Citation: Yu-Miao SU, Ting WANG, Yu-Lin DING, Jia-Jing HUANG, Wen-Mu LI. Preparation Technology of Solvent-free Polyurethane: A Mini-Review[J]. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, ;2020, 39(12): 2057-2067. doi: 10.14102/j.cnki.0254–5861.2011–3020 shu

Preparation Technology of Solvent-free Polyurethane: A Mini-Review

Yu-Miao SU ^{a, b, d, &} ,
Ting WANG ^{a, b, &} ,
Yu-Lin DING ^{a, c} ,
Jia-Jing HUANG ^{a, c} ,
Wen-Mu LI ^a,,

a.
Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
b.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
c.
Fujian Normal University, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fuzhou, 350007, China
d.
Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University 354300, China

Corresponding author: Wen-Mu LI, liwm@fjirsm.ac.cn
Received Date: 2 November 2020
Accepted Date: 19 November 2020

Fund Project: the Fujian STS plan supporting project 2019T3005the Fujian STS plan supporting project 2019T3014the Fujian STS plan supporting project 2019T3034Key deployment project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ZDRW-CN-2016-1the100-Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Open Fund of Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University WYKF2019-7

Figures(4)

Solvent-free polyurethanes are synthesized under certain conditions via a rapid reaction between liquid prepolymers. During this process the molecular weight of the polymer is rapidly increased to produce polymeric materials containing a carbamate-based structure at a very fast rate. The organic solvents are completely avoided in the solvent-free polyurethane synthesis process, thus avoiding all the problems associated with the use of organic solvents. Solvent-free polyurethane synthetic leather is extruded directly without adding solvents in the production and processing process, which has the advantages of low VOC emission and environmentally friendly. This review brings together theoretical and experimental research on the application and synthesis and preparation of solvent-free polyurethanes to generate an understanding of the theory and synthesis and preparation techniques associated with solvent-free polyurethanes. The review includes (i) the application and development direction of solvent-free polyurethane, (ii) an overview of the technology of solvent-free polyurethane synthetic leather preparation, (iii) a study of the modification and synthesis of solvent-free polyurethane prepolymers, (iv) a summary of the technology of rapid foam forming of solvent-free polyurethane and its influencing factors, (v) a review of the technology of solvent-free polyurethane synthetic leather preparation. In addition to the review, a corresponding overview of the theoretical and experimental advances in solvent-free delayed foaming technology in recent years and a summary of the technology and experience in the preparation of solvent-free polyurethanes are also presented.
- solvent-free polyurethane,
- polyurethane synthetic leather,
- rapid foaming molding,
- delayed catalyst
1. [1]
  Toldy, A.; Harakaly, G.; Szolnoki, B. Flame retardancy of thermoplastics polyurethanes. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2012, 97, 2524–2530. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.015
2. [2]
  Aou, K.; Ge, S.; Mowery, M. Two-domain morphology in viscoelastic polyurethane foams. Polymer 2015, 56, 37–45. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.070
3. [3]
  Darshil, U.; David, P. Silk cocoons as natural macro-balloon fillers in novel polyurethane-based syntactic foams. Polymer 2015, 56, 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.021
4. [4]
  Jacopo, B.; Patrizia, C.; Irene, A. Flexible polyurethane foams green production employing lignin or oxypropylated lignin. Eur. Polym. J. 2015, 64, 147–156. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.039
5. [5]
  Yu, C. L.; John, R. S. Layered double hydroxide-based fire resistant coatings for flexible polyurethane foam. Polymer 2015, 56, 284–292. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.11.023
6. [6]
  Yong, C. C.; Ha, Y. K.; Jae, W. C. Preparation of water-compatible antifungal polyurethane with grafted benzimidazole as the antifungal agent. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41676–41685.
7. [7]
  Gabriela, C.; Octavian, C. Mixed-matrix membranes based on polyurethane containing nanohydroxyapatite and its potential applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41813–41824.
8. [8]
  Lee, A.; Yu, L. D. Green polyurethane from lignin and soybean oil through non-isocyanate reactions. Eur. Polym. J. 2015, 63, 67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.023
9. [9]
  Hosgor, Z. Nonisocyanate polyurethane/silica hybrid coatings via a sol-gel route. Adv. Polym. Tech. 2012, 31, 390–400. doi: 10.1002/adv.20262
10. [10]
  Ma, X. Y.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, S. F.; Yang, X. P.; Hu, X. L. Forming mechanism and key technologies of solvent free polyurethane synthetic leather. China Leather 2013, 42, 11–16.
11. [11]
  Li, Q.; Ai, P. X. Properties of one component polyurethane waterproof coating analysis. Elastomer 2008, 18, 57–59.
12. [12]
  Wang, Y. Y.; Yang, J. J.; Zhang, J. A.; Wu, M. Y.; Wu, Q. Y. Preparation and application of solvent-free PU elastomer. Coating and Protection 2013, 5, 6–17.
13. [13]
  Zhang, H. R.; Ma, X. Y.; Guo, M. Y.; Qiu, X. H.; Gao, J. Preparation and properties of casting polyurethane foam coating used in synthetic leather. China Leather 2015, 18, 60–63.
14. [14]
  Wu, Y.; Ning, C. F.; Yuan, X. B.; Feng, X. P. U. S. Patent, C08G. 8022164. 2011.
15. [15]
  Yu, D. S.; Zhu, C. C.; Zhang, Y. Q. Synthesis of polyether-polyol type polyurethane elastomer by quasi-prepolymer method. Adhesion 2005, 06, 10–12.
16. [16]
  Dong, G.; Zhao, G.; Guan, Y.; Li, S.; Wang, X. Formation mechanism and structural characteristics of unfoamed skin layer in microcellular injection-molded parts. J. Cell. Plast. 2016, 52, 419–439. doi: 10.1177/0021955X15577149
17. [17]
  Sun, H.; Sur, G. S.; Mark, J. E. Microcellular foams from polyethersulfone and polyphenylsulfone: preparation and mechanical properties. Eur. Polym. J. 2002, 38, 2373–2381. doi: 10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00149-0
18. [18]
  Zhang, M.; Luo, Y. Y.; Jiang, Z. G. Solvent-free polyurethane elastic floor used in ship. New Chemical Materials 2010, 6, 130–132.
19. [19]
  Gama, N. V.; Silva, R.; Costa, M.; Barros, T. A.; Ferreira, A. Statistical evaluation of the effect of formulation on the properties of crude glycerol polyurethane foams. Polym. Test. 2016, 10, 200–206.
20. [20]
  Sousa, A. F.; Matos, M.; Pinto, R. J. B.; Freire, C. S. R.; Silvestre, A. J. D. One-pot synthesis of biofoams from castor oil and cellulose microfibers for energy absorption impact materials. Cellulose 2014, 21, 1723–1733. doi: 10.1007/s10570-014-0229-z
21. [21]
  Javni, I.; Zhang, W.; Petrovic, Z. S. Effect of different isocyanates on the properties of soy-based polyurethanes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 88, 2912–2916. doi: 10.1002/app.11966
22. [22]
  Aniceto, B.; Jose, P. S.; Portugal, I.; Silva, C. M. Biomass-based polyols through oxypropylation reaction. ChemSusChem. 2012, 5, 1358–1368. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201200032
23. [23]
  Min, N.; Guang, J. Z.; Mehmet, H. A. Polycondensation reaction and its mechanism during lignocellulosic liquefaction by an acid catalyst: a review. Forestry Studies in China 2011, 13, 71–79. doi: 10.1007/s11632-011-0109-7
24. [24]
  Douglas, A. W.; Zeno, W. W. Multistep chemistry in thin films; the challenges of blocked isocyanates. Prog. Org. Coat. 2001, 43, 131–140. doi: 10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00188-6
25. [25]
  Delebecq, E.; Pascault, J. P.; Boutevin, B.; Ganachaud, F. On the versatility of urethane/urea bonds: reversibility, blocked isocyanate, and non-isocyanate polyurethane. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 80–118. doi: 10.1021/cr300195n
26. [26]
  Querat, E.; Tighzert, L.; Pascault, J. P.; Dusek, K. Blocked isocyanate-reaction and thermal behaviour of the toluene 2, 4-diisocyanate dimer. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1996, 242, 1–36. doi: 10.1002/apmc.1996.052420101
27. [27]
  Querat, E.; Tighzert, L.; Pascault, J. P. Microencapsulation of isocyanates. Characterization and storage stability of microcapsules in a polyester α, ω-ol. J. Coating. Technol. 1996, 68, 83–90.
28. [28]
  Spyrou, E.; Metternich, H. J.; Franke, R. Isophorone diisocyanate in blocking agent free polyurethane powder coating hardeners: analysis, selectivity, quantumchemical calculations. Prog. Org. Coat. 2003, 48, 201–206. doi: 10.1016/S0300-9440(03)00104-8
29. [29]
  Hausmann, A.; Heinz, P.; Joachim, D.; Reinhold, S. E. U. S. Patent, C08G. 6120903. 1999.
30. [30]
  Du, P.; Eddie, C.; Pierre, A. U. S. Patent, C08G. 6242555. 1998.
31. [31]
  Wu, P. Q. CN. Patent, C08G. 104371631. 2014.
32. [32]
  Zou, D. R.; He, J. The preparation of a polyurethane elastomer based HTPB/IPDI by prepolymer method. Polyurethane Industry 2004, 19, 14–16.
33. [33]
  Sun, H.; Mark, J. E. Preparation, characterization, and mechanical properties of some microcellular polysulfone foams. J. Appl. Polym. Science 2002, 85, 1692–1701.
34. [34]
  Wang, Z. P.; Zhao, G. Effect of isocyanate on prepolymer of CPU. Appl. Sci. Tech. 2001, 29, 37–38.
35. [35]
  Maier, A. W.; Franz, W.; Herbert, W.; Josef, K.; Alfred, B. U. S. Patent C08G. 6635723. 2000.
36. [36]
  Zhao, Y. Z.; Wang, G. L.; Lv, Q. T.; Hou, Y. B. CN. Patent, C08G. 101280167. 2007.
37. [37]
  Chen, X. W.; Lv, H. B.; Jiang, P. CN. Paten, C08G. 104072715. 2014.
38. [38]
  Blum, B.; Harald, M.; Jurgen, M.; Heino, P.; Joachim, A. U. S. Patent, C08G. 6610779. 2001.
39. [39]
  Maier, A. I.; Winkelmann, S.; Franz, K.; Alfred, T.; Werner, B. U. S. Patent, C08G. 6787596. 2000.
40. [40]
  Zhao, Y. Z.; Wang, G. L.; Lv, Q. T.; Hou, Y. B. CN. Patent, C08G. 101280167. 2006.
41. [41]
  Kaushiva, B. D.; McCartney, S. R.; Rossmy, G. R.; Wilkesa, G. L. Surfactant level influences on structure and properties of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams. Polymer 2000, 41, 285–310. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00135-4
42. [42]
  McCluskey, J. V.; O'Neill, R. E.; Priester, R. D.; Ramsey, W. A. Vibrating rod viscometer: a valuable probe into polyurethane chemistry. J. Cell. Plast. 1994, 30, 224–241. doi: 10.1177/0021955X9403000302
43. [43]
  Elwell, M. J.; Ryan, A. J.; Grunbauer, H. J. M.; VanLieshout, H. C. In-situ studies of structure development during the reactive processing of model flexible polyurethane foam systems using FT-IR spectroscopy, synchrotron SAXS, and rheology. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 2960–2968.
44. [44]
  Mora, L. D.; Artavia, C. W.; Macosko, C. Modulus development during reactive urethane foaming. J. Rheol. 1991, 35, 921–940.
45. [45]
  Raps, D.; Hossieny, N.; Park, C. B.; Altstädt, V. Past and present developments in polymer bead foams and bead foaming technology. Polymer 2015, 56, 5–19.
46. [46]
  Reignier, J.; Tatibouët, J.; Gendron, R. Batch foaming of poly(ε-caprolactone) using carbon dioxide: impact of crystallization on cell nucleation as probed by ultrasonic measurements. Polymer 2006, 47, 5012–5024.
47. [47]
  Zhai, W.; Wang, H.; Yu, J.; Dong, J. Y.; He, J. Foaming behavior of isotactic polypropylene in supercritical CO₂ influenced by phase morphology via chain grafting. Polymer 2008, 49, 3146–3156.
48. [48]
  Miller, D.; Chatchaisucha, P.; Kumar, V. Microcellular and nanocellular solid-state polyetherimide (PEI) foams using sub-critical carbon dioxide I. Processing and structure. Polymer 2009, 50, 5576–5584.
49. [49]
  Ito, S.; Matsunaga, K.; Tajima, M.; Yoshida, Y. Generation of microcellular polyurethane with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106, 3581–3586.
50. [50]
  Goel, S. K.; Beckman, E. J. Generation of microcellular polymeric foams using supercritical carbon dioxide. I: effect of pressure and temperature on nucleation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1994, 34, 1137–1147.
51. [51]
  Tsivintzelis, I.; Angelopoulou, A. G.; Panayiotou, C. Foaming of polymers with supercritical CO₂: an experimental and theoretical study. Polymer 2007, 48, 5928–5939.
52. [52]
  Jo, C.; Fu, J.; Naguib, H. E. Constitutive modeling for mechanical behavior of PMMA microcellular foams. Polymer 2005, 46, 11896–11903.
53. [53]
  Xu, X. F.; Cristancho, D. E.; Costeux, S. Density-functional theory for polymer-carbon dioxide mixtures: a perturbed-chain SAFT approach. J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 137.
54. [54]
  Tomasko, D. L.; Feng, L. Development of CO₂ for polymer foam applications. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 2009, 47, 493–499.
55. [55]
  Hossieny, N.; Shaayegan, V.; Ameli, A.; Saniei, M.; Park, C. B. Characterization of hard-segment crystalline phase of thermoplastic polyurethane in the presence of butane and glycerol monosterate and its impact on mechanical property and microcellular morphology. Polymer 2007, 112, 208–218.
56. [56]
  Li, D. C.; Liu, T.; Zhao, L.; Yuan, W. K. Controlling sandwich-structure of PET microcellular foams using coupling of CO₂ diffusion and induced crystallization. AICHE J. 2012, 58, 2512–2523.
57. [57]
  Jia, P.; Hu, J.; Zhai, W. T.; Duan, Y. G.; Zhang, J. M.; Han, C. Y. Cell morphology and improved heat resistance of microcellular poly(L-lactide) foam via introducing stereocomplex crystallites of PLA. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 2476–2488.
58. [58]
  Ji, G. Y.; Zhai, W. T.; Lin, D. P.; Ren, Q.; Zheng, W. G.; Jung, D. W. Microcellular foaming of poly(lactic acid)/silica nanocomposites in compressed CO₂: critical influence of crystallite size on cell morphology and foam expansion. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 6390–6398.
59. [59]
  Kuboki, T. Mechanical properties and foaming behavior of injection molded cellulose fiber reinforced polypropylene composite foams. J. Cell. Plast. 2014, 50, 129–143.
60. [60]
  Nuno, V. G.; Artur, F.; Ana, B. T. Polyurethane foams: past, present, and future. Materials 2018, 11, 1841–1876.
61. [61]
  Theodoros, G. C.; Constantine, D. S. Sponges and sponge-like materials in sample preparation: a journey from past to present and into the future. Molecules 2020, 25, 3673–3693.
62. [62]
  Armin, E. K.; Pedram, F. Technical lignin and its potential modification routes: a mini-review. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2020, 154, 2732–2745.
63. [63]
  Li, W. M.; Su, Y. M. CN. Patent, C08G. 105713168. 2016.
64. [64]
  Ana, L. S.; João, C. B. Recent developments in polyurethane catalysis: catalytic mechanisms review. Catal. Rev. 2004, 46, 31–51.
65. [65]
  Haritz, S.; Amanda, C. E.; Julian, M. W. C.; Jeannette, M. G.; Daniel, J. C.; Ana, P.; David, M.; Gavin, O. J.; Julia, E. R.; Hans, W. H.; James, L. H. Organic acid-catalyzed polyurethane formation via a dual-activated mechanism: unexpected preference of N-activation over O-activation of isocyanates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16235−16241.
66. [66]
  McEntire, A.; Edward, E. U. S. Patent, C08G. 4094827. 1976.
67. [67]
  Speranza, B.; George, P.; Zimmerman, B.; Robert, L. U. S. Patent, C08G. 4194069. 1978.
68. [68]
  Tian, L. L. CN. Patent, C08G. 104371634. 2014.
69. [69]
  Zhang, M. Y. CN. Patent, C08G. 10402715. 2014.
70. [70]
  Arai, S.; Tamano, Y.; Tsutsumi, Y. U. S. Patent, C08G. 4617286. 1984.
1. [1]
  Fangzhou Wang , Wentong Gao , Chenghui Li . A weak but inert hindered urethane bond for high-performance dynamic polyurethane polymers. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 109305-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109305
2. [2]
  Peng Wang , Daijie Deng , Suqin Wu , Li Xu . Cobalt-based deep eutectic solvent modified nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst for boosting oxygen reduction reaction in zinc-air batteries. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(1): 100199-100199. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100199
3. [3]
  Shuo Li , Xinran Liu , Yongjie Zheng , Jun Ma , Shijie You , Heshan Zheng . Effective peroxydisulfate activation by CQDs-MnFe₂O₄@ZIF-8 catalyst for complementary degradation of bisphenol A by free radicals and non-radical pathways. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108971-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108971
4. [4]
  Zheng Zhao , Ben Zhong Tang . An efficient strategy enabling solution processable thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter with high horizontal dipole orientation. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(6): 100270-100270. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100270
5. [5]
  Shehla Khalid , Muhammad Bilal , Nasir Rasool , Muhammad Imran . Photochemical reactions as synthetic tool for pharmaceutical industries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(9): 109498-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109498
6. [6]
  Qijun Tang , Wenguang Tu , Yong Zhou , Zhigang Zou . High efficiency and selectivity catalyst for photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2023, 42(12): 100170-100170. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100170
7. [7]
  Zimo Peng , Quan Zhang , Gaocan Qi , Hao Zhang , Qian Liu , Guangzhi Hu , Jun Luo , Xijun Liu . Nanostructured Pt@RuOx catalyst for boosting overall acidic seawater splitting. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(1): 100191-100191. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100191
8. [8]
  Shuang Li , Jiayu Sun , Guocheng Liu , Shuo Zhang , Zhong Zhang , Xiuli Wang . A new Keggin-type polyoxometallate-based bifunctional catalyst for trace detection and pH-universal photodegradation of phenol. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109148-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109148
9. [9]
  Yatian Deng , Dao Wang , Jinglan Cheng , Yunkun Zhao , Zongbao Li , Chunyan Zang , Jian Li , Lichao Jia . A new popular transition metal-based catalyst: SmMn₂O₅ mullite-type oxide. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109141-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109141
10. [10]
  Baokang Geng , Xiang Chu , Li Liu , Lingling Zhang , Shuaishuai Zhang , Xiao Wang , Shuyan Song , Hongjie Zhang . High-efficiency PdNi single-atom alloy catalyst toward cross-coupling reaction. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 108924-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108924
11. [11]
  Yanling Yang , Zhenfa Ding , Huimin Wang , Jianhui Li , Yanping Zheng , Hongquan Guo , Li Zhang , Bing Yang , Qingqing Gu , Haifeng Xiong , Yifei Sun . Dynamic tracking of exsolved PdPt alloy/perovskite catalyst for efficient lean methane oxidation. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108585-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108585
12. [12]
  Tiankai Sun , Hui Min , Zongsu Han , Liang Wang , Peng Cheng , Wei Shi . Rapid detection of nanoplastic particles by a luminescent Tb-based coordination polymer. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108718-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108718
13. [13]
  Linhui Liu , Wuwan Xiong , Mingli Fu , Junliang Wu , Zhenguo Li , Daiqi Ye , Peirong Chen . Efficient NO_x abatement by passive adsorption over a Pd-SAPO-34 catalyst prepared by solid-state ion exchange. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108870-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108870
14. [14]
  Weichen Zhu , Wei Zuo , Pu Wang , Wei Zhan , Jun Zhang , Lipin Li , Yu Tian , Hong Qi , Rui Huang . Fe-N-C heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of tetracycline: Fe-N coordination and mechanism studies. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(9): 109341-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109341
15. [15]
  Xue-Zhi Wang , Yi-Tong Liu , Chuang-Wei Zhou , Bei Wang , Dong Luo , Mo Xie , Meng-Ying Sun , Yong-Liang Huang , Jie Luo , Yan Wu , Shuixing Zhang , Xiao-Ping Zhou , Dan Li . Amplified circularly polarized luminescence of chiral metal-organic frameworks via post-synthetic installing pillars. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109380-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109380
16. [16]
  Hao Wang , Meng-Qi Pan , Ya-Fei Wang , Chao Chen , Jian Xu , Yuan-Yuan Gao , Chuan-Song Qi , Wei Li , Xian-He Bu . Post-synthetic modifications of MOFs by different bolt ligands for controllable release of cargoes. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109581-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109581
17. [17]
  Jun-Ting Mo , Zheng Wang . Achieving tunable long persistent luminescence in metal organic halides based on pyridine solvent. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(9): 109360-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109360
18. [18]
  Jiajia Lv , Jie Gao , Hongyu Li , Zeli Yuan , Nan Dong . Rational design of hydroxytricyanopyrrole-based probes with high affinity and rapid visualization for amyloid-β aggregates in vitro and in vivo. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108940-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108940
19. [19]
  Bin Dong , Ning Yu , Qiu-Yue Wang , Jing-Ke Ren , Xin-Yu Zhang , Zhi-Jie Zhang , Ruo-Yao Fan , Da-Peng Liu , Yong-Ming Chai . Double active sites promoting hydrogen evolution activity and stability of CoRuOH/Co₂P by rapid hydrolysis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109221-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109221
20. [20]
  Fengkai Zou , Borui Su , Han Leng , Nini Xin , Shichao Jiang , Dan Wei , Mei Yang , Youhua Wang , Hongsong Fan . Red-emissive carbon quantum dots minimize phototoxicity for rapid and long-term lipid droplet monitoring. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109523-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109523

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(10)
Abstract views(411)
HTML views(8)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142