Citation: HU Chao, MU Ye, LI Mingyu, QIU Jieshan. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Dots[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2019, 35(6): 572-590. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201806060 shu

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Dots

HU Chao ¹ ,
MU Ye ¹ ,
LI Mingyu ² ,
QIU Jieshan ^2,3,,

1.
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
2.
Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
3.
College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China

Corresponding author: QIU Jieshan, qiujs@mail.buct.edu.cn
Received Date: 27 June 2018
Revised Date: 23 July 2018
Accepted Date: 24 July 2018
Available Online: 1 June 2018
Fund Project: The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China xjj2017083the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shanxi Province, China 2017JQ5027the National Natural Science Foundation of China U1710117the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51702254The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China zrzd2017014The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (xjj2017083, zrzd2017014), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51702254, U1710117), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M602827), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shanxi Province, China (2017JQ5027), and the Liaoning Province Doctoral Startup Grant (201501173)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2016M602827the Liaoning Province Doctoral Startup Grant 201501173

Carbon atoms can bond together in different molecular configurations leading to different carbon allotropes including diamond, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphdiyne that are widely used or explored in a number of fields. Carbon dots (CDs), which are generally surface-passivated carbon nanoparticles less than 10 nm in size, are other new members of carbon allotropes. CDs were serendipitously discovered in 2004 during the electrophoresis purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Similar to their popular older cousins, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, CDs have drawn much attention in the past decade and have gradually become a rising star because of the advantages of chemical inertness, high abundance, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Interestingly, CDs typically display excitation-energy- and size-dependent fluorescent behavior. Depending on their structures, the fluorescence from CDs is either attributed to the quantum-confinement effect and conjugated π-domains of the carbogenic core (intrinsic states), or determined by the hybridization of the carbon skeleton and the connected chemical groups (surface states). Compared with the traditional semiconductors, quantum dots, and their organic dye counterparts, fluorescent CDs possess not only excellent optical properties and small-size effect, but also the advantages of low-cost synthesis, good photo-bleaching resistance, tunable band gaps, and surface functionalities. For these reasons, CDs are considered to be emergent nanolights for bio-imaging, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, CDs feature abundant structural defects at their surface and edges, excellent light-harvesting capability, and photo-induced electron-transfer ability, thus facilitating their applications in photocatalysis and energy storage and conversions. To date, remarkable progress has been achieved in terms of synthetic approaches, properties, and applications of CDs. This review aims to classify the different types of CDs, based on the structures of their carbogenic cores, and to describe their structural characteristics in terms of synthesis approaches. Two well-established strategies for synthesizing CDs, the top-down and bottom-up routes, are highlighted. The diverse potential applications, in the bio-imaging and diagnosis, sensing, catalysis, optoelectronics, and energy-storage fields, of CDs with different structures and physicochemical properties, are summarized, covering the issues of surface modification, heteroatom doping, and hybrids made by combining CDs with other species such as metals, metal oxides, and biological molecules. The challenges and opportunities for the future development of CDs are also briefly outlined.
- Fluorescence,
- Carbon dot,
- Bioimaging,
- Sensing,
- Catalysis,
- Optoelectronic device,
- Energy storage
1. [1]
  Zhan, J.; Geng, B.; Wu, K.; Xu, G.; Wang, L.; Guo, R.; Lei, B.; Zheng, F.; Pan, D.; Wu, M. Carbon 2018, 130, 153. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.075 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.075
2. [2]
  Bao, L.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Z. -L.; Pang, D. -W. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 1663. doi: 10.1002/adma.201405070 doi: 10.1002/adma.201405070
3. [3]
  Zhang, W.; Xu, T.; Liu, Z.; Wu, N. -L.; Wei, M. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 1413. doi: 10.1039/C7CC09406J doi: 10.1039/C7CC09406J
4. [4]
  Bourlinos, A. B.; Stassinopoulos, A.; Anglos, D.; Zboril, R.; Georgakilas, V.; Giannelis, E. P. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 4539. doi: 10.1021/cm800506r doi: 10.1021/cm800506r
5. [5]
  Zheng, L.; Chi, Y.; Dong, Y.; Lin, J.; Wang, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4564. doi: 10.1021/ja809073f doi: 10.1021/ja809073f
6. [6]
  Xu, X.; Ray, R.; Gu, Y.; Ploehn, H. J.; Gearheart, L.; Raker, K.; Scrivens, W. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12736. doi: 10.1021/ja040082h doi: 10.1021/ja040082h
7. [7]
  Sun, Y. -P.; Zhou, B.; Lin, Y.; Wang, W.; Fernando, K. A. S.; Pathak, P.; Meziani, M. J.; Harruff, B. A.; Wang, X.; Wang, H. F.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7756. doi: 10.1021/ja062677d doi: 10.1021/ja062677d
8. [8]
  Wang, X.; Cao, L.; Yang, S. T.; Lu, F. S.; Meziani, M. J.; Tian, L. L.; Sun, K. W.; Bloodgood, M. A.; Sun, Y. P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5310. doi: 10.1002/anie.201000982 doi: 10.1002/anie.201000982
9. [9]
  Luo, P. G.; Sahu, S.; Yang, S. T.; Sonkar, S. K.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.; LeCroy, G. E.; Cao, L.; Sun, Y. -P. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 2116. doi: 10.1039/c3tb00018d doi: 10.1039/c3tb00018d
10. [10]
  Zhu, S.; Song, Y.; Zhao, X.; Shao, J.; Zhang, J.; Yang, B. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 355. doi: 10.1007/s12274-014-0644-3 doi: 10.1007/s12274-014-0644-3
11. [11]
  Liu, H. P.; Ye, T.; Mao, C. D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6473. doi: 10.1002/anie.200701271 doi: 10.1002/anie.200701271
12. [12]
  Dong, Y.; Shao, J.; Chen, C.; Li, H.; Wang, R.; Chi, Y.; Lin, X.; Chen, G. Carbon 2012, 50, 4738. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.002 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.002
13. [13]
  Zhao, Q. L.; Zhang, Z. L.; Huang, B. H.; Peng, J.; Zhang, M.; Pang, D. W. Chem. Commun. 2008, 5116. doi: 10.1039/b812420e doi: 10.1039/b812420e
14. [14]
  Zhou, J. G.; Booker, C.; Li, R. Y.; Zhou, X. T.; Sham, T. K.; Sun, X. L.; Ding, Z. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 744. doi: 10.1021/ja0669070 doi: 10.1021/ja0669070
15. [15]
  Jaiswal, A.; Ghosh, S. S.; Chattopadhyay, A. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 407. doi: 10.1039/C1CC15988G doi: 10.1039/C1CC15988G
16. [16]
  Zhu, C.; Zhai, J.; Dong, S. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 9367. doi: 10.1039/c2cc33844k doi: 10.1039/c2cc33844k
17. [17]
  Ming, H.; Ma, Z.; Liu, Y.; Pan, K.; Yu, H.; Wang, F.; Kang, Z. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 9526. doi: 10.1039/c2dt30985h doi: 10.1039/c2dt30985h
18. [18]
  Hu, C.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Cui, J.; Huang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Wang, H.; Xiao, Y.; Rong, J. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 39. doi: 10.1039/c2tb00189f doi: 10.1039/c2tb00189f
19. [19]
  Li, H.; Sun, C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Zhou, F.; Zhang, X.; MacFarlane, D. R. Carbon 2016, 104, 33. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.040 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.040
20. [20]
  Peng, H.; Travas-Sejdic, J. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 5563. doi: 10.1021/cm901593y doi: 10.1021/cm901593y
21. [21]
  Mei, Q.; Zhang, K.; Guan, G.; Liu, B.; Wang, S.; Zhang, Z. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 7319. doi: 10.1039/c0cc02374d doi: 10.1039/c0cc02374d
22. [22]
  Wang, F.; Pang, S.; Wang, L.; Li, Q.; Kreiter, M.; Liu, C. -Y. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 4528. doi: 10.1021/cm101350u doi: 10.1021/cm101350u
23. [23]
  Bottini, M.; Balasubramanian, C.; Dawson, M. I.; Bergamaschi, A.; Bellucci, S.; Mustelin, T. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 110, 831. doi: 10.1021/jp055503b doi: 10.1021/jp055503b
24. [24]
  Bao, L.; Zhang, Z. L.; Tian, Z. Q.; Zhang, L.; Liu, C.; Lin, Y.; Qi, B.; Pang, D. W. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5801. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102866 doi: 10.1002/adma.201102866
25. [25]
  Li, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Cheng, H.; Hu, Y.; Shi, G.; Dai, L.; Qu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 15. doi: 10.1021/ja206030c doi: 10.1021/ja206030c
26. [26]
  Li, H.; He, X.; Kang, Z.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Liu, J.; Lian, S.; Tsang, C. H. A.; Yang, X.; Lee, S. T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4430. doi: 10.1002/anie.200906154 doi: 10.1002/anie.200906154
27. [27]
  Hu, C.; Yu, C.; Li, M.; Wang, X.; Dong, Q.; Wang, G.; Qiu, J. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 3419. doi: 10.1039/C4CC08735F doi: 10.1039/C4CC08735F
28. [28]
  Peng, J.; Gao, W.; Gupta, B. K.; Liu, Z.; Romero-Aburto, R.; Ge, L.; Song, L.; Alemany, L. B.; Zhan, X.; Gao, G.; et al. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 844. doi: 10.1021/nl2038979 doi: 10.1021/nl2038979
29. [29]
  Hu, C.; Yu, C.; Li, M.; Wang, X.; Yang, J.; Zhao, Z.; Eychmüller, A.; Sun, Y. P.; Qiu, J. Small 2014, 10, 4926. doi: 10.1002/smll.201401328 doi: 10.1002/smll.201401328
30. [30]
  Tao, H.; Yang, K.; Ma, Z.; Wan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Kang, Z.; Liu, Z. Small 2012, 8, 281. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101706 doi: 10.1002/smll.201101706
31. [31]
  Chen, W.; Li, F.; Wu, C.; Guo, T. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 063109. doi: 10.1063/1.4863963 doi: 10.1063/1.4863963
32. [32]
  Dong, Y.; Chen, C.; Zheng, X.; Gao, L.; Cui, Z.; Yang, H.; Guo, C.; Chi, Y.; Li, C. M. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 8764. doi: 10.1039/C2JM30658A doi: 10.1039/C2JM30658A
33. [33]
  Pan, D. Y.; Zhang, J. C.; Li, Z.; Wu, C.; Yan, X. M.; Wu, M. H. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 3681. doi: 10.1039/c000114g doi: 10.1039/c000114g
34. [34]
  Callan, J. F.; Fowley, C. P.; McCaughan, B.; Devlin, A. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 9361. doi: 10.1039/c2cc34962k doi: 10.1039/c2cc34962k
35. [35]
  Liu, R.; Wu, D.; Liu, S.; Koynov, K.; Knoll, W.; Li, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4598. doi: 10.1002/anie.200900652 doi: 10.1002/anie.200900652
36. [36]
  Lai, C. -W.; Hsiao, Y. H.; Peng, Y. -K.; Chou, P. T. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 14403. doi: 10.1039/c2jm32206d doi: 10.1039/c2jm32206d
37. [37]
  Lin, P. -Y.; Hsieh, C. -W.; Kung, M. -L.; Hsieh, S. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1703. doi: 10.1038/srep01703 doi: 10.1038/srep01703
38. [38]
  Zhu, H.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Yang, F.; Yang, X. Chem. Commun. 2009, 45, 5118. doi: 10.1039/b907612c doi: 10.1039/b907612c
39. [39]
  Zhai, X.; Zhang, P.; Liu, C.; Bai, T.; Li, W.; Dai, L.; Liu, W. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 7955. doi: 10.1039/c2cc33869f doi: 10.1039/c2cc33869f
40. [40]
  Pan, L.; Sun, S.; Zhang, A.; Jiang, K.; Zhang, L.; Dong, C.; Huang, Q.; Wu, A.; Lin, H. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7782. doi: 10.1002/adma.201503821 doi: 10.1002/adma.201503821
41. [41]
  Rahy, A.; Zhou, C.; Zheng, J.; Park, S. Y.; Kim, M. J.; Jang, I.; Cho, S. J.; Yang, D. J. Carbon 2012, 50, 1298. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.10.052 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.10.052
42. [42]
  Sahoo, B. N.; Kandasubramanian, B. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 11331. doi: 10.1039/C3RA46193A doi: 10.1039/C3RA46193A
43. [43]
  Song, Y.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, S.; Fu, Y.; Wang, L.; Zhao, X.; Yang, B. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 5976. doi: 10.1039/C5TC00813A doi: 10.1039/C5TC00813A
44. [44]
  Zhu, S.; Zhao, X.; Song, Y.; Lu, S.; Yang, B. Nano Today 2016, 11, 128. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.09.002 doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.09.002
45. [45]
  Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, T.; Liao, H.; Yao, C.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Chen, Z.; Pan, D.; Sun, L.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5357. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6357 doi: 10.1038/ncomms6357
46. [46]
  Hsu, P. C.; Chang, H. T. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3984. doi: 10.1039/c2cc30188a doi: 10.1039/c2cc30188a
47. [47]
  Yao, S.; Hu, Y.; Li, G. Carbon 2014, 66, 77. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.044 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.044
48. [48]
  Zhu, X.; Wang, H.; Jiao, Q.; Xiao, X.; Zuo, X.; Liang, Y.; Nan, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, L. Part. Part. Syst. Char. 2014, 31, 771. doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201300327 doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201300327
49. [49]
  Zong, J.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, X.; Shen, J.; Li, C. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 764. doi: 10.1039/c0cc03092a doi: 10.1039/c0cc03092a
50. [50]
  Kwon, W.; Do, S.; Rhee, S. -W. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 11223. doi: 10.1039/c2ra22186a doi: 10.1039/c2ra22186a
51. [51]
  Kwon, W.; Rhee, S. -W. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 5256. doi: 10.1039/c2cc31687k doi: 10.1039/c2cc31687k
52. [52]
  Zhu, S.; Song, Y.; Shao, J.; Zhao, X.; Yang, B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 14626. doi: 10.1002/anie.201504951 doi: 10.1002/anie.201504951
53. [53]
  Pan, D.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z.; Wu, M. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 734. doi: 10.1002/adma.200902825 doi: 10.1002/adma.200902825
54. [54]
  Ding, H.; Cheng, L. -W.; Ma, Y. -Y.; Kong, J. -L.; Xiong, H. -M. New J. Chem. 2013, 37, 2515. doi: 10.1039/C3NJ00366C doi: 10.1039/C3NJ00366C
55. [55]
  Sun, J.; Yang, S.; Wang, Z.; Shen, H.; Xu, T.; Sun, L.; Li, H.; Chen, W.; Jiang, X.; Ding, G.; et al. Part. Part. Syst. Char. 2014, 32, 434. doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201400189 doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201400189
56. [56]
  Zhuo, S.; Shao, M.; Lee, S. T. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1059. doi: 10.1021/nn2040395 doi: 10.1021/nn2040395
57. [57]
  Buzaglo, M.; Shtein, M.; Regev, O. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 21. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03301 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03301
58. [58]
  Zhang, J.; Shen, W.; Pan, D.; Zhang, Z.; Fang, Y.; Wu, M. New J. Chem. 2010, 34, 591. doi: 10.1039/b9nj00662a doi: 10.1039/b9nj00662a
59. [59]
  Bhunia, S. K.; Saha, A.; Maity, A. R.; Ray, S. C.; Jana, N. R. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1473. doi: 10.1038/srep01473 doi: 10.1038/srep01473
60. [60]
  Chen, B.; Li, F.; Li, S.; Weng, W.; Guo, H.; Guo, T.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Huang, T.; Hong, X.; et al. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 1967. doi: 10.1039/C2NR32675B doi: 10.1039/C2NR32675B
61. [61]
  Chen, Q. L.; Wang, C. F.; Chen, S. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 2352. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-7016-8 doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-7016-8
62. [62]
  Wu, X.; Tian, F.; Wang, W.; Chen, J.; Wu, M.; Zhao, J. X. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 4676. doi: 10.1039/C3TC30820K doi: 10.1039/C3TC30820K
63. [63]
  Hsu, P. C.; Chen, P. C.; Ou, C. M.; Chang, H. Y.; Chang, H. T. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 1774. doi: 10.1039/c3tb00545c doi: 10.1039/c3tb00545c
64. [64]
  Zhu, L.; Yin, Y.; Wang, C. -F.; Chen, S. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 4925. doi: 10.1039/C3TC30701H doi: 10.1039/C3TC30701H
65. [65]
  Hsu, P. C.; Shih, Z. Y.; Lee, C. H.; Chang, H. T. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 917. doi: 10.1039/c2gc16451e doi: 10.1039/c2gc16451e
66. [66]
  Liu, J. L.; Lin, L. Z.; Hu, J. F.; Bai, M. J.; Chen, L. X.; Wei, J. J.; Hei, L. F.; Li, C. M. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2018, 34, 92. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201706221
67. [67]
  Wang, Z.; Lu, Y.; Yuan, H.; Ren, Z.; Xu, C.; Chen, J. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 20743. doi: 10.1039/C5NR05804J doi: 10.1039/C5NR05804J
68. [68]
  Li, F.; Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Han, X.; Jiao, Y.; Wei, T.; Yang, D.; Xu, H.; Nie, G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2377. doi: 10.1002/anie.201712453 doi: 10.1002/anie.201712453
69. [69]
  Li, H.; Ming, H.; Liu, Y.; Yu, H.; He, X.; Huang, H.; Pan, K.; Kang, Z.; Lee, S. -T. New J. Chem. 2011, 35, 2666. doi: 10.1039/c1nj20575g doi: 10.1039/c1nj20575g
70. [70]
  Niu, F.; Xu, Y.; Liu, M.; Sun, J.; Guo, P.; Liu, J. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 5470. doi: 10.1039/C6NR00023A doi: 10.1039/C6NR00023A
71. [71]
  Yang, W.; Zhang, H.; Lai, J.; Peng, X.; Hu, Y.; Gu, W.; Ye, L. Carbon 2018, 128, 78. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.069 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.069
72. [72]
  Ding, H.; Ji, Y.; Wei, J. -S.; Gao, Q. -Y.; Zhou, Z. -Y.; Xiong, H. -M. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 5272. doi: 10.1039/C7TB01130J doi: 10.1039/C7TB01130J
73. [73]
  Ruan, S.; Zhu, B.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Shen, S.; Qian, J.; He, Q.; Gao, H. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 422, 25. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.02.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.02.006
74. [74]
  Shi, L.; Li, Y.; Li, X.; Wen, X.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J.; Dong, C.; Shuang, S. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 7394. doi: 10.1039/C5NR00783F doi: 10.1039/C5NR00783F
75. [75]
  Zheng, M.; Ruan, S.; Liu, S.; Sun, T.; Qu, D.; Zhao, H.; Xie, Z.; Gao, H.; Jing, X.; Sun, Z. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 11455. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05575 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05575
76. [76]
  Huang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhu, L.; Choi, K. Y.; Guo, N.; Guo, J.; Tackett, K.; Anilkumar, P.; Liu, G.; Quan, Q.; et al. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5684. doi: 10.1021/nn401911k doi: 10.1021/nn401911k
77. [77]
  Liu, J. -H.; Cao, L.; LeCroy, G. E.; Wang, P.; Meziani, M. J.; Dong, Y.; Liu, Y.; Luo, P. G.; Sun, Y. -P. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 19439. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b05665 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b05665
78. [78]
  Yang, X.; Yang, X.; Li, Z.; Li, S.; Han, Y.; Chen, Y.; Bu, X.; Su, C.; Xu, H.; Jiang, Y.; et al. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 456, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.002 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.002
79. [79]
  Cao, L.; Wang, X.; Meziani, M. J.; Lu, F.; Wang, H.; Luo, P. G.; Lin, Y.; Harruff, B. A.; Veca, L. M.; Murray, D.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11318. doi: 10.1021/ja073527l doi: 10.1021/ja073527l
80. [80]
  Tong, G.; Wang, J.; Wang, R.; Guo, X.; He, L.; Qiu, F.; Wang, G.; Zhu, B.; Zhu, X.; Liu, T. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 700. doi: 10.1039/C4TB01643B doi: 10.1039/C4TB01643B
81. [81]
  Liu, Q.; Guo, B.; Rao, Z.; Zhang, B.; Gong, J. R. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2436. doi: 10.1021/nl400368v doi: 10.1021/nl400368v
82. [82]
  Li, D.; Jing, P.; Sun, L.; An, Y.; Shan, X.; Lu, X.; Zhou, D.; Han, D.; Shen, D.; Zhai, Y.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705913. doi: 10.1002/adma.201705913 doi: 10.1002/adma.201705913
83. [83]
  Zhao, H.; Duan, J.; Xiao, Y.; Tang, G.; Wu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xue, W. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 3438. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01011 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01011
84. [84]
  Sun, J.; Xin, Q.; Yang, Y.; Shah, H.; Cao, H.; Qi, Y.; Gong, J. R.; Li, J. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 715. doi: 10.1039/C7CC08820E doi: 10.1039/C7CC08820E
85. [85]
  Rakovich, A.; Rakovich, T. J. Mater. Chem. B 2018, 6, 2690. doi: 10.1039/C8TB00153G doi: 10.1039/C8TB00153G
86. [86]
  Ding, H.; Du, F.; Liu, P.; Chen, Z.; Shen, J. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 6889. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b00628 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b00628
87. [87]
  Wang, Z.; Liao, H.; Wu, H.; Wang, B.; Zhao, H.; Tan, M. Anal. Methods 2015, 7, 8911. doi: 10.1039/C5AY01978H doi: 10.1039/C5AY01978H
88. [88]
  Choi, Y.; Kim, S.; Choi, M. -H.; Ryoo, S. -R.; Park, J.; Min, D. -H.; Kim, B. -S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 5781. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201400961 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201400961
89. [89]
  Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zha, S.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, P.; Ehrenberg, B.; Chen, J. -Y. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 9372. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.063 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.063
90. [90]
  Guo, M.; Xiang, H. J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; An, L.; Yang, S.; Ma, Y.; Wang, Y. C.; Liu, J. G. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 3253. doi: 10.1039/C7CC00670E doi: 10.1039/C7CC00670E
91. [91]
  Jia, Q.; Ge, J.; Liu, W.; Zheng, X.; Chen, S.; Wen, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, P. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706090. doi: 10.1002/adma.201706090 doi: 10.1002/adma.201706090
92. [92]
  Shen, C.; Ge, S.; Pang, Y.; Xi, F.; Liu, J.; Dong, X.; Chen, P. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 6593. doi: 10.1039/C7TB00506G doi: 10.1039/C7TB00506G
93. [93]
  Lu, W.; Gao, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Shuang, S.; Li, C.; Dong, C. Nanoscale 2017. doi: 10.1039/C7NR02336G doi: 10.1039/C7NR02336G
94. [94]
  Chen, B. B.; Li, R.; Liu, M. L.; Zhang, H. Z.; Huang, C. Z. Chem. Commun. 2017. doi: 10.1039/C7CC00546F doi: 10.1039/C7CC00546F
95. [95]
  Gao, G.; Jiang, Y. -W.; Jia, H. -R.; Yang, J.; Wu, F. -G. Carbon 2018, 134, 232. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.063 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.02.063
96. [96]
  Zhao, H. X.; Liu, L. Q.; Liu, Z. D.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, X. J.; Huang, C. Z. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2604. doi: 10.1039/c0cc04399k doi: 10.1039/c0cc04399k
97. [97]
  Lin, Z.; Xue, W.; Chen, H.; Lin, J. M. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 8245. doi: 10.1021/ac202039h doi: 10.1021/ac202039h
98. [98]
  Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Liu, P.; Wang, Y.; An, T.; Yang, H.; Jing, D.; Zhao, H. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2013, 1, 87. doi: 10.1021/ez400137j doi: 10.1021/ez400137j
99. [99]
  Bai, J. -M.; Zhang, L.; Liang, R. -P.; Qiu, J. -D. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 3822. doi: 10.1002/chem.201204295 doi: 10.1002/chem.201204295
100. [100]
  Shi, W.; Wang, Q.; Long, Y.; Cheng, Z.; Chen, S.; Zheng, H.; Huang, Y. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6695. doi: 10.1039/c1cc11943e doi: 10.1039/c1cc11943e
101. [101]
  Yan, Y.; Li, H.; Wang, Q.; Mao, H.; Wang, K. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 6092. doi: 10.1039/C7TC01342F doi: 10.1039/C7TC01342F
102. [102]
  Hu, J.; Zou, C.; Su, Y.; Li, M.; Hu, N.; Ni, H.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, Y. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 6862. doi: 10.1039/C7TC01208J doi: 10.1039/C7TC01208J
103. [103]
  Sun, X.; He, J.; Meng, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S.; Ma, X.; Dey, S.; Zhao, J.; Lei, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 4161. doi: 10.1039/C5TA10027E doi: 10.1039/C5TA10027E
104. [104]
  Miao, H.; Wang, Y.; Yang, X. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 8139. doi: 10.1039/C8NR02405G doi: 10.1039/C8NR02405G
105. [105]
  Dai, H.; Yang, C.; Tong, Y.; Xu, G.; Ma, X.; Lin, Y.; Chen, G. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3055. doi: 10.1039/C1CC16571B doi: 10.1039/C1CC16571B
106. [106]
  Loo, A. H.; Sofer, Z.; Bouša, D.; Ulbrich, P.; Bonanni, A.; Pumera, M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 1951. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10160 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10160
107. [107]
  Huan, H.; Li, P.; Zhang, M.; Yu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Gu, H.; Wang, C.; Yang, Y. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 5044. doi: 10.1039/C6NR10017A doi: 10.1039/C6NR10017A
108. [108]
  Jurado-Sánchez, B.; Pacheco, M.; Rojo, J.; Escarpa, A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 6957. doi: 10.1002/anie.201701396 doi: 10.1002/anie.201701396
109. [109]
  Liu, G.; Zhang, K.; Ma, K.; Care, A.; Hutchinson, M. R.; Goldys, E. M. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 4934. doi: 10.1039/C6NR09381G doi: 10.1039/C6NR09381G
110. [110]
  Kalytchuk, S.; Poláková, K.; Wang, Y.; Froning, J. P.; Cepe, K.; Rogach, A. L.; Zbořil, R. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 1432. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06670 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06670
111. [111]
  Liu, J.; Ren, X.; Yan, Y.; Wang, N.; Wang, S.; Zhang, H.; Li, J.; Yu, J. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2018, 5, 139. doi: 10.1039/C7QI00602K doi: 10.1039/C7QI00602K
112. [112]
  Wei, L.; Ma, Y.; Shi, X.; Wang, Y.; Su, X.; Yu, C.; Xiang, S.; Xiao, L.; Chen, B. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 3383. doi: 10.1039/C7TB00309A doi: 10.1039/C7TB00309A
113. [113]
  Zhou, L.; Lin, Y.; Huang, Z.; Ren, J.; Qu, X. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 1147. doi: 10.1039/c2cc16791c doi: 10.1039/c2cc16791c
114. [114]
  Zhu, A.; Qu, Q.; Shao, X.; Kong, B.; Tian, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7185. doi: 10.1002/anie.201109089 doi: 10.1002/anie.201109089
115. [115]
  Lu, W.; Qin, X.; Asiri, A.; Al-Youbi, A.; Sun, X. J. Nanopart. Res. 2012, 15, 1. doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-1344-0 doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-1344-0
116. [116]
  Xu, Q.; Pu, P.; Zhao, J.; Dong, C.; Gao, C.; Chen, Y.; Chen, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, H. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 542. doi: 10.1039/C4TA05483K doi: 10.1039/C4TA05483K
117. [117]
  Liu, J. M.; Lin, L. P.; Wang, X. X.; Jiao, L.; Cui, M. L.; Jiang, S. L.; Cai, W. L.; Zhang, L. H.; Zheng, Z. Y. Analyst 2013, 138, 278. doi: 10.1039/c2an36055a doi: 10.1039/c2an36055a
118. [118]
  Cayuela, A.; Carrillo-Carrión, C.; Soriano, M. L.; Parak, W. J.; Valcárcel, M. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 3178. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04523 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04523
119. [119]
  Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Dong, S. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 11167. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02562 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02562
120. [120]
  Jiang, B. P.; Zhou, B.; Shen, X. C.; Yu, Y. X.; Ji, S. C.; Wen, C. C.; Liang, H. Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 18993. doi: 10.1002/chem.201502731 doi: 10.1002/chem.201502731
121. [121]
  Lan, M.; Di, Y.; Zhu, X.; Ng, T. W.; Xia, J.; Liu, W.; Meng, X.; Wang, P.; Lee, C. S.; Zhang, W. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 15574. doi: 10.1039/C5CC05835J doi: 10.1039/C5CC05835J
122. [122]
  Zhao, H.; Chang, Y.; Liu, M.; Gao, S.; Yu, H.; Quan, X. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 234. doi: 10.1039/c2cc35503e doi: 10.1039/c2cc35503e
123. [123]
  Wang, C. I.; Periasamy, A. P.; Chang, H. T. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 3263. doi: 10.1021/ac303613d doi: 10.1021/ac303613d
124. [124]
  Li, H.; Kang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Lee, S. -T. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 24230. doi: 10.1039/C2JM34690G doi: 10.1039/C2JM34690G
125. [125]
  Feng, C.; Deng, X. Y.; Ni, X. X.; Li, W. B. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2015, 31, 2349. doi: 10.3866/pku.whxb201510281
126. [126]
  Zhang, H.; Ming, H.; Lian, S.; Huang, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z.; Lee, S. T. Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 10822. doi: 10.1039/c1dt11147g doi: 10.1039/c1dt11147g
127. [127]
  Han, X.; Han, Y.; Huang, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Liu, R.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z. Dalton Trans. 2013, 42, 10380. doi: 10.1039/C3DT51165K doi: 10.1039/C3DT51165K
128. [128]
  Yu, H.; Zhang, H.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Li, H.; Ming, H.; Kang, Z. New J. Chem. 2012, 36, 1031. doi: 10.1039/c2nj20959d doi: 10.1039/c2nj20959d
129. [129]
  Li, H.; Liu, R.; Liu, Y.; Huang, H.; Yu, H.; Ming, H.; Lian, S.; Lee, S. -T.; Kang, Z. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 17470. doi: 10.1039/C2JM32827E doi: 10.1039/C2JM32827E
130. [130]
  Di, J.; Xia, J.; Ji, M.; Xu, L.; Yin, S.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Z.; Li, H. Carbon 2016, 98, 613. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.015 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.015
131. [131]
  Li, Z.; Zhu, L.; Wu, W.; Wang, S.; Qiang, L. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2016, 192, 277. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.045 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.045
132. [132]
  Wu, W.; Zhan, L.; Fan, W.; Song, J.; Li, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, R.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, J.; Wu, M.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6540. doi: 10.1002/anie.201501912 doi: 10.1002/anie.201501912
133. [133]
  Zhang, Q.; Xu, W.; Han, C.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Wu, W.; Wu, M. Carbon 2018, 126, 128. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.006 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.006
134. [134]
  Wu, W.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, R.; Zhao, Y.; Li, Z.; Ning, H.; Zhao, Q.; Wiederrecht, G. P.; Qiu, J.; Wu, M. ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 747. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03423 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03423
135. [135]
  Liu, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, N.; Han, Y.; Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S. -T.; Zhong, J.; Kang, Z. Science 2015, 347, 970. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3145 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3145
136. [136]
  Zou, J. -P.; Wang, L. -C.; Luo, J.; Nie, Y. -C.; Xing, Q. -J.; Luo, X. -B.; Du, H. -M.; Luo, S. -L.; Suib, S. L. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2016, 193, 103. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.017 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.017
137. [137]
  Fang, S.; Xia, Y.; Lv, K.; Li, Q.; Sun, J.; Li, M. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2016, 185, 225. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.025 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.025
138. [138]
  Cao, L.; Sahu, S.; Anilkumar, P.; Bunker, C. E.; Xu, J.; Fernando, K. A. S.; Wang, P.; Guliants, E. A.; Tackett, K. N.; Sun, Y. -P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4754. doi: 10.1021/ja200804h doi: 10.1021/ja200804h
139. [139]
  Li, H.; Zhang, X.; MacFarlane, D. R. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401077. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401077 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401077
140. [140]
  Martindale, B. C. M.; Hutton, G. A. M.; Caputo, C. A.; Prantl, S.; Godin, R.; Durrant, J. R.; Reisner, E. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 6459. doi: 10.1002/anie.201700949 doi: 10.1002/anie.201700949
141. [141]
  Wang, D. -W.; Su, D. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 576. doi: 10.1039/C3EE43463J doi: 10.1039/C3EE43463J
142. [142]
  Tam, T. V.; Kang, S. G.; Kadumudi, F. B.; Oh, E.; Lee, S. G.; Choi, W. M. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 10537. doi: 10.1039/C7TA01485F doi: 10.1039/C7TA01485F
143. [143]
  Fei, H.; Ye, R.; Ye, G.; Gong, Y.; Peng, Z.; Fan, X.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Ajayan, P. M.; Tour, J. M. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10837. doi: 10.1021/nn504637y doi: 10.1021/nn504637y
144. [144]
  Gao, S.; Chen, Y.; Fan, H.; Wei, X.; Hu, C.; Wang, L.; Qu, L. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 6320. doi: 10.1039/C3TA15443B doi: 10.1039/C3TA15443B
145. [145]
  Liu, J.; Zhao, S.; Li, C.; Yang, M.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S. -T.; Kang, Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502039. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502039 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502039
146. [146]
  Rao, Y.; Ning, H.; Ma, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, H.; Liu, J.; Zhao, Q.; Wu, M. Carbon 2018, 129, 335. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.040 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.040
147. [147]
  Lv, J. J.; Zhao, J.; Fang, H.; Jiang, L. P.; Li, L. -L.; Ma, J.; Zhu, J. J. Small 2017, 13, 1700264. doi: 10.1002/smll.201700264 doi: 10.1002/smll.201700264
148. [148]
  Wu, J.; Ma, S.; Sun, J.; Gold, J. I.; Tiwary, C.; Kim, B.; Zhu, L.; Chopra, N.; Odeh, I. N.; Vajtai, R.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13869. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13869 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13869
149. [149]
  Guo, S.; Zhao, S.; Gao, J.; Zhu, C.; Wu, X.; Fu, Y.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 298. doi: 10.1039/C6NR08104E doi: 10.1039/C6NR08104E
150. [150]
  Fu, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Huang, K.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhu, J. -J. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 946. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00261 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00261
151. [151]
  Sim, U.; Moon, J.; An, J.; Kang, J. H.; Jerng, S. E.; Moon, J.; Cho, S. -P.; Hong, B. H.; Nam, K. T. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1329. doi: 10.1039/C4EE03607G doi: 10.1039/C4EE03607G
152. [152]
  Chen, D.; Dai, S.; Su, X.; Xin, Y.; Zou, S.; Wang, X.; Kang, Z.; Shen, M. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 15340. doi: 10.1039/C5CC05599G doi: 10.1039/C5CC05599G
153. [153]
  Guo, C. X.; Dong, Y. Q.; Yang, H. B.; Li, C. M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2013, 3, 997. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201300171 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201300171
154. [154]
  Shi, W.; Zhang, X.; Brillet, J.; Huang, D.; Li, M.; Wang, M.; Shen, Y. Carbon 2016, 105, 387. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.051 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.051
155. [155]
  Zhang, P.; Wang, T.; Chang, X.; Zhang, L.; Gong, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 5851. doi: 10.1002/anie.201600918 doi: 10.1002/anie.201600918
156. [156]
  Ye, K.; Wang, Z.; Gu, J.; xiao, S.; Yuan, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Mai, W.; Yang, S. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 772. doi: 10.1039/C6EE03442J doi: 10.1039/C6EE03442J
157. [157]
  Sun, H.; Zhao, A.; Gao, N.; Li, K.; Ren, J.; Qu, X. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7176. doi: 10.1002/anie.201500626 doi: 10.1002/anie.201500626
158. [158]
  Han, Y.; Huang, H.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Han, X.; Liu, R.; Li, H.; Kang, Z. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 781. doi: 10.1021/cs401118x doi: 10.1021/cs401118x
159. [159]
  Li, H.; Liu, R.; Lian, S.; Liu, Y.; Huang, H.; Kang, Z. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 3289. doi: 10.1039/c3nr00092c doi: 10.1039/c3nr00092c
160. [160]
  Li, H.; Sun, C.; Ali, M.; Zhou, F.; Zhang, X.; MacFarlane, D. R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8420. doi: 10.1002/anie.201501698 doi: 10.1002/anie.201501698
161. [161]
  Tetsuka, H.; Nagoya, A.; Fukusumi, T.; Matsui, T. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4632. doi: 10.1002/adma.201600058 doi: 10.1002/adma.201600058
162. [162]
  Yang, B. J.; Chen, J. T.; Cui, L. F.; Liu, W. W. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 59204. doi: 10.1039/c5ra07836a doi: 10.1039/c5ra07836a
163. [163]
  Lee, K.; Cho, S.; Kim, M.; Kim, J.; Ryu, J.; Shin, K. -Y.; Jang, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 19018. doi: 10.1039/C5TA05522A doi: 10.1039/C5TA05522A
164. [164]
  Dinari, M.; Momeni, M. M.; Goudarzirad, M. J. Mater. Sci. 2015, 51, 2964. doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9605-9 doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9605-9
165. [165]
  Briscoe, J.; Marinovic, A.; Sevilla, M.; Dunn, S.; Titirici, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4463. doi: 10.1002/anie.201409290 doi: 10.1002/anie.201409290
166. [166]
  Qu, S.; Zhou, D.; Li, D.; Ji, W.; Jing, P.; Han, D.; Liu, L.; Zeng, H.; Shen, D. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3516. doi: 10.1002/adma.201504891 doi: 10.1002/adma.201504891
167. [167]
  Kwon, W.; Kim, Y. -H.; Kim, J. -H.; Lee, T.; Do, S.; Park, Y.; Jeong, M. S.; Lee, T. -W.; Rhee, S. -W. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 24205. doi: 10.1038/srep24205 doi: 10.1038/srep24205
168. [168]
  Li, Y.; Hu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, G.; Deng, L.; Hou, Y.; Qu, L. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 776. doi: 10.1002/adma.201003819 doi: 10.1002/adma.201003819
169. [169]
  Li, H.; Shi, W.; Huang, W.; Yao, E. -P.; Han, J.; Chen, Z.; Liu, S.; Shen, Y.; Wang, M.; Yang, Y. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 2328. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05177 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05177
170. [170]
  Ryu, J.; Lee, J. W.; Yu, H.; Yun, J.; Lee, K.; Lee, J.; Hwang, D.; Kang, J.; Kim, S. K.; Jang, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 16834. doi: 10.1039/C7TA02242E doi: 10.1039/C7TA02242E
171. [171]
  Duan, J.; Zhao, Y.; He, B.; Tang, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3787. doi: 10.1002/anie.201800019 doi: 10.1002/anie.201800019
172. [172]
  Yan, X.; Cui, X.; Li, B.; Li, L. -S. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1869. doi: 10.1021/nl101060h doi: 10.1021/nl101060h
173. [173]
  Mirtchev, P.; Henderson, E. J.; Soheilnia, N.; Yip, C. M.; Ozin, G. A. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 12, 1265. doi: 10.1039/c1jm14112k doi: 10.1039/c1jm14112k
174. [174]
  Liu, T.; Yu, K.; Chen, H.; Hao, L.; Li, T.; Gao, L.; He, H.; Wang, N.; Guo, Z. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 17848. doi: 10.1039/C7TA05123A doi: 10.1039/C7TA05123A
175. [175]
  He, Y.; He, J.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Hu, G.; Zheng, M.; Dong, H.; Zhuang, J.; Lei, B. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 2495. doi: 10.1039/C8TC00182K doi: 10.1039/C8TC00182K
176. [176]
  Chen, Y.; Lian, H.; Wei, Y.; He, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.; Zeng, Q.; Lin, J. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 6734. doi: 10.1039/C8NR00204E doi: 10.1039/C8NR00204E
177. [177]
  Zhou, D.; Li, D.; Jing, P.; Zhai, Y.; Shen, D.; Qu, S.; Rogach, A. L. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 1779. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05375 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05375
178. [178]
  Zheng, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Yang, Y.; Liu, X.; Guo, K.; Wang, H.; Xu, B. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 8105. doi: 10.1039/C7TC01701D doi: 10.1039/C7TC01701D
179. [179]
  Wang, Z.; Yuan, F.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Zhong, H.; Fan, L.; Yang, S. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702910. doi: 10.1002/adma.201702910 doi: 10.1002/adma.201702910
180. [180]
  Guo, X.; Wang, C. -F.; Yu, Z. -Y.; Chen, L.; Chen, S. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 2692. doi: 10.1039/c2cc17769b doi: 10.1039/c2cc17769b
181. [181]
  Tang, L.; Ji, R.; Cao, X.; Lin, J.; Jiang, H.; Li, X.; Teng, K. S.; Luk, C. M.; Zeng, S.; Hao, J.; et al. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5102. doi: 10.1021/nn300760g doi: 10.1021/nn300760g
182. [182]
  Kwon, W.; Do, S.; Lee, J.; Hwang, S.; Kim, J. K.; Rhee, S. -W. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 1893. doi: 10.1021/cm400517g doi: 10.1021/cm400517g
183. [183]
  Zhu, J.; Bai, X.; Zhai, Y.; Chen, X.; Zhu, Y.; Pan, G.; Zhang, H.; Dong, B.; Song, H. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 11416. doi: 10.1039/C7TC04155A doi: 10.1039/C7TC04155A
184. [184]
  Miao, X.; Qu, D.; Yang, D.; Nie, B.; Zhao, Y.; Fan, H.; Sun, Z. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704740. doi: 10.1002/adma.201704740 doi: 10.1002/adma.201704740
185. [185]
  Yuan, F.; Wang, Z.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Tan, Z. a.; Fan, L.; Yang, S. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604436 doi: 10.1002/adma.201604436 doi: 10.1002/adma.201604436
186. [186]
  Zhang, C.; Zhu, F.; Xu, H.; Liu, W.; Yang, L.; Wang, Z.; Ma, J.; Kang, Z.; Liu, Y. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 14592. doi: 10.1039/C7NR04392A doi: 10.1039/C7NR04392A
187. [187]
  Hu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Lu, G.; Chen, N.; Zhang, Z.; Li, H.; Shao, H.; Qu, L. Nanotechnology 2013, 24, 195401. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/19/195401 doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/19/195401
188. [188]
  Liu, W.; Yan, X.; Chen, J.; Feng, Y.; Xue, Q. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 6053. doi: 10.1039/C3NR01139A doi: 10.1039/C3NR01139A
189. [189]
  Unnikrishnan, B.; Wu, C. -W.; Chen, I. W. P.; Chang, H. -T.; Lin, C. -H.; Huang, C. -C. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 3008. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01700 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01700
190. [190]
  Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, J.; Wu, J.; Chen, H.; Bi, H. Carbon 2017, 115, 134. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.005 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.005
191. [191]
  Miltenburg, M. B.; Schon, T. B.; Kynaston, E. L.; Manion, J. G.; Seferos, D. S. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 6611. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01700 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01700
192. [192]
  Jian, X.; Yang, H. -M.; Li, J. -G.; Zhang, E. -H.; Cao, L. -L.; Liang, Z. -H. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 228, 483. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.082 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.082
193. [193]
  Chen, G.; Wu, S.; Hui, L.; Zhao, Y.; Ye, J.; Tan, Z.; Zeng, W.; Tao, Z.; Yang, L.; Zhu, Y. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 19028. doi: 10.1038/srep19028 doi: 10.1038/srep19028
194. [194]
  Strauss, V.; Marsh, K.; Kowal, M. D.; El-Kady, M.; Kaner, R. B. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704449. doi: 10.1002/adma.201704449 doi: 10.1002/adma.201704449
195. [195]
  Hou, H.; Banks, C. E.; Jing, M.; Zhang, Y.; Ji, X. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7861. doi: 10.1002/adma.201503816 doi: 10.1002/adma.201503816
196. [196]
  Zhu, C.; Chao, D.; Sun, J.; Bacho, I. M.; Fan, Z.; Ng, C. F.; Xia, X.; Huang, H.; Zhang, H.; Shen, Z. X.; et al. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 2, 1400499. doi: 10.1002/admi.201400499 doi: 10.1002/admi.201400499
197. [197]
  Chao, D.; Zhu, C.; Xia, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Liang, P.; Lin, J.; Zhang, H.; Shen, Z. X.; et al. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 565. doi: 10.1021/nl504038s doi: 10.1021/nl504038s
198. [198]
  Chen, Y. M.; Hsu, S. T.; Tseng, Y. H.; Yeh, T. F.; Hou, S. S.; Jan, J. S.; Lee, Y. L.; Teng, H. Small 2018, 14, 1703571. doi: 10.1002/smll.201703571 doi: 10.1002/smll.201703571
1. [1]
  Jinlong YAN , Weina WU , Yuan WANG . A simple Schiff base probe for the fluorescent turn-on detection of hypochlorite and its biological imaging application. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1653-1660. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240154
2. [2]
  Zian Fang , Qianqian Wen , Yidi Wang , Hongxia Ouyang , Qi Wang , Qiuping Li . The Test Paper for Metal Ion: A Popular Science Experiment Based on Color Aesthetics. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 108-115. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310032
3. [3]
  Shiyan Cheng , Yonghong Ruan , Lei Gong , Yumei Lin . Research Advances in Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 408-415. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403024
4. [4]
  YanYuan Jia , Rong Rong , Jie Liu , Jing Guo , GuoYu Jiang , Shuo Guo . Unity is Strength, and Independence Shines: A Science Popularization Experiment on AIE and ACQ Effects. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 349-358. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402035
5. [5]
  Qin Li , Kexin Yang , Qinglin Yang , Xiangjin Zhu , Xiaole Han , Tao Huang . Illuminating Chlorophyll: Innovative Chemistry Popularization Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 359-368. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309059
6. [6]
  Siyi ZHONG , Xiaowen LIN , Jiaxin LIU , Ruyi WANG , Tao LIANG , Zhengfeng DENG , Ao ZHONG , Cuiping HAN . Targeting imaging and detection of ovarian cancer cells based on fluorescent magnetic carbon dots. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1483-1490. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240093
7. [7]
  Yue WANG , Zhizhi GU , Jingyi DONG , Jie ZHU , Cunguang LIU , Guohan LI , Meichen LU , Jian HAN , Shengnan CAO , Wei WANG . Effects of kelp-derived carbon dots on embryonic development of zebrafish. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1209-1217. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230423
8. [8]
  Yonghui ZHOU , Rujun HUANG , Dongchao YAO , Aiwei ZHANG , Yuhang SUN , Zhujun CHEN , Baisong ZHU , Youxuan ZHENG . Synthesis and photoelectric properties of fluorescence materials with electron donor-acceptor structures based on quinoxaline and pyridinopyrazine, carbazole, and diphenylamine derivatives. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 701-712. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230373
9. [9]
  Shuwen SUN , Gaofeng WANG . Two cadmium coordination polymers constructed by varying Ⅴ-shaped co-ligands: Syntheses, structures, and fluorescence properties. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 613-620. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230368
10. [10]
  Jianjun Liu , Xue Yang , Chi Zhang , Xueyu Zhao , Zhiwei Zhang , Yongmei Chen , Qinghong Xu , Shao Jin . Preparation and Fluorescence Characterization of CdTe Semiconductor Quantum Dots. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(7): 307-315. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311031
11. [11]
  Xinyi Hong , Tailing Xue , Zhou Xu , Enrong Xie , Mingkai Wu , Qingqing Wang , Lina Wu . Non-Site-Specific Fluorescent Labeling of Proteins as a Chemical Biology Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 351-360. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310010
12. [12]
  Xin MA , Ya SUN , Na SUN , Qian KANG , Jiajia ZHANG , Ruitao ZHU , Xiaoli GAO . A Tb₂ complex based on polydentate Schiff base: Crystal structure, fluorescence properties, and biological activity. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1347-1356. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230357
13. [13]
  Dan Li , Hui Xin , Xiaofeng Yi . Comprehensive Experimental Design on Ni-based Catalyst for Biofuel Production. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 204-211. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312046
14. [14]
  Kai CHEN , Fengshun WU , Shun XIAO , Jinbao ZHANG , Lihua ZHU . PtRu/nitrogen-doped carbon for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution by water electrolysis. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1357-1367. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230350
15. [15]
  Guojie Xu , Fang Yu , Yunxia Wang , Meng Sun . Introduction to Metal-Catalyzed β-Carbon Elimination Reaction of Cyclopropenones. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 169-173. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401060
16. [16]
  Yurong Tang , Yunren Shi , Yi Xu , Bo Qin , Yanqin Xu , Yunfei Cai . Innovative Experiment and Course Transformation Practice of Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalytic Synthesis of Isoquinolinone. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 296-306. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311087
17. [17]
  Kaihui Huang , Dejun Chen , Xin Zhang , Rongchen Shen , Peng Zhang , Difa Xu , Xin Li . Constructing Covalent Triazine Frameworks/N-Doped Carbon-Coated Cu₂O S-Scheme Heterojunctions for Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2407020-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202407020
18. [18]
  Jinyi Sun , Lin Ma , Yanjie Xi , Jing Wang . Preparation and Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Performance Study of Vanadium Nitride@Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Composite Nanomaterials: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 184-191. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310094
19. [19]
  Yan ZHAO , Xiaokang JIANG , Zhonghui LI , Jiaxu WANG , Hengwei ZHOU , Hai GUO . Preparation and fluorescence properties of Eu³⁺-doped CaLaGaO₄ red-emitting phosphors. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(10): 1861-1868. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240242
20. [20]
  Tengjiao Wang , Tian Cheng , Rongjun Liu , Zeyi Wang , Yuxuan Qiao , An Wang , Peng Li . Conductive Hydrogel-based Flexible Electronic System: Innovative Experimental Design in Flexible Electronics. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 286-295. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309094

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(23)
Abstract views(3555)
HTML views(120)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142