Dou, Y.; Li, Y.; Jung de Andrade, M.; Wang, R.; Fang, S.; Li, J.; Yu, Z.; Qiao, R.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808241. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201808241 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201808241
94. [94]
  Lin, S.; Wang, Z.; Chen, X.; Ren, J.; Ling, S. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1902743. doi: 10.1002/advs.201902743 doi: 10.1002/advs.201902743
95. [95]
  Yin, Z.; Shi, S.; Liang, X.; Zhang, M.; Zheng, Q.; Zhang, Y. Adv. Fiber Mater. 2019, 1, 197. doi: 10.1007/s42765-019-00021-y doi: 10.1007/s42765-019-00021-y
96. [96]
  Krasnov, I.; Krekiehn, N. R.; Krywka, C.; Jung, U.; Zillohu, A. U.; Strunskus, T.; Elbahri, M.; Magnussen, O. M.; Müller, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 106, 093702. doi: 10.1063/1.4913912 doi: 10.1063/1.4913912
97. [97]
  Shimanovich, U.; Pinotsi, D.; Shimanovich, K.; Yu, N.; Bolisetty, S.; Adamcik, J.; Mezzenga, R.; Charmet, J.; Vollrath, F.; Gazit, E.; et al. Macromol. Biosci. 2018, 18, 1700295. doi: 10.1002/mabi.201700295 doi: 10.1002/mabi.201700295
98. [98]
  Agrawal, A. Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 412. doi: 10.1038/8558 doi: 10.1038/8558
99. [99]
  Iizuka, T.; Sezutsu, H.; Tatematsu, K. -i.; Kobayashi, I.; Yonemura, N.; Uchino, K.; Nakajima, K.; Kojima, K.; Takabayashi, C.; Machii, H.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5232. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201300365 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201300365
100. [100]
  Zhang, F. Acta Bioch. Biophys. Sin. 1999, 31, 119. doi: 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00009-7 doi: 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00009-7
101. [101]
  Tansil, N. C.; Li, Y.; Teng, C. P.; Zhang, S.; Win, K. Y.; Chen, X.; Liu, X. Y.; Han, M. -Y. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 1463. doi: 10.1002/adma.201003860 doi: 10.1002/adma.201003860
102. [102]
  Lin, N.; Meng, Z.; Toh, G. W.; Zhen, Y.; Diao, Y.; Xu, H.; Liu, X. Y. Small 2015, 11, 1205. doi: 10.1002/smll.201402079 doi: 10.1002/smll.201402079
103. [103]
  Lin, N.; Cao, L.; Huang, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Liu, X. -Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 8885. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201603826 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201603826
104. [104]
  Song, Y.; Lin, Z.; Kong, L.; Xing, Y.; Lin, N.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, B. -H.; Liu, X. -Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1700628. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201700628 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201700628
105. [105]
  Zhang, P.; Lan, J.; Wang, Y.; Xiong, Z. H.; Huang, C. Z. Biomaterials 2015, 36, 26. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.026 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.026
106. [106]
  Cohen-Karni, T.; Jeong, K. J.; Tsui, J. H.; Reznor, G.; Mustata, M.; Wanunu, M.; Graham, A.; Marks, C.; Bell, D. C.; Langer, R.; et al. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5403. doi: 10.1021/nl302810c doi: 10.1021/nl302810c
107. [107]
  Founda, I. M.; El-Tonsy, M. M. J. Mater. Sci. 1990, 25, 4752. doi: 10.1007/BF01129936 doi: 10.1007/BF01129936
108. [108]
  Prajzler, V.; Min, K.; Kim, S.; Nekvindova, P. Materials 2018, 11, 112. doi: 10.3390/ma11010112 doi: 10.3390/ma11010112
109. [109]
  Kujala, S.; Mannila, A.; Karvonen, L.; Kieu, K.; Sun, Z. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22358. doi: 10.1038/srep22358 doi: 10.1038/srep22358
110. [110]
  Parker, S. T.; Domachuk, P.; Amsden, J.; Bressner, J.; Lewis, J. A.; Kaplan, D. L.; Omenetto, F. G. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2411. doi: 10.1002/adma.200801580 doi: 10.1002/adma.200801580
111. [111]
  Wang, X.; Zhou, J.; Song, J.; Liu, J.; Xu, N.; Wang, Z. L. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2768. doi: 10.1021/nl061802g doi: 10.1021/nl061802g
112. [112]
  He, X.; Zi, Y. L.; Yu, H.; Zhang, S. L.; Wang, J.; Ding, W. B.; Zou, H. Y.; Zhang, W.; Lu, C. H.; Wang, Z. L. Nano Energy 2017, 39, 328. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.046 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.046
113. [113]
  Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. Science 2006, 312, 242. doi: 10.1126/science.1124005 doi: 10.1126/science.1124005
114. [114]
  Maiti, S.; Kumar Karan, S.; Lee, J.; Kumar Mishra, A.; Bhusan Khatua, B.; Kon Kim, J. Nano Energy 2017, 42, 282. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.041 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.041
115. [115]
  Gomes, J.; Serrado Nunes, J.; Sencadas, V.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, 065010. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/19/6/065010 doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/19/6/065010
116. [116]
  Harvey, E. N. Science 1939, 89, 460. doi: 10.1126/science.89.2316.460 doi: 10.1126/science.89.2316.460
117. [117]
  Fukada, E. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1956, 11, 1301A. doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.11.1301A doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.11.1301A
118. [118]
  Yucel, T.; Cebe, P.; Kaplan, D. L. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 779. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201002077 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201002077
119. [119]
  Sencadas, V.; Garvey, C.; Mudie, S.; Kirkensgaard, J. J. K.; Gouadec, G.; Hauser, S. Nano Energy 2019, 66, 104106. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104106 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104106
120. [120]
  Fan, F. -R.; Tian, Z. -Q.; Lin Wang, Z. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 328. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
121. [121]
  Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 6339. doi: 10.1021/nl303573d doi: 10.1021/nl303573d
122. [122]
  Li, X.; Jiang, C.; Ying, Y.; Ping, J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002001. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002001 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002001
123. [123]
  Kim, H. -J.; Kim, J. -H.; Jun, K. -W.; Kim, J. -H.; Seung, W. -C.; Kwon, O. H.; Park, J. -Y.; Kim, S. -W.; Oh, I. -K. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502329. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502329 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502329
124. [124]
  Jiang, C.; Wu, C.; Li, X.; Yao, Y.; Lan, L.; Zhao, F.; Ye, Z.; Ying, Y.; Ping, J. Nano Energy 2019, 59, 268. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.052 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.052
125. [125]
  Guo, Y.; Zhang, X. -S.; Wang, Y.; Gong, W.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, H.; Brugger, J. Nano Energy 2018, 48, 152. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.033 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.033
126. [126]
  Jiang, D.; Zhang, J.; Li, C.; Yang, W.; Liu, J. New J. Chem. 2017, 41, 11792. doi: 10.1039/C7NJ02042B doi: 10.1039/C7NJ02042B
127. [127]
  Das, C.; Krishnamoorthy, K. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 29504. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b10431 doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b10431
128. [128]
  Sun, C.; Li, X.; Zhao, J.; Cai, Z.; Ge, F. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 317, 42. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.124 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.124
129. [129]
  Song, P.; Tao, J.; He, X.; Sun, Y.; Shen, X.; Zhai, L.; Yuan, A.; Zhang, D.; Ji, Z.; Li, B. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 386, 124024. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124024 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124024
130. [130]
  Hou, J.; Cao, C.; Idrees, F.; Ma, X. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 2556. doi: 10.1021/nn506394r doi: 10.1021/nn506394r
131. [131]
  Sahu, V.; Grover, S.; Tulachan, B.; Sharma, M.; Srivastava, G.; Roy, M.; Saxena, M.; Sethy, N.; Bhargava, K.; Philip, D.; et al. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 160, 244. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.019 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.019
132. [132]
  Yun, Y. S.; Cho, S. Y.; Shim, J.; Kim, B. H.; Chang, S. -J.; Baek, S. J.; Huh, Y. S.; Tak, Y.; Park, Y. W.; Park, S.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 1993. doi: 10.1002/adma.201204692 doi: 10.1002/adma.201204692
133. [133]
  Zhang, L.; Meng, Z.; Qi, Q.; Yan, W.; Lin, N.; Liu, X. Y. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 22146. doi: 10.1039/C8RA01988F doi: 10.1039/C8RA01988F
134. [134]
  Zhu, Y.; Sun, W.; Luo, J.; Chen, W.; Cao, T.; Zheng, L.; Dong, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, M.; Han, Y.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3861. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06296-w doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06296-w
135. [135]
  Huang, W.; Zhang, A.; Liang, H.; Liu, R.; Cai, J.; Cui, L.; Liu, J. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 549, 140. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.066 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.066
136. [136]
  Hu, M.; Hu, T.; Cheng, R.; Yang, J.; Cui, C.; Zhang, C.; Wang, X. J. Energy Chem. 2018, 27, 161. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.10.030 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.10.030
137. [137]
  Li, X.; Sun, C.; Cai, Z.; Ge, F. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 473, 967. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.244 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.244
138. [138]
  Pan, P.; Hu, Y.; Wu, K.; Cheng, Z.; Shen, Z.; Jiang, L.; Mao, J.; Ni, C.; Ge, Y.; Wang, Z. J. Alloy. Compd. 2020, 814, 152306. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152306 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152306
139. [139]
  Zhang, W.; Yang, Z. -Y.; Tang, R. -C.; Guan, J. -P.; Qiao, Y. -F. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 250, 119545. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119545 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119545
140. [140]
  Bhattacharjee, S.; Macintyre, C. R.; Bahl, P.; Kumar, U.; Wen, X.; Aguey-Zinsou, K. -F.; Chughtai, A. A.; Joshi, R. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 7, 2000814. doi: 10.1002/admi.202000814 doi: 10.1002/admi.202000814
141. [141]
  Zhou, Q.; Wu, W.; Zhou, S.; Xing, T.; Sun, G.; Chen, G. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 382, 122988. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122988 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122988
142. [142]
  Cui, Y.; Gong, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, D.; Bai, H. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706807. doi: 10.1002/adma.201706807 doi: 10.1002/adma.201706807
143. [143]
  Wang, H.; Dong, Q.; Yao, J.; Shao, Z.; Ma, J.; Chen, X. Biomacromolecules 2020, 21, 1596. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00170 doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00170
144. [144]
  Peng, Y.; Cui, Y. Joule 2020, 4, 724. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.02.011 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.02.011
145. [145]
  Yin, Z.; Jian, M.; Wang, C.; Xia, K.; Liu, Z.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, M.; Wang, H.; Liang, X.; Liang, X.; et al. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 7085. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03085 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03085
146. [146]
  Liang, X.; Li, H.; Dou, J.; Wang, Q.; He, W.; Wang, C.; Li, D.; Lin, J. -M.; Zhang, Y. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2000165. doi: 10.1002/adma.202000165 doi: 10.1002/adma.202000165
147. [147]
  UniProt Consortium, T. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 2018, 46, 2699. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky092 doi: 10.1093/nar/gky092
148. [148]
  Kim, D. -H.; Kim, Y. -S.; Amsden, J.; Panilaitis, B.; Kaplan, D. L.; Omenetto, F. G.; Zakin, M. R.; Rogers, J. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 133701. doi: 10.1063/1.3238552. doi: 10.1063/1.3238552
149. [149]
  Wang, D.; Wang, L.; Lou, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, K.; Zhao, L.; Han, W.; Jiang, K.; Shen, G. Nano Energy 2020, 78, 105252. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105252 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105252
150. [150]
  Wang, T.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yan, K.; Jaumaux, P.; Yang, J.; Wang, C.; Shanmukaraj, D.; Sun, B.; Armand, M.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5429. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19246-2 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19246-2
151. [151]
  Xu, Y.; Song, Y.; Xu, F. Nano Energy 2021, 79, 105468. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105468 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105468
152. [152]
  Wang, Q.; Ling, S. J.; Liang, X. P.; Wang, H. M.; Lu, H. J.; Zhang, Y. Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1808695. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201808695 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201808695
153. [153]
  Qiu, W.; Patil, A.; Hu, F.; Liu, X. Y. Small 2019, 15, 45. doi: 10.1002/smll.201903948 doi: 10.1002/smll.201903948
1. [1]
  Yuping Wei , Yiting Wang , Jialiang Jiang , Jinxuan Deng , Hong Zhang , Xiaofei Ma , Junjie Li . Interdisciplinary Teaching Practice——Flexible Wearable Electronic Skin for Low-Temperature Environments. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 261-270. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404007
2. [2]
  Tengjiao Wang , Tian Cheng , Rongjun Liu , Zeyi Wang , Yuxuan Qiao , An Wang , Peng Li . Conductive Hydrogel-based Flexible Electronic System: Innovative Experimental Design in Flexible Electronics. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 286-295. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309094
3. [3]
  Yuena Yang , Xufang Hu , Yushan Liu , Yaya Kuang , Jian Ling , Qiue Cao , Chuanhua Zhou . The Realm of Smart Hydrogels. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 172-183. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310125
4. [4]
  Donghui PAN , Yuping XU , Xinyu WANG , Lizhen WANG , Junjie YAN , Dongjian SHI , Min YANG , Mingqing CHEN . Preparation and in vivo tracing of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled PM_2.5 mimetic particles for positron emission tomography imaging. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 669-676. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230468
5. [5]
  Jing Du , Xi Yu , Xiaofei Ma , Wentao Zhao . Artificial Intelligence & Chemistry Course Construction. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 65-71. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403072
6. [6]
  Xiaoning TANG , Junnan LIU , Xingfu YANG , Jie LEI , Qiuyang LUO , Shu XIA , An XUE . Effect of sodium alginate-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel layer on the stability of Zn anodes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1452-1460. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240191
7. [7]
  Juan WANG , Zhongqiu WANG , Qin SHANG , Guohong WANG , Jinmao LI . NiS and Pt as dual co-catalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production activity of BaTiO₃ nanofibers. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1719-1730. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240102
8. [8]
  Tongqi Ye , Qi Wang , Yuewen Ye , Yanqing Wang , Hongyang Zhou , Xianghua Kong . Reflection on the Reform of Physical Chemistry Teaching under the Background of “Intelligent Chemical Engineering”. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 167-173. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308116
9. [9]
  Xiyuan Su , Zhenlin Hu , Ye Fan , Xianyuan Liu , Xianyong Lu . Change as You Want: Multi-Responsive Superhydrophobic Intelligent Actuation Material. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 228-237. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311059
10. [10]
  Tianlong Zhang , Rongling Zhang , Hongsheng Tang , Yan Li , Hua Li . Exploration on the Integration Mode of Instrumental Analysis with Science and Education under the Background of Artificial Intelligence Era. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 365-374. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403014
11. [11]
  Hongwei Ma , Hui Li . Three Methods for Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 94-102. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310035
12. [12]
  Feng Liang , Desheng Li , Yuting Jiang , Jiaxin Dong , Dongcheng Liu , Xingcan Shen . Method Exploration and Instrument Innovation for the Experiment of Colloid ζ Potential Measurement by Electrophoresis. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 345-353. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312009
13. [13]
  Yuting Zhang , Zhiqian Wang . Methods and Case Studies for In-Depth Learning of the Aldol Reaction Based on Its Reversible Nature. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(7): 377-380. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311037
14. [14]
  Sifang Zhang , Yanli Tan , Yu Tao , Jiaoyan Zhao , Haihong Zhu . Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Cases in the Course of Chemistry History and Methodology. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 377-388. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202312067
15. [15]
  Yuyang Xu , Ruying Yang , Yanzhe Zhang , Yandong Liu , Keyi Li , Zehui Wei . Research Progress of Aflatoxins Removal by Modern Optical Methods. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 174-181. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402064
16. [16]
  Shijie Li , Ke Rong , Xiaoqin Wang , Chuqi Shen , Fang Yang , Qinghong Zhang . Design of Carbon Quantum Dots/CdS/Ta₃N₅ S-Scheme Heterojunction Nanofibers for Efficient Photocatalytic Antibiotic Removal. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2403005-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202403005
17. [17]
  Ping Li , Chao Yin . Teaching Exploration and Practical Innovation of General Education Courses in the Context of Artificial Intelligence. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 402-407. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403075
18. [18]
  Jingfeng Lan , Li Wu , Guangnong Lu , Liu Yang , Xiaolong Li , Xiangyang Xu , Yongwen Shen , E Yu . Application of 3E Method in the Negative List Management System in Teaching Laboratory. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 54-61. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310130
19. [19]
  Haiping Wang . A Streamlined Method for Drawing Lewis Structures Using the Valence State of Outer Atoms. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 383-388. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401073
20. [20]
  Jinfu Ma , Hui Lu , Jiandong Wu , Zhongli Zou . Teaching Design of Electrochemical Principles Course Based on “Cognitive Laws”: Kinetics of Electron Transfer Steps. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 174-177. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309052

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(52)
Abstract views(1671)
HTML views(326)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142