Citation: Xue Zhang, Zihan He, Yingqi Wu, Weilai Yu, Tao Liu. Corn-distillers-derived hard carbon: a sustainable high-rate, long-life anode for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(5): 100199. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100199 shu

Corn-distillers-derived hard carbon: a sustainable high-rate, long-life anode for sodium-ion batteries

Xue Zhang ¹ ,
Zihan He ¹ ,
Yingqi Wu ¹ ,
Weilai Yu ^2,, ,
Tao Liu ^1,,

1.
Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei Proivince, China
2.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S3E5, Canada

Corresponding author: Weilai Yu, weilai.yu@utoronto.ca Tao Liu, liutao54@cug.edu.cn
Received Date: 29 August 2025
Revised Date: 28 September 2025
Accepted Date: 29 September 2025

Hard carbon (HC) derived from corn-distillers is a sustainable, affordable anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), yet its practical deployment has been limited by insufficient reversible capacity. Here we report a temperature-gradient treatment that precisely tailors interlayer spacing, porosity, and graphitization in corn-distillers-derived hard carbon, unlocking exceptional electrochemical performance. The optimized material exhibits an interlayer spacing of 0.378 nm and a dominant pore size of 1.68 nm. It demonstrates outstanding high-rate behavior, achieving 289 and 198 mAh g^-1 at 1.0 and 2.0 A g^-1, respectively. Additionally, it retains 83% of its capacity after 700 cycles at 2.0 A g^-1. Integrating in situ X-ray diffraction with ex situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrates a unique sodium-storage mechanism characterized by both "adsorption–intercalation and pore-filling". This approach helps elucidate the rapid kinetics and long-lasting performance. These results demonstrate that controlled structural tactics of biomass-derived HC can achieve the desired capacity, rate capability, and longevity required for practical SIB anodes—bringing an abundant, waste-derived feedstock dramatically closer to commercialization.
- Corn distillers,
- Hard carbon,
- Ex situ Raman,
- In situ XRD,
- Rate performance
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142