Citation: Rohit Kumar, Anita Sudhaik, Aftab Asalam Pawaz Khan, Van Huy Neguyen, Archana Singh, Pardeep Singh, Sourbh Thakur, Pankaj Raizada. Designing tandem S-scheme photo-catalytic systems: Mechanistic insights, characterization techniques, and applications[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2025, 41(11): 100150. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100150 shu

Designing tandem S-scheme photo-catalytic systems: Mechanistic insights, characterization techniques, and applications

1.
School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP 173229, India
2.
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3.
Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Kanchipuram District, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
4.
Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, MP, India
5.
Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Pardeep Singh, pardeepchem@gmail.com Pankaj Raizada, pankajchem1@gmail.com
Received Date: 18 June 2025
Revised Date: 4 August 2025
Accepted Date: 6 August 2025

Tandem S-scheme heterojunctions have emerged as a highly promising innovation in photocatalysis, offering an effective solution for environmental remediation. Unlike traditional Z-scheme or type-Ⅱ photocatalysts, the S-scheme architecture selectively retains high-energy photocarriers that actively participate in redox reactions. This unique mechanism enhances charge separation, strengthens internal electric fields, and enhance light absorption. However, the single junction of S-scheme suffers from low quantum efficiency. Therefore, engineering a multicomponent system with S-scheme effectively improve the photocatalytic properties. Tandem S-scheme systems consist of multiple semiconductors/materials with staggered energy band positions to create a stepwise or directional charge transferal mechanism. This stepwise potential gradient is responsible for more enhanced charge separation, light absorption, redox ability, stability, and overall photocatalytic activity. This article provides an in-depth overview of the principles governing tandem S-scheme heterojunctions, discussing the design of tandem S-scheme heterojunctions through semiconductor pairing, co-catalyst addition, and mediator inclusion for maximum charge mobility and minimum recombination. The various synthesis pathways are explored along with the kinetics and thermodynamics of tandem S-scheme heterojunction. A range of advanced characterization tools, including density functional theory (DFT) simulations, in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), photoluminescence (PL), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies are discussed, which together offer valuable insight into electronic behaviours and interfacial dynamics. Applications of these heterojunctions are discussed across major domains such as carbon dioxide reduction, H₂ evolution, and degradation of organic pollutants. While the potential is clear, challenges such as complex synthesis procedures, material stability, and scalability still need to be addressed. To overcome the limitations, the article suggests future research paths. Overall, tandem S-scheme heterojunctions stand out as an excellent approach for building efficient and sustainable photocatalytic technologies.
- Tandem S-scheme heterojunction,
- CO₂ reduction,
- Energy production,
- Water splitting,
- DFT
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