Citation: Song Xuexi, Li Jicheng, Li Zhaohui, Li Xifei, Ding Yanhuai, Xiao Qizhen, Lei Gangtie. Effect of K-Doping on the Sodium-storage Performance of Sodium Vanadate Nanoplates[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, ;2019, 77(7): 625-633. doi: 10.6023/A19010040 shu

Effect of K-Doping on the Sodium-storage Performance of Sodium Vanadate Nanoplates

Song Xuexi ^a,b ,
Li Jicheng ^a ,
Li Zhaohui ^a,, ,
Li Xifei ^b,, ,
Ding Yanhuai ³ ,
Xiao Qizhen ^a ,
Lei Gangtie ^a

a.
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105
b.
Institute of Advanced Electrochemical Energy, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048
c.
College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105

Corresponding author: Li Zhaohui, lzh69@xtu.edu.cn Li Xifei, xfli2011@hotmail.com
Received Date: 23 January 2019
Available Online: 1 July 2019
Fund Project: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51572194, 51672189), and the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 2018JJ2386, 2018JJ2393)the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51672189the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51572194the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation 2018JJ2393the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation 2018JJ2386

Figures(6)

Na-ion batteries with lower cost than Li-ion batteries would be developed to large-scale energy-storage device to store solar and wind energies. However, large radius renders Na⁺ ions to insert into/extract out the layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) sluggishly. To improve the intercalation dynamics of Na⁺ ions, the interlayer spacing of crystals has to be expanded for those LTMOs that are capable of fast lithiation and delithiation. Herein, a LTMO based on vanadium is firstly doped with larger K⁺ ions to expand the interlayer spacing to yield K⁺-doped sodium vanadate (Na₅K_xV₁₂O₃₂) cathode material by a hydrothermal method at 200℃ for 24 h followed by calcination at 500℃ for 3 h. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM)/transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies. Effect of the doping amount of K⁺ on the structure and sodium-storage performance of the sample was studied in detail. The synthesized materials display nanoplate morphology viewing from the TEM images. K⁺ ions are doped into the interlayer of the sodium vanadate crystallites, which is proved by analysis of the XRD patterns and XPS spectra. Expanded interlayer spacing favors Na⁺ ions' intercalation and deintercalation between the[V₃O₈]^- layers, which is testified by the chemical diffusion coefficient of cathodes, thus enhancing the rate capability. On the other hand, the chemically pre-intercalated K⁺ ions are pinned in the crystallites during insertion and extraction of Na⁺ ions and act as pillars to stabilize the layered structure, improving the cycliability of the cathode. However, excessive doping of K⁺ leads to a discounted rate capability of the cathode, suggesting an optimized amount of K⁺ doping into the crystal. The results from galvanostatic charge-discharge tests indicate that the obtained NVO(3K) sample, in which 0.118 mol of K⁺ ions are doped into per mol of Na₅V₁₂O₃₂, presents the best electrochemical performance among the various samples. It can deliver the maximum capacities of 169, 160, 148, 132, 98 and 69 mAh·g^-1 at the rates of 0.1C, 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C and 10C after activated for several times over the voltage window of 4.0~1.5 V (vs. Na⁺/Na), respectively. Even run at 3C rate, it can retain 93.0% of the maximum capacity after 1000 cycles, exhibiting excellent rate capability and stable cycliability. The results suggest that doping of K⁺ ions into the interlayer of crystallites can significantly improving the rate capability as well as cycling performance of the obtained Na₅V₁₂O₃₂. Our investigation demonstrates that design of K⁺-doped sodium vanadate cathode materials is beneficial for harvesting superior performance, of which the Na₅K_0.118V₁₂O₃₂ nanoplates can be developed into a novel cathode material for sodium-ion batteries in the future.
- sodium-ion battery,
- Na₅V₁₂O₃₂,
- cation doping,
- cathode material,
- electrochemical performance
1. [1]
  Xiang, X. D.; Lu, Y. Y.; Chen, J. Acta Chim. Sinica 2017, 75, 154(in Chinese).
2. [2]
  Yabuuchi, N.; Kubota, K.; Dahbi, M.; Komaba, S. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11636. doi: 10.1021/cr500192f
3. [3]
  Ni, J. F.; Fu, S.; Yuan, Y. F.; Ma, L.; Jiang, Y.; Li, L.; Lu, J. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704337. doi: 10.1002/adma.201704337
4. [4]
  Chen, J.; Li, L.; Wu, L.; Yao, Q.; Yang, H.; Liu, Z.; Xia, L.; Chen, Z.; Duan, J.; Zhong, S. J. Power Sources 2018, 406, 110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.10.058
5. [5]
  Bai, Q.; Yang, L. F.; Chen, H. L.; Mo, Y. F. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702998. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702998
6. [6]
  Fang, Y. J.; Chen, Z. X.; Ai, X. P.; Yang, H. X.; Cao, Y. L. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2017, 33, 211(in Chinese). doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201610111
7. [7]
  Lu, Y. X.; Zhao, C. L.; Rong, X. H.; Chen, L. Q.; Hu, Y. S. Acta Phys. Sin. 2018, 67, 120601(in Chinese).
8. [8]
  Rong, X. H.; Liu, J.; Hu, E. Y.; Liu, Y. J.; Wang, Y.; Wu, J. P.; Yu, X. Q.; Page, K. A.; Hu, Y. S.; Yang, W. L.; Li, H.; Yang, X. Q.; Chen, L. Q.; Huang, X. J. Joule 2018, 2, 125. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.008
9. [9]
  Wang, W. J.; Zhu, W. H.; Zhang, Y. J.; Liu, Y. J.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, L. Chin. J. Chem. 2018, 36, 866. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.v36.9
10. [10]
  Wang, L.; Yang, G. R.; Wang, J. N.; Wang, S. L.; Peng, S. J.; Yan, W. Acta Chim. Sinica 2018, 76, 666(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-2409.2018.06.004
11. [11]
  Li, P.; Liu, J.; Sun, W.; Tao, Z.; Chen, J. Acta Chim. Sinica 2018, 76, 286(in Chinese). doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201708172
12. [12]
  Cao, X. Y.; Yang, Q.; Zhu, L. M.; Xie, L. L. Ionics 2018, 24, 1. doi: 10.1007/s11581-017-2338-9
13. [13]
  Lu, Y. K.; Wu, J.; Liu, J.; Lei, M.; Tang, S. S.; Lu, P. J.; Yang, L. Y.; Yang, H. R.; Yang, Q. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 17433. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b04827
14. [14]
  Cai, Y.; Zhou, J.; Fang, G.; Cai, G.; Pan, A.; Liang, S. J. Power Sources 2016, 328, 241. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.016
15. [15]
  Cai, Y. S.; Zhou, J.; Fang, G. Z.; Cai, G. M.; Pan, A. Q.; Liang, S. Q. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 29481. doi: 10.1039/C7RA04388K
16. [16]
  Kang, H. Y.; Liu, Y. C.; Shang, M. H.; Lu, T. Y.; Wang, Y. J.; Jiao, L. F. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 9261. doi: 10.1039/C5NR02064F
17. [17]
  Lu, Y. K.; Su, N.; Cheng, L. Z.; Liu, J.; Yang, L. Y.; Yang, H. R.; Yang, Q.; Li, S.; Min, J.; Lei, M. Mater. Lett. 2016, 183, 346. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.07.128
18. [18]
  Mei, P.; Wu, X. L.; Xie, H. M. Sun, L. Q.; Zeng, Y. P.; Zhang, J. P.; Tai, L. H.; Guo, X.; Cong, L.; Ma, S. C.; Yao, C.; Wang, R. C. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 25494. doi: 10.1039/C4RA02269F
19. [19]
  Sun, D.; Xu, G. Q.; Wang, H. Y.; Zeng, X. G.; Ma, Y.; Tang, Y. G.; Liu, Y. N.; Pan, Y. F. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 157, 211. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.081
20. [20]
  Hu, P.; Zhu, T.; Wang, X. P.; Wei, X. J.; Yan, M. Y.; Li, J. T.; Luo, W.; Yang, W.; Zhang, W. C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, Z. Q.; Mai, L. Q. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 1758. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04889
21. [21]
  Avansi, W.; Maia, L. J. Q.; Mourão, H. A. J. L.; Ribeiro, C. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 731, 1119. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.121
22. [22]
  Cao, L. F.; Chen, L.; Huang, Z.; Kuang, Y.; Zhou, H.; Chen, Z. ChemElectroChem 2016, 3, 122. doi: 10.1002/celc.v3.1
23. [23]
  Dong, Y. F.; Li, S.; Zhao, K. N.; Han, C. H.; Chen, W.; Wang, B. L.; Wang, L.; Xu, B.; Wei, Q. L.; Zhang, L.; Xu, X.; Mai, L. Q. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1267. doi: 10.1039/C5EE00036J
24. [24]
  Yuan, S.; Liu, Y. B.; Xu, D.; Ma, D. L.; Wang, S.; Yang, X. H.; Cao, Z. Y.; Zhang, X. B. Adv. Sci. 2015, 2, 1400018. doi: 10.1002/advs.201400018
25. [25]
  Cai, Y. S.; Liu, F.; Luo, Z. G.; Fang, G. Z.; Zhou, J.; Pan, A. Q.; Liang, S. Q. Energy Storage Materials 2018, 13, 168. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.01.009
26. [26]
  Takeda, T.; Taniki, R.; Masuda, A.; Honma, I.; Akutagawa, T. J. Power Sources 2016, 328, 228. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.022
27. [27]
  Radwan, A.; Liu, Y. L.; Qi, Y. Y.; Jin, W.; Nguyen, V. T.; Yang, X.; Yang, S.; Chen, W. Mater. Res. Bull. 2018, 97, 24. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.08.047
28. [28]
  Zhao, Y.; Wang, L. P.; Sougrati, M. T.; Feng, Z. X.; Leconte, Y.; Fisher, A.; Srinivasan, M.; Xu, Z. C. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601424. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201601424
29. [29]
  Wang, F. X.; Wu, X. W.; Li, C. Y.; Zhu, Y. S.; Fu, L. Y.; Wu, Y. P.; Liu, X. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 3570. doi: 10.1039/C6EE02070D
30. [30]
  Wan, F.; Zhang, L. L.; Dai, X.; Wang, X. Y.; Niu, Z. Q.; Chen, J. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1656. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04060-8
31. [31]
  Li, F.; Zhou, Z. Small 2018, 14, 1702961. doi: 10.1002/smll.v14.6
32. [32]
  Wang, L.; Sun, Y. G.; Hu, L. L.; Piao, J. Y.; Guo, J.; Manthiram, A.; Ma, J.; Cao, A. M. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 8752. doi: 10.1039/C7TA00880E
33. [33]
  Guo, X.; Fang, G. Z.; Zhang, W. Y.; Zhou, J.; Shan, L. T.; Wang, L. B.; Wang, C.; Lin, T. Q.; Tang, Y.; Liang, S. Q. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1801819. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v8.27
34. [34]
  Xiao, F.; Song, X.; Li, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, L.; Lei, G.; Xiao, Q.; Hu, Z.; Ding, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 17432. doi: 10.1039/C7TA02761C
35. [35]
  Liu, L.; Qi, X.; Hu, Y.; Chen, L.; Huang, X. Acta Chim. Sinica 2017, 75, 218(in Chinese).
36. [36]
  Rozier, P.; Galy, J. J. Solid State Chem. 1997, 134, 294. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1997.7559
37. [37]
  Hartung, S.; Bucher, N.; Franklin, J. B.; Wise, A. M.; Lim, L. Y.; Chen, H.-Y.; Weker, J. N.; Michel-Beyerle, M.-E.; Toney, M. F.; Srinivasan, M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502336. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502336
38. [38]
  Kumagai, N.; Yu, A.; West, K. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1997, 27, 953. doi: 10.1023/A:1018457820021
39. [39]
  Song, H. Q.; Liu, C. F.; Zhang, C. K.; Cao, G. Z. Nano Energy 2016, 22, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.004
40. [40]
  Uchaker, E.; Jin, H. G.; Yi, P.; Cao, G. Z. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 7082. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02935
41. [41]
  Song, X.; Li, J.; Li, Z.; Xiao, Q.; Lei, G.; Hu, Z.; Ding, Y.; Sari, H. M. K.; Li, X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 10631. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b20494
42. [42]
  Peng, C.; Xiao, F.; Yang, J.; Li, Z.; Lei, G.; Xiao, Q.; Ding, Y.; Hu, Z. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 192, 216. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.195
43. [43]
  He, H.; Jin, G.; Wang, H.; Huang, X.; Chen, Z.; Sun, D.; Tang, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 3563. doi: 10.1039/c3ta14486k
44. [44]
  Ko, Y. W.; Teh, P. F.; Pramana, S. S.; Wong, C. L.; Su, T.; Li, L.; Madhavi, S. ChemElectroChem 2015, 2, 837. doi: 10.1002/celc.v2.6
45. [45]
  Haynes, W. M. CRC-Handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics (97th Edition), 2016~2017, CRC Press.
46. [46]
  Yao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Castro, F. A.; Mai, L. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 771. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02555
47. [47]
  Meng, J.; Liu, Z.; Niu, C.; Xu, X.; Liu, X.; Zhang, G.; Wang, X.; Huang, M.; Yu, Y.; Mai, L. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 4893. doi: 10.1039/C6TA00556J
48. [48]
  Thamodaran, P.; Kesavan, T.; Vivekanantha, M.; Senthilkumar, B.; Barpanda, P.; Sasidharan, M. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 852. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01915
49. [49]
  Zhou, Y. N.; Ma, J.; Hu, E.; Yu, X.; Gu, L.; Nam, K. W.; Chen, L.; Wang, Z.; Yang, X. Q. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5381. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6381
50. [50]
  Wei, Q. L.; Jiang, Z. Y.; Tan, S. S.; Li, Q. D.; Huang, L.; Yan, M. Y.; Zhou, L.; An, Q. Y.; Mai, L. Q. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 18211. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b06154
51. [51]
  Clites, M.; Pomerantseva, E. Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 11, 30. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2017.09.005
52. [52]
  Duan, J.; Zhu, C.; Du, Y.; Wu, Y.; Chen, Z. J. Mater. Sci. 2017, 52, 10470.
1. [1]
  Yuyao Wang , Zhitao Cao , Zeyu Du , Xinxin Cao , Shuquan Liang . Research Progress of Iron-based Polyanionic Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(4): 100035-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406014
2. [2]
  Jianbao Mei , Bei Li , Shu Zhang , Dongdong Xiao , Pu Hu , Geng Zhang . Enhanced Performance of Ternary NASICON-Type Na_3.5-xMn_0.5V_1.5-xZr_x(PO₄)₃/C Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2407023-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202407023
3. [3]
  Qingtang ZHANG , Xiaoyu WU , Zheng WANG , Xiaomei WANG . Performance of nano Li₂FeSiO₄/C cathode material co-doped by potassium and chlorine ions. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1689-1696. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240115
4. [4]
  Zhuo Wang , Xue Bai , Kexin Zhang , Hongzhi Wang , Jiabao Dong , Yuan Gao , Bin Zhao . MOF模板法合成氮掺杂碳材料用于增强电化学钠离子储存和去除. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(3): 2405002-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202405002
5. [5]
  Pengyang FAN , Shan FAN , Qinjin DAI , Xiaoying ZHENG , Wei DONG , Mengxue WANG , Xiaoxiao HUANG , Yong ZHANG . Preparation and performance of rich 1T-MoS₂ nanosheets for high-performance aqueous zinc ion battery cathode materials. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(4): 675-682. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240339
6. [6]
  Yu Guo , Zhiwei Huang , Yuqing Hu , Junzhe Li , Jie Xu . 钠离子电池中铁基异质结构负极材料的最新研究进展. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(3): 2311015-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311015
7. [7]
  Xiangyu CAO , Jiaying ZHANG , Yun FENG , Linkun SHEN , Xiuling ZHANG , Juanzhi YAN . Synthesis and electrochemical properties of bimetallic-doped porous carbon cathode material. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(3): 509-520. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240270
8. [8]
  Yuting ZHANG , Zunyi LIU , Ning LI , Dongqiang ZHANG , Shiling ZHAO , Yu ZHAO . Nickel vanadate anode material with high specific surface area through improved co-precipitation method: Preparation and electrochemical properties. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(11): 2163-2174. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240204
9. [9]
  Xinpeng LIU , Liuyang ZHAO , Hongyi LI , Yatu CHEN , Aimin WU , Aikui LI , Hao HUANG . Ga₂O₃ coated modification and electrochemical performance of Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ cathode material. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1105-1113. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230488
10. [10]
  Qi Li , Pingan Li , Zetong Liu , Jiahui Zhang , Hao Zhang , Weilai Yu , Xianluo Hu . Fabricating Micro/Nanostructured Separators and Electrode Materials by Coaxial Electrospinning for Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2311030-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311030
11. [11]
  Jiahong ZHENG , Jiajun SHEN , Xin BAI . Preparation and electrochemical properties of nickel foam loaded NiMoO₄/NiMoS₄ composites. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 581-590. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230253
12. [12]
  Yuanchao LI , Weifeng HUANG , Pengchao LIANG , Zifang ZHAO , Baoyan XING , Dongliang YAN , Li YANG , Songlin WANG . Effect of heterogeneous dual carbon sources on electrochemical properties of LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C composites. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 751-760. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230252
13. [13]
  Xiaoning TANG , Shu XIA , Jie LEI , Xingfu YANG , Qiuyang LUO , Junnan LIU , An XUE . Fluorine-doped MnO₂ with oxygen vacancy for stabilizing Zn-ion batteries. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1671-1678. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240149
14. [14]
  Kun Xu , Xinxin Song , Zhilei Yin , Jian Yang , Qisheng Song . Comprehensive Experimental Design of Preferential Orientation of Zinc Metal by Heat Treatment for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 192-197. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309050
15. [15]
  Zhuo WANG , Xiaotong LI , Zhipeng HU , Junqiao PAN . Three-dimensional porous carbon decorated with nano bismuth particles: Preparation and sodium storage properties. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 267-274. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240223
16. [16]
  Zhicheng JU , Wenxuan FU , Baoyan WANG , Ao LUO , Jiangmin JIANG , Yueli SHI , Yongli CUI . MOF-derived nickel-cobalt bimetallic sulfide microspheres coated by carbon: Preparation and long cycling performance for sodium storage. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(4): 661-674. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240363
17. [17]
  Xiaotian ZHU , Fangding HUANG , Wenchang ZHU , Jianqing ZHAO . Layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries: Surface and interface modification and suppressed gas generation effect. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 254-266. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240260
18. [18]
  Doudou Qin , Junyang Ding , Chu Liang , Qian Liu , Ligang Feng , Yang Luo , Guangzhi Hu , Jun Luo , Xijun Liu . Addressing Challenges and Enhancing Performance of Manganese-based Cathode Materials in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2310034-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202310034
19. [19]
  Qinjin DAI , Shan FAN , Pengyang FAN , Xiaoying ZHENG , Wei DONG , Mengxue WANG , Yong ZHANG . Performance of oxygen vacancy-rich V-doped MnO₂ for high-performance aqueous zinc ion battery. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(3): 453-460. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240326
20. [20]
  Qin ZHU , Jiao MA , Zhihui QIAN , Yuxu LUO , Yujiao GUO , Mingwu XIANG , Xiaofang LIU , Ping NING , Junming GUO . Morphological evolution and electrochemical properties of cathode material LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄ single crystal particles. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1549-1562. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240022

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(18)
Abstract views(1532)
HTML views(269)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142