Citation: Ling Zhou, Long Li, Liwen Huang, Yan Wu. Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(3): 100172. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100172 shu

Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst

Ling Zhou ¹ ,
Long Li ¹ ,
Liwen Huang ^2,, ,
Yan Wu ^1,,

1.
Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, Hubei Province, China;
2.
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, Hubei Province, China

Corresponding author: Liwen Huang, Yan Wu,
Received Date: 15 July 2025
Revised Date: 20 August 2025
Accepted Date: 24 August 2025

Solar-driven oxygen reduction for H₂O₂ production offers a green, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional industrial anthraquinone process and direct H₂/O₂ synthesis. In this study, through targeted crystal facet engineering, a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) was selectively anchored onto the (010) facet of BiVO₄, forming an S-scheme heterojunction where the HOF is the reducing side and oxygen reduction occurs to produce H₂O₂. This configuration significantly enhanced the H₂O₂ yield to 555 μmol g^-1 h^-1, representing a ~37% improvement compared to randomly contacted HOF/BiVO₄ systems. In situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) revealed the formation of an intrinsic electric field between the (110) and (010) facets of pristine BiVO₄, with the (010) facet becoming electron-rich under illumination. Further investigation of the HOF/BiVO₄ (010) material, where HOF is directionally anchored to the (010) facet of BiVO₄, demonstrated the establishment of an additional built-in electric field between the two components. Thus, we propose a novel HOF/BiVO₄(010) photocatalytic material featuring dual built-in electric fields in the heterojunctions, which significantly promote the dual directed charge transfer in the different facets of single crystal BiVO₄ and the interface of the S-scheme heterojunction. In situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the S-scheme heterojunction electron transfer mechanism. By introducing electron scavengers and hole trappers, we conclusively verified that the heterojunction-mediated photocatalytic process follows a two-electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) pathway. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy detected the presence of superoxide radicals (∙O₂^-), indicating that the ORR proceeds via an indirect two-electron transfer mechanism. The synergistic effects of the dual built-in electric fields, S-scheme heterojunction structure, and two-electron ORR pathway collectively contribute to the superior photocatalytic performance of this system.
- S-scheme heterojunction,
- Dual built-in electric fields,
- Hydrogen-bonded organic framework,
- BiVO₄,
- Two-electron ORR
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Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst