Citation: Mengxiu Li, Jiahui Mao, Jiangfeng Ni, Liang Li. Three birds with one stone: modification of Li₅FeO₄ with thermal induction of Lewis acid[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(4): 100189. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100189 shu

Three birds with one stone: modification of Li₅FeO₄ with thermal induction of Lewis acid

School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Frontier Material Physics and Devices, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Photoelectric Perception, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China

Corresponding author: Jiangfeng Ni, jeffni@suda.edu.cn Liang Li, lli@suda.edu.cn
Received Date: 10 July 2025
Revised Date: 6 September 2025
Accepted Date: 16 September 2025

Lithium ferrate Li₅FeO₄ is a promising cathode prelithiation additive for lithium-ion batteries, boasting a high theoretical capacity of 867 mAh g⁻¹, which compensates for lithium loss due to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation during the initial cycle. However, its practical application faces significant challenges due to inherent chemical instability. The material is extremely sensitive to air, readily undergoing deleterious side reactions with atmospheric carbon dioxide and moisture to form electrochemically inert Li₂CO₃ surface layers. This degradation in the atmosphere presents several major issues. It not only substantially reduces active lithium content but also induces severe slurry gelation during electrode manufacturing. In addition, it promotes continuous gas generation and electrolyte decomposition during battery operation, and leads to a significant increase in electrochemical impedance. Previous stabilization attempts via carbon coating or metal doping have shown limited success, often introducing new problems such as capacity reduction or inadequate protection, highlighting the urgent need for a more comprehensive and effective modification method. To address these challenges, this study proposes an efficient Lewis acid-induced regeneration strategy through thermal modification with PF₅. This approach effectively removes surface inert impurities and facilitates the in-situ construction of a composite layer of Li₃PO₄ and LiF on the Li₅FeO₄ particles. The regenerated Li₅FeO₄ exhibits excellent dispersion, air stability, and electrolyte interfacial compatibility, effectively suppressing slurry gelation and interfacial side reactions. In comparison with the bare counterpart, the regenerated Li₅FeO₄ shows a significantly reduced viscosity upon slurry processing and gas generation during high-temperature storage. When 1.5% (wt) regenerated Li₅FeO₄ is introduced to the LiFePO₄ cathode in the full cells, the cathode maintains a high capacity of 135.0 mAh g⁻¹ and a retention rate of 95.3% after 200 cycles. In contrast, the control LiFePO₄ cathode without Li₅FeO₄ only retains 113.7 mAh g⁻¹ with a capacity retention of 92.2%. This approach integrates impurity removal, interfacial stabilization, and performance enhancement of Li₅FeO₄ into one strategy, which will find extensive applications in long-cycle lithium-ion batteries.
- Lithium-ion battery,
- Cathode prelithiation,
- Li₅FeO₄,
- Lewis acid,
- Regeneration
1. [1]
  F. Degen, M. Winter, D. Bendig, J. Tübke, Nat. Energy 8 (2023) 1284, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01355-z. doi: 10.1038/s41560-023-01355-z
2. [2]
  C. P. Grey, D. S. Hall, Nat. Commun. 11 (2020) 6279, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19991-4. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19991-4
3. [3]
  V. Viswanathan, A. H. Epstein, Y. -M. Chiang, E. Takeuchi, M. Bradley, J. Langford, M. Winter, Nature 601 (2022) 519, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04139-1. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04139-1
4. [4]
  S. Link, A. Stephan, D. Speth, P. Plötz, Nat. Energy 9 (2024) 1032, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01531-9. doi: 10.1038/s41560-024-01531-9
5. [5]
  L. Song, H. Liang, S. Li, B. Qiu, Z. Liu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 41 (2025) 100085, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100085. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100085
6. [6]
  J. Wu, Y. Wu, L. Wang, H. Ye, J. Lu, Y. Li, Adv. Mater. 36 (2023) 2308193, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308193. doi: 10.1002/adma.202308193
7. [7]
  J. Zhu, W. Hu, J. Ni, L. Li, Nat. Sci. Open 3 (2024) 20230078, https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20230078. doi: 10.1360/nso/20230078
8. [8]
  S. Zhu, Q. Wang, J. Ni, EnergyChem 5 (2023) 100097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enchem.2022.100097. doi: 10.1016/j.enchem.2022.100097
9. [9]
  K. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z. Xu, X. Zhou, G. Li, Z. Mei, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, C. Wang, G. Zhu, et al., Energy Stor. Mater. 75 (2025) 104081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104081. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104081
10. [10]
  Y. Zhu, Y. Chen, J. Chen, J. Yin, Z. Sun, G. Zeng, X. Wu, L. Chen, X. Yu, H. Luo, et al., Adv. Mater. 36 (2023) 2312159, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312159. doi: 10.1002/adma.202312159
11. [11]
  B. Roy, U. Pal, D. Simondson, C. Nguyen, B. V. Kerr, R. K. Hocking, D. Al-Masri, P. C. Howlett, M. Forsyth, M. Kar, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2417317, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202417317. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202417317
12. [12]
  L. Lu, G. Jiang, C. Gu, J. Ni, Funct. Mater. Lett. 14 (2021) 2130006, https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793604721300061. doi: 10.1142/s1793604721300061
13. [13]
  V. Nguyen-Tien, C. Zhang, E. Strobl, R. J. R. Elliott, Nat. Energy 10 (2025) 354, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01698-1. doi: 10.1038/s41560-024-01698-1
14. [14]
  S. Weng, G. Yang, S. Zhang, X. Liu, X. Zhang, Z. Liu, M. Cao, M. N. Ateş, Y. Li, L. Chen, Z. Wang, X. Wang, Nano-Micro Lett. 15 (2023) 215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01183-6. doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01183-6
15. [15]
  Y. Yang, Z. Li, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Qiu, H. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) 2417981, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202417981. doi: 10.1002/adma.202417981
16. [16]
  Y. Peng, M. Ding, K. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Hu, Y. Lin, W. Hu, Y. Liao, S. Tang, J. Liang, et al., ACS Energy Lett. 9 (2024) 6022, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02898. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02898
17. [17]
  E. W. C. Spotte-Smith, R. L. Kam, D. Barter, X. Xie, T. Hou, S. Dwaraknath, S. M. Blau, K. A. Persson, ACS Energy Lett. 7 (2022) 1446, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00517. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00517
18. [18]
  C. An, T. Liu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 41 (2025) 100101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100101. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100101
19. [19]
  C. Yang, H. Ma, R. Yuan, K. Wang, K. Liu, Y. Long, F. Xu, L. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, et al., Nat. Energy 8 (2023) 703, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01272-1. doi: 10.1038/s41560-023-01272-1
20. [20]
  W. Zhong, Z. Zeng, S. Cheng, J. Xie, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2023) 2307860, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202307860. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202307860
21. [21]
  Y. Sun, H. -W. Lee, Z. W. Seh, N. Liu, J. Sun, Y. Li, Y. Cui, Nat. Energy 1 (2016) 15008, https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2015.8. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2015.8
22. [22]
  H. Zhang, J. Cheng, H. Liu, D. Li, Z. Zeng, Y. Li, F. Ji, Y. Guo, Y. Wei, S. Zhang, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2023) 2300466, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300466. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202300466
23. [23]
  Y. Chen, Y. Zhu, Z. Sun, X. Kuai, J. Chen, B. Zhang, J. Yin, H. Luo, Y. Tang, G. Zeng, et al., Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2407720, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202407720. doi: 10.1002/adma.202407720
24. [24]
  M. Diaz‐Lopez, P. A. Chater, P. Bordet, M. Freire, C. Jordy, O. I. Lebedev, V. Pralong, Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 1902788, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902788. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902788
25. [25]
  Y. Sun, H. W. Lee, Z. W. Seh, G. Zheng, J. Sun, Y. Li, Y. Cui, Adv. Energy Mater. 6 (2016) 1600154, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600154. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201600154
26. [26]
  Z. Rao, J. Wu, B. He, W. Chen, H. Wang, Q. Fu, Y. Huang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 38194, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06703. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c06703
27. [27]
  Y. Chen, Y. Zhu, W. Zuo, X. Kuai, J. Yao, B. Zhang, Z. Sun, J. Yin, X. Wu, H. Zhang, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2023) e202316112, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202316112. doi: 10.1002/anie.202316112
28. [28]
  W. Zhong, S. Li, M. Liu, Q. Wu, Z. Zeng, S. Cheng, J. Xie, Nano Energy 115 (2023) 108757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108757. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108757
29. [29]
  H. Kobayashi, Y. Nakamura, M. Nakayama, S. Kodaki, R. Matsuo, I. Honma, Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2023) 2203441, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203441. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202203441
30. [30]
  Y. Zhu, R. Xu, Y. Zheng, Y. Chen, J. Yin, J. Xue, B. Zhang, L. Li, G. Zeng, H. Luo, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202502126, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202502126. doi: 10.1002/anie.202502126
31. [31]
  J. Jung, Y. S. Byeon, D. Kim, S. H. Jeong, C. H. Song, E. -J. Lee, S. -M. Oh, M. -S. Park, J. Mater. Chem. A 13 (2025) 1313, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta07513g. doi: 10.1039/d4ta07513g
32. [32]
  N. Yao, F. Liu, A. Shao, R. Xue, Q. Jia, Y. Liu, H. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, et al., Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2408268, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408268. doi: 10.1002/adma.202408268
33. [33]
  L. Feng, J. Guo, C. Sun, X. Xiao, L. Feng, Y. Hao, G. Sun, Z. Tian, T. Li, Y. Li, et al., Small 20 (2024) 2403084, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202403084. doi: 10.1002/smll.202403084
34. [34]
  Y. Xia, A. Chen, K. Wang, Q. Mao, H. Huang, J. Zhang, X. He, Y. Gan, Z. Xiao, W. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 450 (2022) 138382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138382. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.138382
35. [35]
  B. Zhu, W. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y. Lai, J. Zheng, N. Wen, Z. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2315010, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202315010. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202315010
36. [36]
  S. Ramakrishnan, B. Park, J. Wu, W. Yang, B. D. McCloskey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020) 8522, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02859. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c02859
37. [37]
  N. Wen, J. Li, B. Zhu, J. Guo, Z. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 497 (2024) 154536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154536. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.154536
38. [38]
  B. Zhu, N. Wen, J. Wang, Q. Wang, J. Zheng, Z. Zhang, Chem. Sci. 15 (2024) 12879, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4sc03052d. doi: 10.1039/d4sc03052d
39. [39]
  X. Wang, D. Ren, H. Liang, Y. Song, H. Huo, A. Wang, Y. Gao, J. Liu, Y. Gao, L. Wang, X. He, Energy Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee04109j. doi: 10.1039/d2ee04109j
40. [40]
  Y. Wu, R. Xu, Z. Xiao, Z. Wang, R. Zheng, Z. Song, Y. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2423478, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202423478. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202423478
41. [41]
  S. S. Zhang, Energy Stor. Mater. 24 (2020) 247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.013. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.013
42. [42]
  L. Niu, M. Wu, Y. Zhang, C. Gao, X. Li, H. Ding, N. He, P. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Yan, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 498 (2024) 155242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155242. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.155242
43. [43]
  L. Li, Y. Hu, J. Liu, Y. Deng, G. Chen, Chem. Eng. J. 503 (2025) 158439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158439. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.158439
44. [44]
  B. P. Thapaliya, A. Y. Borisevich, H. M. Meyer, X. G. Sun, C. A. Bridges, S. Dai, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2022) 2201600, https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202201600. doi: 10.1002/admi.202201600
45. [45]
  J. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, C. Li, J. Chen, Y. Ren, Materials 11 (2018) 1256, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071256. doi: 10.3390/ma11071256
46. [46]
  Y. Chu, Y. Mu, L. Zou, Y. Hu, J. Cheng, B. Wu, M. Han, S. Xi, Q. Zhang, L. Zeng, Adv. Mater. 35 (2023) 2212308, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202212308. doi: 10.1002/adma.202212308
47. [47]
  M. Sun, Z. Wang, J. Ni, L. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (2020) 1910043, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910043. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201910043
48. [48]
  J. Ni, Y. Zhao, J. Chen, L. Gao, L. Lu, Electrochem. Commun. 44 (2014) 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.04.004. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.04.004
1. [1]
  Siyu Zhang , Kunhong Gu , Bing'an Lu , Junwei Han , Jiang Zhou . Hydrometallurgical Processes on Recycling of Spent Lithium-lon Battery Cathode: Advances and Applications in Sustainable Technologies. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2309028-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202309028
2. [2]
  Rongrong Wang , Chen Li , Xiang Ren , Keliang Zhang , Yu Sun , Xianzhong Sun , Kai Wang , Xiong Zhang , Yanwei Ma . Recent advances and challenges of eco-friendly Ni-rich cathode slurry systems in lithium-ion batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(4): 100222-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100222
3. [3]
  Qingtang ZHANG , Xiaoyu WU , Zheng WANG , Xiaomei WANG . Performance of nano Li₂FeSiO₄/C cathode material co-doped by potassium and chlorine ions. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1689-1696. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240115
4. [4]
  Junke LIU , Kungui ZHENG , Wenjing SUN , Gaoyang BAI , Guodong BAI , Zuwei YIN , Yao ZHOU , Juntao LI . Preparation of modified high-nickel layered cathode with LiAlO₂/cyclopolyacrylonitrile dual-functional coating. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1461-1473. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240189
5. [5]
  Liangliang Song , Haoyan Liang , Shunqing Li , Bao Qiu , Zhaoping Liu . Challenges and strategies on high-manganese Li-rich layered oxide cathodes for ultrahigh-energy-density batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(8): 100085-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100085
6. [6]
  Xinpeng LIU , Liuyang ZHAO , Hongyi LI , Yatu CHEN , Aimin WU , Aikui LI , Hao HUANG . Ga₂O₃ coated modification and electrochemical performance of Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ cathode material. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1105-1113. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230488
7. [7]
  Yifeng Xu , Jiquan Liu , Bin Cui , Yan Li , Gang Xie , Ying Yang . “Xiao Li’s School Adventures: The Working Principles and Safety Risks of Lithium-ion Batteries”. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 259-265. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404009
8. [8]
  Xintong Zhu , Bin Cao , Chong Yan , Cheng Tang , Aibing Chen , Qiang Zhang . Advances in coating strategies for graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(9): 100096-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100096
9. [9]
  Jingshuo Zhang , Yue Zhai , Ziyun Zhao , Jiaxing He , Wei Wei , Jing Xiao , Shichao Wu , Quan-Hong Yang . Research Progress of Functional Binders in Silicon-Based Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(6): 2306006-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202306006
10. [10]
  Wen Tang , Luyu Sui , Qian Chen , Jun Shao , Xinwen Peng , Jianwen Jiang , Shuiliang Chen . Project-based Teaching of “the Condensed State of Polymers”: Unveiling the Lithium-Ion Battery Separator. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(11): 115-126. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412108
11. [11]
  Qi Li , Pingan Li , Zetong Liu , Jiahui Zhang , Hao Zhang , Weilai Yu , Xianluo Hu . Fabricating Micro/Nanostructured Separators and Electrode Materials by Coaxial Electrospinning for Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2311030-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311030
12. [12]
  Chenyue Huang , Hongfei Zheng , Ning Qin , Canpei Wang , Liguang Wang , Jun Lu . Single-Crystal Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials: Challenges and Strategies. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(9): 2308051-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202308051
13. [13]
  Ying Li , Yushen Zhao , Kai Chen , Xu Liu , Tingfeng Yi , Li-Feng Chen . Rational Design of Cross-Linked N-Doped C-Sn Nanofibers as Free-Standing Electrodes towards High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(3): 2305007-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202305007
14. [14]
  Aoyu Huang , Jun Xu , Yu Huang , Gui Chu , Mao Wang , Lili Wang , Yongqi Sun , Zhen Jiang , Xiaobo Zhu . Tailoring Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces via a Simple Slurry Additive for Stable High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(4): 100037-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202408007
15. [15]
  Tingliang MAO , Zhong WANG , Wenquan JIANG , Hao WAN , Chaojian XING , Xu WU , Rong ZHANG , Zhimin REN , Yanping YIN , Ning LI , Guohua LI , Xiaohe LIU . Research progress on synthesis technology for lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2026, 42(4): 668-692. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250319
16. [16]
  Hengyi ZHU , Liyun JU , Haoyue ZHANG , Jiaxin DU , Yutong XIE , Li SONG , Yachao JIN , Mingdao ZHANG . Efficient regeneration of waste LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathode toward high-performance Li-ion battery. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(4): 625-638. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240358
17. [17]
  Xueyu Lin , Ruiqi Wang , Wujie Dong , Fuqiang Huang . Rational Design of Bimetallic Oxide Anodes for Superior Li⁺ Storage. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(3): 100021-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311005
18. [18]
  Yuting ZHANG , Zunyi LIU , Ning LI , Dongqiang ZHANG , Shiling ZHAO , Yu ZHAO . Nickel vanadate anode material with high specific surface area through improved co-precipitation method: Preparation and electrochemical properties. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(11): 2163-2174. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240204
19. [19]
  Yuanchao LI , Weifeng HUANG , Pengchao LIANG , Zifang ZHAO , Baoyan XING , Dongliang YAN , Li YANG , Songlin WANG . Effect of heterogeneous dual carbon sources on electrochemical properties of LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C composites. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 751-760. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230252
20. [20]
  Zhenming Xu , Mingbo Zheng , Zhenhui Liu , Duo Chen , Qingsheng Liu . Experimental Design of Project-Driven Teaching in Computational Materials Science: First-Principles Calculations of the LiFePO₄ Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 140-148. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202307022

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(678)
HTML views(104)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Three birds with one stone: modification of Li5FeO4 with thermal induction of Lewis acid

Metrics

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Three birds with one stone: modification of Li₅FeO₄ with thermal induction of Lewis acid