Citation: Hua Yu, Dingdu Chen, Xuan Wang, Lijun Yang, Geming Wang, Pu Hu. MOF-encapsulated phosphorus/nitrogen ionic liquid as a multifunctional flame-retardant additive for high-safety lithium-ion batteries[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(7): 100201. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100201 shu

MOF-encapsulated phosphorus/nitrogen ionic liquid as a multifunctional flame-retardant additive for high-safety lithium-ion batteries

Hua Yu ^1,2 ,
Dingdu Chen ³ ,
Xuan Wang ¹ ,
Lijun Yang ² ,
Geming Wang ^3,, ,
Pu Hu ^3,,

1.
Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China;
2.
School of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
3.
Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei Province, China

Corresponding author: Geming Wang, Pu Hu,
Received Date: 8 September 2025
Revised Date: 16 October 2025
Accepted Date: 16 October 2025

Safety concerns arising from the flammability of alkyl carbonate-based electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries highlight the urgent need for advanced flame-retardant systems. Herein, we propose a novel electrolyte additive strategy by encapsulating phosphorus/nitrogen-containing ionic liquids (P/N-ILs) within a metal-organic framework (MOF). The resulting P/N-ILs@MOF composite exhibits high porosity and structural stability, effectively preventing P/N-ILs aggregation while maintaining synergistic flame-retardant functions of phosphorus for radical scavenging and nitrogen for gas dilution. Electrolytes containing 5 wt% P/N-ILs@MOF (MIE-5) achieve a 90% reduction in self-extinguishing time and an increased limiting oxygen index of 32%. Electrochemical testing demonstrates that MIE-5 delivers excellent cycling stability, retaining 84.5% capacity after 300 cycles in Li|MIE-5|LiFePPO₄ cells. Moreover, a 10 Ah graphite|MIE-5|LiFePPO₄ pouch cell with MIE-5 maintains 97.7% capacity after 280 cycles at 1C and retains 94.9% of its 0.2C capacity at 2C. This study introduces a new paradigm for integrating flame retardancy with electrochemical performance via MOF-encapsulation, offering significant potential for next-generation safe and durable lithium-ion batteries.
- Lithium-ion batteries,
- Flame-retardant electrolyte,
- Metal-organic framework,
- Ionic liquid,
- Safety
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