Citation: Chun-peng Song, Yi Qu, Jian-gang Liu, Yan-chun Han. Phase-separation Mechanism and Morphological Control in All-polymer Solar Cells[J]. Acta Polymerica Sinica, ;2018, (2): 145-163. doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2018.17236 shu

Phase-separation Mechanism and Morphological Control in All-polymer Solar Cells

Chun-peng Song ¹ ,
Yi Qu ^1,3,, ,
Jian-gang Liu ^2,, ,
Yan-chun Han ^2,,

1.
State Key Laboratary of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, College of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022
2.
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022
3.
College of Physics & Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158

Corresponding author: Yi Qu, quyi@cust.edu.cn Jian-gang Liu, niitawh@ciac.ac.cn Yan-chun Han, ychan@ciac.ac.cn
Received Date: 24 August 2017
Revised Date: 22 September 2017

Compared to the polymer/fullerene system, all-polymer solar cells, based on conjugated polymers as both donor and acceptor, have many potential advantages such as achieving more efficient light absorption and high open-circuit voltage, as well as easily solution processing and large-area fabrication. Strongly promoted by developments of materials and device structure, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been reached 9%. However, conjugated polymers have more rigid molecules compared to the flexible polymers and thus will form chain entanglement and π-π interaction with each other, leading to a more complex phase separation process in the conjugated polymer system. Besides, the strong molecular interaction between donor and acceptor polymers may generate a long-range phase domain in the blend films, which will inhibit the excitons to diffuse to the donor/acceptor (D/A) phase interface. In addition, the difference of thermodynamics steady state between the donor and the acceptor polymers may lead to the formation of different molecular orientation, which will impede the exciton dissociation. To solve these problems, by tuning the thermodynamic and dynamics factors, including molecular rigidity and blend ratio, the phase-separated structure of the conjugated polymer blend system was adjusted and the phase separation mechanism was identified, based on which the phase diagram of the conjugated polymer blend was depicted. By controlling phase separation structure, the interpenetrating networks were obtained, facilitating the charge transfer and collection. Besides, the domain size and film crystallinity were adjusted by reducing the solvent-polymer interaction parameter and polymer-polymer interaction parameters. Due to the decreased domain size, the efficiency of the exciton diffusion was enhanced. In addition, the solution state or molecular diffusion rate was adjusted to adjust the molecular orientation. By increasing the aggregation of the polymers in solution and introducing the epitaxial crystallization, the molecular orientation could change from edge-on to face-on. The identical molecular orientation for the donor and the acceptor improved the exciton dissociation efficiency and the device performance.
- All-polymer solar cells,
- Morphology control,
- Phase separation,
- Domain size,
- Orientation
1. [1]
  Lungenschmied C, Dennler G, Neugebauer H, Sariciftci S N, Glatthaar M, Meyer T, Meyer A. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2007, 91(5):379-384
2. [2]
  Kalowekamo J, Baker E. Sol Energy, 2009, 83(8):1224-1231 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.003
3. [3]
  Yao Huifeng, Hou Jianhui. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2016, (11):1468-1481
4. [4]
  Deng Yunfeng, Bao Cheng, Tian Hongkun, Xie Zhiyuan, Geng Yanhou. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2013, (5):609-618
5. [5]
  Deng Yanghua, Xiao Haibin, Qiao He, Tan Songting. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2017, (6):922-929
6. [6]
  Yang Shu, Zhang Wei, Shen Xingxing, Liu Ying, Du Xiaoyan, Chen Shan, Xiao Zuo, Yang Zhenyu, Zuo Qiqun, Ding Liming. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2012, (8):838-845
7. [7]
  Qin Y P, Chen Y, Cui Y, Zhang S Q, Yao H F, Huang J, Li W N, Zheng Z, Hou J H. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(24):1606340-1606347 doi: 10.1002/adma.201606340
8. [8]
  Zhao W C, Li S S, Zhang S Q, Liu X Y, Hou J H. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(2):59-66
9. [9]
  Kim Y, Cook S, Tuladhar S M, Choulis S A, Nelson J, Durrant J R, Bradley D D C, Giles M, MccullOCh I, Ha C S, Ree M. Nat Mater, 2006, 5(3):197-203 doi: 10.1038/nmat1574
10. [10]
  Bijleveld J C, Zoombelt A P, Mathijssen S G J, Wienk M M, Turbiez M, de Leeuw D M, Janssen R A J. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131(46):16616-16617 doi: 10.1021/ja907506r
11. [11]
  McNeill C R. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5(2):5653-5667
12. [12]
  Tipnis R, Bernkopf J, Jia S J, Krieg J, Li S, Storch M, Laird D. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2009, 93(4):442-446 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.11.018
13. [13]
  Halls J J M, Walsh C A, Greenham N C, Marseglia E A, Friend R H, Moratti S C, Holmes A B. Nature, 1995, 376(6540):498-500 doi: 10.1038/376498a0
14. [14]
  Yu G, Heeger A J. J Appl Phys, 1995, 78(7):4510-4515 doi: 10.1063/1.359792
15. [15]
  Fan B, Ying L, Wang Z, He B, Jiang X F, Huang F, Cao Y. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10(5):1243-1251 doi: 10.1039/C7EE00619E
16. [16]
  Mazzio K A, LuSCombe C K. Chem SOC Rev, 2015, 44(1):78-90
17. [17]
  Huang Y, Kramer E J, Heeger A J, Bazan G C. Chem Rev, 2014, 114(14):7006-7043 doi: 10.1021/cr400353v
18. [18]
  Chen L M, Hong Z R, Li G, Yang Y. Adv Mater, 2009, 21(14-15):1434-1449
19. [19]
  He M, Wang M Y, Lin C J, Lin Z Q. NanoSCale, 2014, 6(8):3984-3994
20. [20]
  Chiu M Y, Jeng U S, Su M S, Wei K H. Macromolecules, 2010, 43(1):428-432 doi: 10.1021/ma901895d
21. [21]
  Alam M M, Tonzola C J, Jenekhe S A. Macromolecules, 2003, 36(17):6577-6587 doi: 10.1021/ma0346299
22. [22]
  Sepe A, Rong Z X, Sommer M, Vaynzof Y, Sheng X Y, Muller-BuSChbaum P, Smilgies D M, Tan Z K, Yang L, Friend R H, Steiner U, Huttner S. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(5):1725-1736
23. [23]
  Ermi B D, Karim A, Douglas J F. J Polym Sci, Part B:Polym Phys, 1998, 36(1):191-200 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0488
24. [24]
  Willemse R C, de Boer A P, van Dam J, Gotsis A D. Polymer, 1999, 40(4):827-834 doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00307-3
25. [25]
  Zhou K, Liu J G, Li M G, Yu X H, Xing R B, Han Y C. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119(4):1729-1736
26. [26]
  Zhou K, Liu J G, Zhang R, Zhao Q Q, Cao X X, Yu X H, Xing R B, Han Y C. Polymer, 2016, 86:105-112 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.062
27. [27]
  Liu J G, Shao S Y, Wang H F, Zhao K, Xue L J, Gao X, Xie Z Y, Han Y C. Org Electron, 2010, 11(5):775-783 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2010.01.017
28. [28]
  Veenstra S C, Loos J, Kroon J M. Prog Photovoltaics, 2007, 15(8):727-740 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-159X
29. [29]
  Gu X D, Yan H P, Kurosawa T, Schroeder B C, Gu K L, Zhou Y, To J W F, Oosterhout S D, Savikhin V, Molina-Lopez F, Tassone C J, Mannsfeld S C B, Wang C, Toney M F, Bao Z A. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6(22):225-237
30. [30]
  Kang H, Uddin M A, Lee C, Kim K H, Nguyen T L, Lee W, Li Y, Wang C, Woo H Y, Kim B J. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(6):2359-2365 doi: 10.1021/ja5123182
31. [31]
  Moore J R, Albert-Seifried S, Rao A, Massip S, Watts B, Morgan D J, Friend R H, McNeill C R, Sirringhaus H. Adv Energy Mater, 2011, 1(2):230-240 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201000035
32. [32]
  Lombeck F, Sepe A, Thomann R, Friend R H, Sommer M. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(8):8087-8096 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04244
33. [33]
  Palermo E F, Darling S B, McNeil A J. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2(17):3401-3406
34. [34]
  Slota J E, Elmalem E, Tu G L, Watts B, Fang J F, Oberhumer P M, Friend R H, Huck W T S. Macromolecules, 2012, 45(3):1468-1475 doi: 10.1021/ma201523m
35. [35]
  Mulherin R C, Jung S, Huettner S, Johnson K, Kohn P, Sommer M, Allard S, Scherf U, Greenham N C. Nano Lett, 2011, 11(11):4846-4851 doi: 10.1021/nl202691n
36. [36]
  Cheng P, Ye L, Zhao X G, Hou J H, Li Y F, Zhan X W. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(4):1351-1356
37. [37]
  Hwang Y J, Earmme T, Courtright B A E, Eberle F N, Jenekhe S A. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(13):4424-4434 doi: 10.1021/ja513260w
38. [38]
  Li Z J, Xu X F, Zhang W, Meng X Y, Ma W, Yartsev A, Inganas O, Andersson M R, Janssen R A J, Wang E G. J Am Chem Soc, 2016, 138(34):10935-10944 doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b04822
39. [39]
  Zhou K, Liu J G, Li M G, Yu X H, Xing R B, Han Y C. J Polym Sci, Part B:Polym Phys, 2015, 53(4):288-296 doi: 10.1002/polb.v53.4
40. [40]
  Mori D, Benten H, Okada I, Ohkita H, Ito S. Adv Energy Mater, 2014, 4(3):6-12
41. [41]
  Ma Y, Chen Y H, Mei A, Qiao M T, Hou C P, Zhang H P, Zhang Q Y. Chem-Asian J, 2016, 11(1):93-101 doi: 10.1002/asia.v11.1
42. [42]
  Xiao L G, Liu C, Gao K, Yan Y J, Peng J B, Cao Y, Peng X B. RSC Adv, 2015, 5(112):92312-92317 doi: 10.1039/C5RA19054A
43. [43]
  Liu J G, Chen L, Gao B R, Cao X X, Han Y C, Xie Z Y, Wang L X. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1(20):6216-6225 doi: 10.1039/c3ta10629b
44. [44]
  Yang C, Orfino F P, Holdcroft S. Macromolecules, 1996, 29(20):6510-6517 doi: 10.1021/ma9604799
45. [45]
  Sung L, Douglas J F, Han C C, Karim A. J Polym Sci, Part B:Polym Phys, 2003, 41(14):1697-1700 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0488
46. [46]
  Zhang R, Yang H, Zhou K, Zhang J D, Liu J G, Yu X H, Xing R B, Han Y C. J Polym Sci, Part B:Polym Phys, 2016, 54(18):1811-1819 doi: 10.1002/polb.v54.18
47. [47]
  Liu J G, Sun Y, Zheng L D, Geng Y H, Han Y C. Polymer, 2013, 54(1):423-430 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.011
48. [48]
  Mori D, Benten H, Okada I, Ohkita H, Ito S. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(9):2939——2943
49. [49]
  Earmme T, Hwang Y J, Murari N M, Subramaniyan S, Jenekhe S A. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135(40):14960-14963 doi: 10.1021/ja4085429
50. [50]
  He Z C, Zhong C M, Huang X, Wong W Y, Wu H B, Chen L W, Su S J, Cao Y. Adv Mater, 2011, 23(40):4636-4643 doi: 10.1002/adma.201103006
51. [51]
  Brabec C J, Gowrisanker S, Halls J J M, Laird D, Jia S J, Williams S P. Adv Mater, 2010, 22(34):3839-3856 doi: 10.1002/adma.200903697
52. [52]
  Nardes A M, Ferguson A J, Wolfer P, Gui K, Burn P L, Meredith P, Kopidakis N. Chem Phys Chem, 2014, 15(8):1539-1549 doi: 10.1002/cphc.201301022
53. [53]
  Gregg B A. J Phys Chem Lett, 2011, 2(24):3013-3015 doi: 10.1021/jz2012403
54. [54]
  Verlaak S, Beljonne D, Cheyns D, Rolin C, Linares M, Castet F, Cornil J, Heremans P. Adv Funct Mater, 2009, 19(23):3809-3814 doi: 10.1002/adfm.v19:23
55. [55]
  Ye L, Jiao X C, Zhou M, Zhang S Q, Yao H F, Zhao W C, Xia A D, Ade H, Hou J H. Adv Mater, 2015, 27(39):6046-6054 doi: 10.1002/adma.201503218
56. [56]
  Osaka I, Takimiya K. Polymer, 2015, 59:A1-A15 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.066
57. [57]
  Jung J W, Liu F, Russell T P, Jo W H. Energy Environ Sci, 2013, 6(11):3301-3307
58. [58]
  Jung J, Lee W, Lee C, Ahn H, Kim B J. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6(15):504-514
59. [59]
  Zhang X R, Richter L J, DeLongchamp D M, Kline R J, Hammond M R, McCullOCh I, Heeney M, Ashraf R S, Smith J N, Anthopoulos T D, SChroeder B, Geerts Y H, FiSCher D A, Toney M F. J Am Chem Soc, 2011, 133(38):15073-15084
60. [60]
  Subramaniyan S, Xin H, Kim F S, Shoaee S, Durrant J R, Jenekhe S A. Adv Energy Mater, 2011, 1(5):854-860 doi: 10.1002/aenm.v1.5
61. [61]
  Wu Y, Li Z J, Ma W, Huang Y, Huo L J, Guo X, Zhang M J, Ade H, Hou J H. Adv Mater, 2013, 25(25):3449-3455 doi: 10.1002/adma.v25.25
62. [62]
  Li M M, An C B, Marszalek T, Baumgarten M, Yan H, Mullen K, Pisula W. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(42):9430-9438 doi: 10.1002/adma.201602660
63. [63]
  Kim D H, Jang Y, Park Y D, Cho K. Langmuir, 2005, 21(8):3203-3206
64. [64]
  Zhang R, Yang H, Zhou K, Zhang J D, Yu X H, Liu J G, Han Y C. Macromolecules, 2016, 49(18):6987-6996 doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01526
65. [65]
  Zhou K, Zhang R, Liu J G, Li M G, Yu X H, Xing R B, Han Y C. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(45):25352-25361 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b07605
66. [66]
  Zuo L J, Hu X L, Ye T, Andersen T R, Li H Y, Shi M M, Xu M S, Ling J, Zheng Q, Xu J T, Bundgaard E, Krebs F C, Chen H Z. J Phys Chem C, 2012, 116(32):16893-16900 doi: 10.1021/jp3049444
67. [67]
  Zhao K, Xue L, Liu J, Gao X, Wu S, Han Y, Geng Y. Langmuir, 2010, 26(1):471-477 doi: 10.1021/la903381f
68. [68]
  Liu J, Sun Y, Gao X, Xing R, Zheng L, Wu S, Geng Y, Han Y. Langmuir, 2011, 27(7):4212-4219
69. [69]
  Chen L, Chi S J, Zhao K F, Liu J G, Yu X H, Han Y C. Polymer, 2016, 104:123-129 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.005
70. [70]
  Chen L, Wang H Y, Liu J G, Xing R B, Yu X H, Han Y C. J Polym Sci, Part B:Polym Phys, 2016, 54(8):838-847
1. [1]
  Pei Li , Yuenan Zheng , Zhankai Liu , An-Hui Lu . Boron-Containing MFI Zeolite: Microstructure Control and Its Performance of Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(4): 100034-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406012
2. [2]
  Jiahui YU , Jixian DONG , Yutong ZHAO , Fuping ZHAO , Bo GE , Xipeng PU , Dafeng ZHANG . The morphology control and full-spectrum photodegradation tetracycline performance of microwave-hydrothermal synthesized BiVO₄:Yb³⁺,Er³⁺ photocatalyst. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2025, 53(3): 348-359. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(24)60514-1
3. [3]
  Qin ZHU , Jiao MA , Zhihui QIAN , Yuxu LUO , Yujiao GUO , Mingwu XIANG , Xiaofang LIU , Ping NING , Junming GUO . Morphological evolution and electrochemical properties of cathode material LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄ single crystal particles. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1549-1562. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240022
4. [4]
  Kexin Yan , Zhaoqi Ye , Lingtao Kong , He Li , Xue Yang , Yahong Zhang , Hongbin Zhang , Yi Tang . Seed-Induced Synthesis of Disc-Cluster Zeolite L Mesocrystals with Ultrashort c-Axis: Morphology Control, Decoupled Mechanism, and Enhanced Adsorption. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(9): 2308019-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202308019
5. [5]
  Jiatong Hu , Qiyi Wang , Ruiwen Tang , Jiajing Feng . Photocatalytic Journey of Perylene Diimides in a Competitive Arena. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(5): 328-333. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407015
6. [6]
  Guoqiang Peng , Xiuyan Li , Min Li , Zhibo Su , Falu Hu , Guowei Zhou . Engineering efficient metal-organic frameworks for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(2): 100164-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100164
7. [7]
  Binbin Liu , Yang Chen , Tianci Jia , Chen Chen , Zhanghao Wu , Yuhui Liu , Yuhang Zhai , Tianshu Ma , Changlei Wang . Hydroxyl-functionalized molecular engineering mitigates 2D phase barriers for efficient wide-bandgap and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(1): 100128-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100128
8. [8]
  Ruonan Li , Shijie Liang , Yunhua Xu , Cuifen Zhang , Zheng Tang , Baiqiao Liu , Weiwei Li . Chlorine-Substituted Double-Cable Conjugated Polymers with Near-Infrared Absorption for Low Energy Loss Single-Component Organic Solar Cells. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(8): 2307037-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307037
9. [9]
  Ying Liang , Yuheng Deng , Shilv Yu , Jiahao Cheng , Jiawei Song , Jun Yao , Yichen Yang , Wanlei Zhang , Wenjing Zhou , Xin Zhang , Wenjian Shen , Guijie Liang , Bin Li , Yong Peng , Run Hu , Wangnan Li . Machine learning-guided antireflection coatings architectures and interface modification for synergistically optimizing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(9): 100098-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100098
10. [10]
  Junjie Zhang , Yue Wang , Qiuhan Wu , Ruquan Shen , Han Liu , Xinhua Duan . Preparation and Selective Separation of Lightweight Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Trace Tetracycline Detection in Milk. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 251-257. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311084
11. [11]
  Ke Qiu , Fengmei Wang , Mochou Liao , Kerun Zhu , Jiawei Chen , Wei Zhang , Yongyao Xia , Xiaoli Dong , Fei Wang . A Fumed SiO₂-based Composite Hydrogel Polymer Electrolyte for Near-Neutral Zinc-Air Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(3): 2304036-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202304036
12. [12]
  Yuxia Luo , Xiaoyu Xie , Fangfang Chen . 药物递送魔法师——分子印迹聚合物. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(8): 202-210. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409129
13. [13]
  Jiayao Wang , Guixu Pan , Ning Wang , Shihan Wang , Yaolin Zhu , Yunfeng Li . Preparation of donor-π-acceptor type graphitic carbon nitride photocatalytic systems via molecular level regulation for high-efficient H₂O₂ production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(12): 100168-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100168
14. [14]
  Jiao CHEN , Yi LI , Yi XIE , Dandan DIAO , Qiang XIAO . Vapor-phase transport of MFI nanosheets for the fabrication of ultrathin b-axis oriented zeolite membranes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 507-514. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230403
15. [15]
  Chuan′an DING , Weibo YAN , Shaoying WANG , Hao XIN . Preparation of wide-band gap copper indium gallium sulfide solar cells by solution method. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(9): 1755-1764. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250198
16. [16]
  Yixuan Gao , Lingxing Zan , Wenlin Zhang , Qingbo Wei . Comprehensive Innovation Experiment: Preparation and Characterization of Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 178-183. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311091
17. [17]
  Nengmin ZHU , Wenhao ZHU , Xiaoyao YIN , Songzhi ZHENG , Hao LI , Zeyuan WANG , Wenhao WEI , Xuanheng CHEN , Weihai SUN . Preparation of high-performance CsPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells by the aqueous solution solvent method. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(6): 1131-1140. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240419
18. [18]
  Yameen Ahmed , Xiangxiang Feng , Yuanji Gao , Yang Ding , Caoyu Long , Mustafa Haider , Hengyue Li , Zhuan Li , Shicheng Huang , Makhsud I. Saidaminov , Junliang Yang . Interface Modification by Ionic Liquid for Efficient and Stable FAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(6): 2303057-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303057
19. [19]
  Yawen Guo , Dawei Li , Yang Gao , Cuihong Li . Recent Progress on Stability of Organic Solar Cells Based on Non-Fullerene Acceptors. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(6): 2306050-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202306050
20. [20]
  Zongsheng LI , Yichao WANG , Yujie WANG , Wenhao ZHU , Xiaoyao YIN , Wudan YANG , Songzhi ZHENG , Weihai SUN . Preparation of CsPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells via bottom interface modification with methylammonium chloride. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(9): 1805-1816. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250066

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(191)
HTML views(11)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142