Citation: Ying Wang, Mingcheng Yang, Zhu Yin, Yingqi Wang, Jiajia Cheng. Transition metal-free poly(heptazine imide) photocatalyst for C-X bond construction from katritzky salts[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(7): 100212. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100212 shu

Transition metal-free poly(heptazine imide) photocatalyst for C-X bond construction from katritzky salts

State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian Province, China

Corresponding author: Jiajia Cheng, jjcheng@fzu.edu.cn
Received Date: 15 September 2025
Revised Date: 26 October 2025
Accepted Date: 26 October 2025

Defect and interface engineering of polymeric carbon nitride photocatalysts remains an under-explored yet powerful strategy for challenging organic transformations. Here we report a crystalline, alkaline-treated poly(heptazine imide) (PHI-K-alk) that enables transition-metal-free activation of Katritzky pyridinium salts for visible-light-driven C-X (C(sp²/sp)-C, C(sp²)-S, etc.) bond construction. A molten-salt/alkalization protocol simultaneously enhances long-range order and installs abundant N-K surface sites, generating a negatively charged, π-extended scaffold that overcomes the intrinsically high reduction potential and poor adsorption of Katritzky salts. PHI-K-alk delivers up to 90% conversion and 94% selectivity in deaminative Heck-type coupling, comparable to state-of-the-art homogeneous photocatalysts. Comprehensive spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DFT investigations elucidate that strategic incorporation of N-defects leads to electron cloud polarization, while N-K bonds facilitate ion exchange with pyridinium counter-anions, lower the substrate LUMO by 0.33 eV, and reduce the C(sp²)-N bond cleavage barrier to 0.7 eV. Additionally, the high crystallinity of the platform suppresses charge recombination, thereby promoting rapid interfacial electron transfer. This photocatalytic system demonstrates broad substrate tolerance, including primary, secondary, amino-acid-derived, and drug-like compounds, and is effective in mediating Minisci reactions, C(sp³)-C(sp) and C(sp³)-H alkylations. Our results offer a blueprint for integrating crystallinity and defects in transition metal-free semiconductors, paving the way toward more sustainable photocatalytic synthesis.
- Photocatalysis,
- Poly(heptazine imide),
- C-X bond formation,
- Interfacial electron transfer,
- Katritzky pyridinium salts
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142