Citation: Pang Zhenfeng, Guan Hanxi, Gao Lina, Cao Weicheng, Yin Jinglin, Kong Xueqian. Fundamentals and Applications of NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2020, 36(4): 190601. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201906018 shu

Fundamentals and Applications of NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques

Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China

Corresponding author: Kong Xueqian, kxq@zju.edu.cn
Received Date: 4 June 2019
Revised Date: 2 July 2019
Accepted Date: 9 July 2019
Available Online: 19 April 2019
Fund Project: The project was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (YFA0203600), the Zhejiang Provincial National Nature Science Foundation, China (R19B050003), the Zhejiang University K. P. Chao's High Technology Development Foundation, China (2018RC009)the Zhejiang University K. P. Chao's High Technology Development Foundation, China 2018RC009the Zhejiang Provincial National Nature Science Foundation, China R19B050003the National Key Research and Development Program of China YFA0203600

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an effective and widely adapted technique that can be used for medical diagnosis and chemical analysis. However, its application has been limited by low sensitivity originating from the extremely low polarization of nuclear spins that follow a typical Boltzmann distribution. In principal, it is possible to break this Boltzmann distribution using different physical or chemical mechanisms to generate hyperpolarization and increase NMR sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. The crucial point of hyperpolarization is to transfer the polarization from highly polarized systems to nuclear spins. For example, the unpaired electrons in organic radicals or other systems exhibit much higher polarization than that of nuclear spins (~660 times higher than ¹H) under the same magnetic field. The high polarization of electrons at thermal equilibrium can be transferred to nuclear spins via microwave irradiation and hyperfine coupling. This hyperpolarization method is called dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and has been successfully and widely applied for the evaluation of the protein structure and the examination of nanomaterial surface chemistry. Electron spins can also be hyperpolarized using circularly polarized light (CPL) or nonpolarized light in some systems, and this polarization can be transferred to nuclear spins as well. These hyperpolarization methods are referred to as optical pumping (OP) and optical nuclear polarization (ONP), respectively. A common application of OP is the production of hyperpolarized noble gases, including hyperpolarized xenon-129, which can be used in magnetic resonance imaging of lungs or evaluation of porous structures. For ONP, the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is the most promising system that has demonstrated the ability to track the precession of a single spin. In addition, electrons can be polarized by certain chemical reactions as used in chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP). CIDNP can be used to study the active sites of proteins and identify low-concentration intermediates that are formed during chemical processes. In addition to electrons, hydrogen molecules with unique spin state, i.e., parahydrogen, can be converted to hyperpolarized NMR signals via hydrogen addition reactions, which is known as parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP). PHIP was originally used to understand the mechanisms of hydrogenation processes, but has recently become a promising hyperpolarization technique via the protocols of signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Herein, the basic mechanisms and potential applications of DNP, OP, CIDNP, and PHIP techniques are reviewed. These emerging hyperpolarization techniques have the potential to push the limits of NMR beyond current conceptions.
1. [1]
  Settle, F. A. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, 1997.
2. [2]
  Carver, T. R.; Slichter, C. P. Phys. Rev. 1953, 92, 212. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.92.212.2 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.92.212.2
3. [3]
  Ivanov, K. Summer School on Hyperpolarization at Windschleuba; Germany, 2018.
4. [4]
  Meier, B. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2018, 56, 610. doi: 10.1002/mrc.4725 doi: 10.1002/mrc.4725
5. [5]
  Overhauser, A. W. Phys. Rev. 1953, 92, 411. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.92.411 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.92.411
6. [6]
  Günther, U. L. Dynamic Nuclear Hyperpolarization in Liquids. In Modern NMR Methodology; Heise, H., Matthews, S. Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011; p. 23.
7. [7]
  Khutsishvili, G. R. Sov. Phys. Usp. 1966, 8, 743. doi: 10.1070/pu1966v008n05abeh003035 doi: 10.1070/pu1966v008n05abeh003035
8. [8]
  Carver, T. R.; Slichter, C. P. Phys. Rev. 1956, 102, 975. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.102.975 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.102.975
9. [9]
  Gao, S.; Huang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; He, Y.; Chen, L.; Chen, F.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2017, 34, 421. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20172557 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20172557
10. [10]
  Tao, Q.; He, Y.; Wang, C.; Feng, J.; Chen, F.; Liu, C. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2016, 33, 44. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20160104 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20160104
11. [11]
  Matsuki, Y.; Ueda, K.; Idehara, T.; Ikeda, R.; Ogawa, I.; Nakamura, S.; Toda, M.; Anai, T.; Fujiwara, T. J. Magn. Reson. 2012, 225, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.09.008 doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.09.008
12. [12]
  Loening, N. M.; Rosay, M.; Weis, V.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8808. doi: 10.1021/ja026660g doi: 10.1021/ja026660g
13. [13]
  Becerra, L. R.; Gerfen, G. J.; Temkin, R. J.; Singel, D. J.; Griffin, R. G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 3561. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3561 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3561
14. [14]
  Song, C.; Hu, K. N.; Joo, C. G.; Swager, T. M.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11385. doi: 10.1021/ja061284b doi: 10.1021/ja061284b
15. [15]
  Märker, K.; Paul, S.; Fernández-de-Alba, C.; Lee, D.; Mouesca, J. M.; Hediger, S.; De Paëpe, G. Chem. Sci. 2017, 8, 974. doi: 10.1039/C6SC02709A doi: 10.1039/C6SC02709A
16. [16]
  Eto, H.; Hyodo, F.; Kosem, N.; Kobayashi, R.; Yasukawa, K.; Nakao, M.; Kiniwa, M.; Utsumi, H. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2015, 89, 1097. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.418 doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.418
17. [17]
  Otikovs, M.; Olsen, G. L.; Kupče, E. R.; Frydman, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 1857. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b12216 doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b12216
18. [18]
  Märker, K.; Pingret, M.; Mouesca, J. M.; Gasparutto, D.; Hediger, S.; De Paëpe, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 13796. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b09964 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b09964
19. [19]
  Lesage, A.; Lelli, M.; Gajan, D.; Caporini, M. A.; Vitzthum, V.; Miéville, P.; Alauzun, J.; Roussey, A.; Thieuleux, C.; Mehdi, A.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15459. doi: 10.1021/ja104771z doi: 10.1021/ja104771z
20. [20]
  Kobayashi, T.; Perras, F. A.; Goh, T. W.; Metz, T. L.; Huang, W.; Pruski, M. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 2322. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00860 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00860
21. [21]
  Vitzthum, V.; Miéville, P.; Carnevale, D.; Caporini, M. A.; Gajan, D.; Copéret, C.; Lelli, M.; Zagdoun, A.; Rossini, A. J.; Lesage, A.; et al. Chem. Comm. 2012, 48, 1988. doi: 10.1039/C2CC15905H doi: 10.1039/C2CC15905H
22. [22]
  Bayro, M. J.; Debelouchina, G. T.; Eddy, M. T.; Birkett, N. R.; MacPhee, C. E.; Rosay, M.; Maas, W. E.; Dobson, C. M.; Griffin, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 13967. doi: 10.1021/ja203756x doi: 10.1021/ja203756x
23. [23]
  Bajaj, V. S.; Mak-Jurkauskas, M. L.; Belenky, M.; Herzfeld, J.; Griffin, R. G. J. Magn. Reson. 2010, 202, 9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.09.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.09.005
24. [24]
  Gallagher, F. A.; Kettunen, M. I.; Brindle, K. M. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 2009, 55, 285. doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.06.001
25. [25]
  Brunner, E. Summer School on Hyperpolarization at Windschleuba; Germany, 2018.
26. [26]
  Happer, W. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1972, 44, 169. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.44.169 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.44.169
27. [27]
  Norquay, G. Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of ¹²⁹Xe. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, 2014.
28. [28]
  Walker, T. G.; Happer, W. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1997, 69, 629. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.69.629 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.69.629
29. [29]
  Beth, R. A. Phys. Rev. 1936, 50, 115. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.50.115 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.50.115
30. [30]
  Sieradzan, A.; Franz, F. A. Phys. Rev. A 1982, 25, 2985. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.25.2985 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.25.2985
31. [31]
  Cates, G. D.; Fitzgerald, R. J.; Barton, A. S.; Bogorad, P.; Gatzke, M.; Newbury, N. R.; Saam, B. Phys. Rev. A 1992, 45, 4631. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.4631 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.4631
32. [32]
  Driehuys, B.; Cates, G. D.; Happer, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74, 4943. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4943 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4943
33. [33]
  Jau, Y. Y.; Kuzma, N. N.; Happer, W. Phys. Rev. A 2002, 66, 052710. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.052710 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.052710
34. [34]
  Jau, Y. Y.; Kuzma, N. N.; Happer, W. Phys. Rev. A 2003, 67, 022720. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.022720 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.022720
35. [35]
  Colegrove, F. D.; Schearer, L. D.; Walters, G. K. Phys. Rev. 1963, 132, 2561. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.132.2561 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.132.2561
36. [36]
  Greenhow, R. C. Phys. Rev. 1964, 136, A660. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.136.A660 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.136.A660
37. [37]
  Walters, G. K.; Colegrove, F. D.; Schearer, L. D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1962, 8, 439. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.8.439 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.8.439
38. [38]
  Courtade, E.; Marion, F.; Nacher, P. J.; Tastevin, G.; Kiersnowski, K.; Dohnalik, T. Eur. Phys. J. D 2002, 21, 25. doi: 10.1140/epjd/e2002-00176-1 doi: 10.1140/epjd/e2002-00176-1
39. [39]
  Barrett, S. E.; Tycko, R.; Pfeiffer, L. N.; West, K. W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 72, 1368. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1368 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1368
40. [40]
  Hayes, S. E.; Mui, S.; Ramaswamy, K. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128, 052203. doi: 10.1063/1.2823131 doi: 10.1063/1.2823131
41. [41]
  Zhao, X.; Sun, X.; Yuan, Y.; Shi, L.; Ye, C.; Zhou, X. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2016, 33, 458. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20160311 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20160311
42. [42]
  Batz, M.; Nacher, P. J.; Tastevin, G. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2011, 294, 012002. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/294/1/012002 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/294/1/012002
43. [43]
  Driehuys, B.; Möller, H. E.; Cleveland, Z. I.; Pollaro, J.; Hedlund, L. W. Radiology 2009, 252, 386. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522081550 doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522081550
44. [44]
  Lauterbur, P. C. Nature 1973, 242, 190. doi: 10.1038/242190a0 doi: 10.1038/242190a0
45. [45]
  Albert, M. S.; Cates, G. D.; Driehuys, B.; Happer, W.; Saam, B.; Springer, C. S.; Wishnia, A. Nature 1994, 370, 199. doi: 10.1038/370199a0 doi: 10.1038/370199a0
46. [46]
  Mugler, J. P., 3rd; Altes, T. A. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013, 37, 313. doi: 10.1002/jmri.23844
47. [47]
  Fain, S.; Schiebler, M. L.; McCormack, D. G.; Parraga, G. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010, 32, 1398. doi: 10.1002/jmri.22375 doi: 10.1002/jmri.22375
48. [48]
  Ruan, W.; Zhong, J.; Han, Y.; Sun, X.; Ye, C.; Zhou, X. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2015, 32, 261. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150209 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150209
49. [49]
  Li, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhong, J.; Ruan, W.; Han, Y.; Sun, X.; Ye, C.; Zhou, X. NMR Biomed. 2016, 29, 220. doi: 10.1002/nbm.3465 doi: 10.1002/nbm.3465
50. [50]
  Pavlovskaya, G. E.; Cleveland, Z. I.; Stupic, K. F.; Basaraba, R. J.; Meersmann, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102, 18275. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509419102 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509419102
51. [51]
  Zhang, W.; Ratcliffe, C. I.; Moudrakovski, I. L.; Mou, C. Y.; Ripmeester, J. A. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 3379. doi: 10.1021/ac050076j doi: 10.1021/ac050076j
52. [52]
  Weiland, E.; Springuel-Huet, M. A.; Nossov, A.; Gédéon, A. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2016, 225, 41. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.025 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.025
53. [53]
  Bonardet, J. L.; Fraissard, J.; Gédéon, A.; Springuel-Huet, M. A. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 1999, 41, 115. doi: 10.1080/01614949909353779 doi: 10.1080/01614949909353779
54. [54]
  Kalevich, V.; Korenev, V.; Fedorova, O. JETP Lett. 1990, 52, 349.
55. [55]
  Krapf, M.; Denninger, G.; Pascher, H.; Weimann, G.; Schlapp, W. Solid State Commun. 1991, 78, 459. doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(91)90704-Y doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(91)90704-Y
56. [56]
  Maier, G.; Haeberlen, U.; Wolf, H. C.; Hausser, K. H. Phys. Lett. A 1967, 25, 384. doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(67)90712-8 doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(67)90712-8
57. [57]
  Hausser, K. H.; Wolf, H. C., Optical Spin Polarization in Molecular Crystals. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance, Waugh, J. S. Ed. Academic Press: San Diego, 1976; Vol. 8, p. 85.
58. [58]
  Suter, D.; Jelezko, F. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 2017, 98-99, 50. doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.12.001 doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.12.001
59. [59]
  Jelezko, F.; Gaebel, T.; Popa, I.; Gruber, A.; Wrachtrup, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 076401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.076401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.076401
60. [60]
  Wu, Y.; Jelezko, F.; Plenio, M. B.; Weil, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 6586. doi: 10.1002/anie.201506556 doi: 10.1002/anie.201506556
61. [61]
  Jacques, V.; Neumann, P.; Beck, J.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D.; Meijer, J.; Kaiser, F.; Balasubramanian, G.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 102, 057403. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.057403 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.057403
62. [62]
  Wang, H. J.; Shin, C. S.; Avalos, C. E.; Seltzer, S. J.; Budker, D.; Pines, A.; Bajaj, V. S. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1940. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2930 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2930
63. [63]
  Cai, J.; Jelezko, F.; Plenio, M. B.; Retzker, A. New J. Phys. 2013, 15, 013020. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/1/013020 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/1/013020
64. [64]
  Fischer, R.; Bretschneider, C. O.; London, P.; Budker, D.; Gershoni, D.; Frydman, L. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 111, 057601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.057601 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.057601
65. [65]
  Zhang, Z.; He, Y.; Huang, C.; Liu, C.; Feng, J. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2017, 34, 231. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20170213 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20170213
66. [66]
  Álvarez, G. A.; Bretschneider, C. O.; Fischer, R.; London, P.; Kanda, H.; Onoda, S.; Isoya, J.; Gershoni, D.; Frydman, L. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8456. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9456 doi: 10.1038/ncomms9456
67. [67]
  Scheuer, J.; Schwartz, I.; Chen, Q.; Schulze-Sünninghausen, D.; Carl, P.; Höfer, P.; Retzker, A.; Sumiya, H.; Isoya, J.; Luy, B.; et al. New J. Phys. 2016, 18, 013040. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/1/013040 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/1/013040
68. [68]
  Childress, L.; Gurudev Dutt, M. V.; Taylor, J. M.; Zibrov, A. S.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J.; Hemmer, P. R.; Lukin, M. D. Science 2006, 314, 281. doi: 10.1126/science.1131871 doi: 10.1126/science.1131871
69. [69]
  Dutt, M. V. G.; Childress, L.; Jiang, L.; Togan, E.; Maze, J.; Jelezko, F.; Zibrov, A. S.; Hemmer, P. R.; Lukin, M. D. Science 2007, 316, 1312. doi: 10.1126/science.1139831 doi: 10.1126/science.1139831
70. [70]
  London, P.; Scheuer, J.; Cai, J. M.; Schwarz, I.; Retzker, A.; Plenio, M. B.; Katagiri, M.; Teraji, T.; Koizumi, S.; Isoya, J.; et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 111, 067601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.067601 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.067601
71. [71]
  Müller, C.; Kong, X.; Cai, J. M.; Melentijević, K.; Stacey, A.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D.; Isoya, J.; Pezzagna, S.; Meijer, J.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4703. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5703 doi: 10.1038/ncomms5703
72. [72]
  Chen, Q.; Schwarz, I.; Jelezko, F.; Retzker, A.; Plenio, M. B. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 184420. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.184420 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.184420
73. [73]
  Dutta, P.; Martinez, G. V.; Gillies, R. J. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 597. doi: 10.1021/jz402659t doi: 10.1021/jz402659t
74. [74]
  Bargon, J.; Fischer, H.; Johnsen, U. Z. Naturforsch A 1967, 22, 1551. doi: 10.1515/zna-1967-1015 doi: 10.1515/zna-1967-1015
75. [75]
  Ward, H. R.; Lawler, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5518. doi: 10.1021/ja00997a078 doi: 10.1021/ja00997a078
76. [76]
  Closs, G. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 4552. doi: 10.1021/ja01044a043 doi: 10.1021/ja01044a043
77. [77]
  Ivanov, K. L.; Pravdivtsev, A. N.; Yurkovskaya, A. V.; Vieth, H. M.; Kaptein, R. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 2014, 81, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.06.001
78. [78]
  Kaptein, R.; Den Hollander, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 6269. doi: 10.1021/ja00773a003 doi: 10.1021/ja00773a003
79. [79]
  Goez, M., Elucidating Organic Reaction Mechanisms Using Photo-Cidnp Spectroscopy. In Hyperpolarization Methods in NMR Spectroscopy, Kuhn, L. T. Ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013; p. 1.
80. [80]
  Kaptein, R. J. Chem. Soc. D 1971, 732. doi: 10.1039/C29710000732 doi: 10.1039/C29710000732
81. [81]
  Goez, M., Photo-Cidnp Spectroscopy. In Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy; Academic Press: London, 2009; Vol. 66, p. 77.
82. [82]
  Goez, M.; Mok, K. H.; Hore, P. J. J. Magn. Reson. 2005, 177, 236. doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.06.015 doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.06.015
83. [83]
  Goez, M.; Kuprov, I.; Hun Mok, K.; Hore, P. J. Mol. Phys. 2006, 104, 1675. doi: 10.1080/00268970600634431 doi: 10.1080/00268970600634431
84. [84]
  Gugger, A.; Batra, R.; Rzadek, P.; Rist, G.; Giese, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8740. doi: 10.1021/ja971677y doi: 10.1021/ja971677y
85. [85]
  Khan, F.; Kuprov, I.; Craggs, T. D.; Hore, P. J.; Jackson, S. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10729. doi: 10.1021/ja060618u doi: 10.1021/ja060618u
86. [86]
  Herbertz, T.; Roth, H. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9574. doi: 10.1021/ja9706209 doi: 10.1021/ja9706209
87. [87]
  Ananchenko, G.; Fischer, H. J. Chem. Soc. 2001, 1887. doi: 10.1039/B106723K doi: 10.1039/B106723K
88. [88]
  Kothe, T.; Marque, S.; Martschke, R.; Popov, M.; Fischer, H. J. Chem. Soc. 1998, 1553. doi: 10.1039/A802773K doi: 10.1039/A802773K
89. [89]
  Schaffner, E.; Fischer, H. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 1657. doi: 10.1021/jp951999t doi: 10.1021/jp951999t
90. [90]
  Schael, F.; Löhmannsröben, H. G. Chem. Phys. 1996, 206, 193. doi: 10.1016/0301-0104(96)00012-2 doi: 10.1016/0301-0104(96)00012-2
91. [91]
  Goez, M.; Eckert, G. Helv. Chim. Acta 2006, 89, 2183. doi: 10.1002/hlca.200690205 doi: 10.1002/hlca.200690205
92. [92]
  Zysmilich, M. G.; McDermott, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8362. doi: 10.1021/ja00097a052 doi: 10.1021/ja00097a052
93. [93]
  Thamarath, S. S.; Heberle, J.; Hore, P. J.; Kottke, T.; Matysik, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15542. doi: 10.1021/ja1082969 doi: 10.1021/ja1082969
94. [94]
  Thamarath, S. S.; Bode, B. E.; Prakash, S.; Sai Sankar Gupta, K. B.; Alia, A.; Jeschke, G.; Matysik, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 5921. doi: 10.1021/ja2117377 doi: 10.1021/ja2117377
95. [95]
  Jeschke, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4425. doi: 10.1021/ja973744u doi: 10.1021/ja973744u
96. [96]
  Jeschke, G. J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 106, 10072. doi: 10.1063/1.474063 doi: 10.1063/1.474063
97. [97]
  Jeschke, G.; Matysik, J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 294, 239. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0104(03)00278-7 doi: 10.1016/S0301-0104(03)00278-7
98. [98]
  McDermott, A.; Zysmilich, M. n. G.; Polenova, T. Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 1998, 11, 21. doi: 10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00094-5 doi: 10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00094-5
99. [99]
  Prakash, S.; Alia; Gast, P.; de Groot, H. J. M.; Matysik, J.; Jeschke, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 12794. doi: 10.1021/ja0623616 doi: 10.1021/ja0623616
100. [100]
  Schulten, E. A. M.; Matysik, J.; Alia; Kiihne, S.; Raap, J.; Lugtenburg, J.; Gast, P.; Hoff, A. J.; de Groot, H. J. M. Biochemistry 2002, 41, 8708. doi: 10.1021/bi025608u doi: 10.1021/bi025608u
101. [101]
  Alia; Roy, E.; Gast, P.; van Gorkom, H. J.; de Groot, H. J.; Jeschke, G.; Matysik, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12819. doi: 10.1021/ja048051+ doi: 10.1021/ja048051+
102. [102]
  Sai Sankar Gupta, K. B. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2009, 8, 313. doi: 10.1007/s11157-009-9186-7 doi: 10.1007/s11157-009-9186-7
103. [103]
  Seidler, P. F.; Bryndza, H. E.; Frommer, J. E.; Stuhl, L. S.; Bergman, R. G. Organometallics 1983, 2, 1701. doi: 10.1021/om50005a045 doi: 10.1021/om50005a045
104. [104]
  Bowers, C. R.; Weitekamp, D. P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 57, 2645. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2645 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2645
105. [105]
  Bowers, C. R.; Weitekamp, D. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 5541. doi: 10.1021/ja00252a049 doi: 10.1021/ja00252a049
106. [106]
  Eisenschmid, T. C.; Kirss, R. U.; Deutsch, P. P.; Hommeltoft, S. I.; Eisenberg, R.; Bargon, J.; Lawler, R. G.; Balch, A. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 8089. doi: 10.1021/ja00260a026 doi: 10.1021/ja00260a026
107. [107]
  Pravica, M. G.; Weitekamp, D. P. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 145, 255. doi: 10.1016/0009-2614(88)80002-2 doi: 10.1016/0009-2614(88)80002-2
108. [108]
  Bowers, C. R.; Jones, D. H.; Kurur, N. D.; Labinger, J. A.; Pravica, M. G.; Weitekamp, D. P. Symmetrization Postulate and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Reacting Systems. In Advances in Magnetic and Optical Resonance; Warren, W. S. Ed. Academic Press: San Diego, 1990; Vol. 14, p. 269.
109. [109]
  Jankowiak, J. T.; Schwartz, J. M.; Barrett, P. A. Adsorption 2014, 20, 173. doi: 10.1007/s10450-013-9561-0 doi: 10.1007/s10450-013-9561-0
110. [110]
  Tom, B. A.; Bhasker, S.; Miyamoto, Y.; Momose, T.; McCall, B. J. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2009, 80, 016108. doi: 10.1063/1.3072881 doi: 10.1063/1.3072881
111. [111]
  Natterer, J.; Bargon, J. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 1997, 31, 293. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6565(97)00007-1 doi: 10.1016/S0079-6565(97)00007-1
112. [112]
  Song, Y.; Liu, W.; Yao, Y. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2015, 32, 470. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150308 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150308
113. [113]
  Arzumanov, S. S.; Stepanov, A. G. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 2888. doi: 10.1021/jp311345r doi: 10.1021/jp311345r
114. [114]
  Wang, W.; Hu, H.; Xu, J.; Deng, F. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2018, 35, 269. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20182646 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20182646
115. [115]
  Wang, W.; Hu, H.; Xu, J.; Wang, Q.; Qi, G.; Wang, C.; Zhao, X.; Zhou, X.; Deng, F. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 1248. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11801 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11801
116. [116]
  Bales, L. B.; Kovtunov, K. V.; Barskiy, D. A.; Shchepin, R. V.; Coffey, A. M.; Kovtunova, L. M.; Bukhtiyarov, A. V.; Feldman, M. A.; Bukhtiyarov, V. I.; Chekmenev, E. Y.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 15304. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05912 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05912
117. [117]
  Shchepin, R. V.; Coffey, A. M.; Waddell, K. W.; Chekmenev, E. Y. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 5601. doi: 10.1021/ac500952z doi: 10.1021/ac500952z
118. [118]
  Duckett, S. B.; Mewis, R. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 1247. doi: 10.1021/ar2003094 doi: 10.1021/ar2003094
119. [119]
  Gong, Q.; Gordji-Nejad, A.; Blümich, B.; Appelt, S. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 7078. doi: 10.1021/ac101738f doi: 10.1021/ac101738f
120. [120]
  Butler, M. C.; Kervern, G.; Theis, T.; Ledbetter, M. P.; Ganssle, P. J.; Blanchard, J. W.; Budker, D.; Pines, A. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138, 234201. doi: 10.1063/1.4805062 doi: 10.1063/1.4805062
121. [121]
  Tian, J.; Liu, W.; Song, Y.; Xuan, Y.; Li, J.; Yao, Y.; Wei, D. Chin. J. Magn. Reson. 2015, 32, 618. doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150407 doi: 10.11938/cjmr20150407
1. [1]
  Xin Zhou , Zhi Zhang , Yun Yang , Shuijin Yang . A Study on the Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance in C/Bi/Bi₂MoO₆ Composites by Ferroelectric Polarization: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemical Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 296-304. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310008
2. [2]
  Wentao Lin , Wenfeng Wang , Yaofeng Yuan , Chunfa Xu . Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 226-230. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310095
3. [3]
  Lei Shi . Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Radicals. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 131-135. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402018
4. [4]
  Yong Shu , Xing Chen , Sai Duan , Rongzhen Liao . How to Determine the Equilibrium Bond Distance of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: A Case Study of H₂. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(7): 386-393. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310102
5. [5]
  Jinfeng Chu , Yicheng Wang , Ji Qi , Yulin Liu , Yan Li , Lan Jin , Lei He , Yufei Song . Comprehensive Chemical Experiment Design: Convenient Preparation and Characterization of an Oxygen-Bridged Trinuclear Iron(III) Complex. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(7): 299-306. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310105
6. [6]
  Jiajia Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Zhihan Yuan , Zhengyang Qian , Jian Zhu . 3D Printing Based on Photo-Induced Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 11-19. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309073
7. [7]
  Yue Zhao , Yanfei Li , Tao Xiong . Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Additions of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons to Aldehydes and Ketones. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 280-285. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309001
8. [8]
  Daojuan Cheng , Fang Fang . Exploration and Implementation of Science-Education Integration in Organic Chemistry Teaching for Pharmacy Majors: A Case Study on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 72-78. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403105
9. [9]
  Yongpo Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Yafei Song , Mengyao Sun , Congcong Yin , Chunyan Gao , Jinzhong Zhao . Synthesis of Chlorine-Bridged Binuclear Cu(I) Complexes Based on Conjugation-Driven Cu(II) Oxidized Secondary Amines. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 44-51. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309092
10. [10]
  Cheng Zheng , Shiying Zheng , Yanping Zhang , Shoutian Zheng , Qiaohua Wei . Synthesis, Copper Content Analysis, and Luminescent Performance Study of Binuclear Copper (I) Complexes with Isomeric Luminescence Shift: A Comprehensive Chemical Experiment Recommendation. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(7): 322-329. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310131
11. [11]
  Xin Lv , Hongxing Zhang , Kaibo Duan , Wenhui Dai , Zhihui Wen , Wei Guo , Junsheng Hao . Lighting the Way Against Cancer: Photodynamic Therapy. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 70-79. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309090
12. [12]
  Endong YANG , Haoze TIAN , Ke ZHANG , Yongbing LOU . Efficient oxygen evolution reaction of CuCo₂O₄/NiFe-layered bimetallic hydroxide core-shell nanoflower sphere arrays. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 930-940. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230369
13. [13]
  Fan Wu , Wenchang Tian , Jin Liu , Qiuting Zhang , YanHui Zhong , Zian Lin . Core-Shell Structured Covalent Organic Framework-Coated Silica Microspheres as Mixed-Mode Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 319-326. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403031
14. [14]
  Xiufang Wang , Donglin Zhao , Kehua Zhang , Xiaojie Song . “Preparation of Carbon Nanotube/SnS₂ Photoanode Materials”: A Comprehensive University Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 157-162. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308025
15. [15]
  Hongyi Zhang , Zhihong Shi , Zhijun Zhang . A New Strategy for “De-formulized” Calculation of Dynamic Buffer Capacity in Analytical Chemistry Education. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 390-394. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309030
16. [16]
  Bingliang Li , Yuying Han , Dianyang Li , Dandan Liu , Wenbin Shang . One-Step Synthesis of Benorilate Guided by Green Chemistry Principles and in vivo Dynamic Evaluation. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 342-349. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311070
17. [17]
  Jie Li , Huida Qian , Deyang Pan , Wenjing Wang , Daliang Zhu , Zhongxue Fang . Efficient Synthesis of Anethaldehyde Induced by Visible Light. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 343-350. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310076
18. [18]
  Tianlong Zhang , Jiajun Zhou , Hongsheng Tang , Xiaohui Ning , Yan Li , Hua Li . Virtual Simulation Experiment for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Analysis. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 295-302. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312049
19. [19]
  Zishuo Yi , Peng Liu , Yan Xu . Fluorescent “Chameleon”: A Popular Science Experiment Based on Dynamic Luminescence. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 304-310. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202311079
20. [20]
  Zizheng LU , Wanyi SU , Qin SHI , Honghui PAN , Chuanqi ZHAO , Chengfeng HUANG , Jinguo PENG . Surface state behavior of W doped BiVO₄ photoanode for ciprofloxacin degradation. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 591-600. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230225

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(53)
Abstract views(1863)
HTML views(669)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142