采用原位聚合法制备了氯氧化铋(BiOCl)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合的Ⅱ型异质结光催化剂BiOCl/PANI，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附测试等多种技术手段对其进行了表征，考察了BiOCl/PANI在模拟可见光下对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明：BiOCl/PANI催化剂比PANI和BiOCl具有更高的光催化活性，在RhB质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、PANI与BiOCl的物质的量之比为0.02∶1、50 mg·L^-1的催化剂条件下，所制备的BiOCl/PANI光催化150 min后，RhB降解率为98.8%，速率常数为0.031 min^-1；经过4次循环实验后，RhB降解率从98.8%降低至98.4%，表现出良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。光催化剂BiOCl/PANI实现了电子和空穴对的快速分离，降低了二者在催化剂内部的复合速率，提高了光催化性能。

仪器分析实验“分子荧光法测定罗丹明B的含量”存在实验过于简单、未考虑实际情况等问题。因此，本改进实验在三维荧光扫描模式下获取样本数据，不进行复杂预处理，而是运用化学计量学算法解析出目标分析物的纯信号，进而实现了染色辣椒中罗丹明6G和123的同时测定。本改进实验提高了学生全面考虑问题和创新解决问题的能力。

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe₃O₄. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range, promoting their photocatalytic properties. Under visible light irradiation, CdS/Fe₃O₄ (2:5) with a mass ratio of 2:5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation rate of 98.8% for rhodamine B. Furthermore, after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation reaction, the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%, indicating that the photocatalysts have good photocatalytic stability.

A flower-like BiOBr photocatalyst (CS/BiOBr) was prepared by using the carbon material derived from corn straw (CS) as the carrier. The prepared composites were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FIIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS). The SEM analyses indicate that the introduction of CS promotes the formation of a unique flower-like structure in BiOBr, which not only optimizes the efficiency of light capture but also increases the specific surface area of BiOBr. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the pure BiOBr. The CS/BiOBr composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure CS and BiOBr under visible light irradiation, and a higher first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.043 7 min^-1 than BiOBr (0.014 6 min^-1), and exhibited excellent stability and reusability during the cyclic run. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and holes were the major active species.

采用一步溶剂热法在泡沫镍(NF)基底上原位生长Cu/α-FeOOH纳米复合材料，制备了自支撑Cu/α-FeOOH/NF催化剂。相比于α-FeOOH/NF催化剂，Cu的引入为α-FeOOH的生长提供了更多的附着点，使得催化剂表面更加粗糙，并增大了催化剂与反应物的接触面积。Cu和无定形的α-FeOOH之间存在晶态和非晶态的异质界面，改变了催化剂的电子结构，促进电子从Ni、Fe向Cu转移，从而显著增强了催化剂对甲醇的吸附和氧化。电化学测试表明，Cu/α-FeOOH/NF催化剂具有优异的甲醇氧化反应(MOR)和析氢反应(HER)性能。在Cu/α-FeOOH/NF催化剂同时作为阴极、阳极的Cu/α-FeOOH/NF||Cu/α-FeOOH/NF HER-MOR耦合电解水系统中，达到10 mA·cm^-2电流密度所需的电压比直接全水解系统降低了125 mV，且在较大电压(2.4 V)下能够稳定反应96 h。此外，阳极MOR产生了价值更高的甲酸盐，1.80 V下生成甲酸盐的法拉第效率高达97%。

In this study, a self-calibrating near-infrared fluorescence probe was designed and synthesized based on the dual-fluorophore strategy utilizing methylene blue and coumarin. The probe utilized methylene blue (emission spectrum range: 640-740 nm) and coumarin fluorophore (emission spectrum range: 440-600 nm) as signal output units, thereby achieving effective spectral separation and highly selective detection of HClO. Under physiological pH conditions, HClO triggers an oxidation-cleavage reaction, releasing methylene blue and coumarin, which emit distinct red and green fluorescence, respectively. This dualemission feature enabled rapid HClO detection with two-channel detection limits of 25.13 nmol·L^-1 (green channel) and 31.55 nmol·L^-1 (red channel). Furthermore, in cell imaging experiments, this probe demonstrated excellent cell membrane permeability and low cytotoxicity, successfully enabling the monitoring of both endogenous and exogenous HClO in living cells. By incorporating a two-channel self-calibration system, the probe effectively mitigated signal variations caused by instrumental or environmental interference, substantially improving detection sensitivity and reliability.

以过硫酸铵引发吡咯单体原位聚合形成的三维多孔气凝胶为载体，以二茂铁为金属前驱体，在氩气气氛下通过高温热解法制备出系列不同铁负载量的Fe/N/C催化剂。结果表明，基于气凝胶载体制备的催化剂在酸性介质中展现出优异的氧还原反应(ORR)活性及稳定性。当二茂铁载量为12 mg时制得的催化剂性能最佳，其半波电位达0.691 V(vs RHE)，平均电子转移数为3.97，表明反应过程接近理想的四电子路径。另外，该催化剂经10 000圈循环伏安测试后，半波电位仅衰减11 mV，展现出较好的电化学耐久性。

培养能够开展科学仪器原理创新、设计制造、应用开发的高端人才已成为建设人才强国、科技强国的必然要求。本案例在本科实验中引入我国科学家自主研制的教学质谱仪，采用学生亲自动手拆装、调试及应用的方式，深化学生对质谱仪工作原理、构造和相关分析方法的认识，破除对“高端仪器”的神秘感和畏难情绪，激发学生研制科学仪器的兴趣，培养敢于挑战自我、勇于自主创新的意志品质，坚定科技报国、服务国家的家国情怀。

本实验通过碳布担载PtBi自支撑电极的制备、表征及电氧化应用，促进“科教融合”，实现创新型人才培养。通过该实验，学生既能更好地理解物理化学中电化学装置和能量转化的内容以及催化剂性能评价指标，激发学生的科研兴趣，又能掌握纳米材料的制备、表征、电化学测试等基本实验技能，培养学生的科学素养，提高学生利用电化学及动力学内容分析性能数据、理解电氧化反应过程及电极过程的能力。

为了提高碳材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的比容量，将氮掺杂的碳纤维与高容量的Sn进行复合。通过静电纺丝及低温碳化制备了均匀镶嵌Sn纳米颗粒的氮掺杂碳纳米纤维(C-Sn)复合膜。该复合膜直接用作自支撑锂离子电池负极时表现出较好的电化学性能，Sn的引入显著提高了碳纳米纤维膜的电化学性能。碳均匀包覆Sn后形成的纤维结构可以促进离子电子的传导，并能有效缓冲Sn纳米粒子在循环过程中的体积变化，从而有效抑制粉化与团聚。Sn含量约为25.6%的C-Sn-2电极具有最高的比容量和更优异的倍率性能。电化学测试结果表明，在2 A∙g⁻¹的电流密度下，充放电循环1000圈后充电(放电)比容量为412.7 (413.5) mAh∙g⁻¹。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明，N掺杂非晶碳与锂具有良好的亲和性，有利于将合金化反应之后形成的Sn_xLi_y合金锚定在碳表面，进而缓解了充放电过程中的Sn的体积变化。本文为高性能储锂材料的设计提供了一种切实可行的策略。