Citation: Xiaojing Tian, Zhichun Huang, Qingsong Zhang, Xu Wang, Ning Yang, Nanping Deng. PNIPAm Thermo-Responsive Nanofibers Mats: Morphological Stability and Response Behavior under Cross-Linking[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2024, 40(4): 230403. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202304037 shu

PNIPAm Thermo-Responsive Nanofibers Mats: Morphological Stability and Response Behavior under Cross-Linking

Xiaojing Tian ^1,2 ,
Zhichun Huang ³ ,
Qingsong Zhang ^1,4,, ,
Xu Wang ⁵ ,
Ning Yang ^1,2 ,
Nanping Deng ³

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
2.
State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin 300387, China;
3.
School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
4.
Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai 265706, Shandong Province, China;
5.
Lining(China) Sports Goods, Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China

Corresponding author: Qingsong Zhang, zqs8011@163.com
Received Date: 20 April 2023
Revised Date: 19 June 2023
Accepted Date: 23 June 2023

Fund Project: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52173060), Science and Technology Guidance Projects of China National Textile and Apparel Council (2018034), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022ME095), Fiber Research Foundation of Tiangong University (TGF-21-B5), and Research Plan of Combining Medicine with Engineering of Tiangong University (2021YGJHLX03).

Since 2004, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) cross-linked thermo-responsive nanofibers mats have emerged as a responsive material with a phase transition temperature that can be easily controlled. These mats overcome the limitations, such as a high production cost and slow response rate, of huge traditional PNIPAm hydrogels. They also overcome the poor water resistance of PNIPAm non-cross-linked thermo-responsive nanofibers and, thus, have been widely studied. In 2017, continuous PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers in pure aqueous solvents without beads were fabricated, which began the ecological and water-based era of uniform PNIPAm nanofiber production. In this review, we comprehensively analyzed the effects of physical and chemical cross-linking reaction types, cross-linking degree, cross-linking time, and cross-linking molecular weight on the morphological stability and response behavior of PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats, providing theoretical support for their future cross-linking treatment. Because of their high specific surface area and porosity, PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats are vulnerable to solvent erosion before cross-linking, which damage their morphology and reduce response rates and usage times. Increased water resistance and can be utilized repeatedly, by introducing cross-linking groups to these mats, such as in drug release, cell culture, drivers, and smart switches. Chemical cross-linking are more stable than physical cross-linking and can be divided into crosslinkers, chemical reactive cross-linking, and other cross-linking. The cross-linking networks produced by a cross-linking agent are more robust; however, the resulting nanofibers mats are not applicable to the human body owing to the small, non-degradable harmful molecules, such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (GA). Random 3D networks generated by physical cross-linking are easier to break but relatively safe and pollution-free. The morphological stability and response behavior of PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats are affected by the cross-linking. The cross-linking agent content and the cross-linking time are positively correlated with the morphological stability of PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats. This is conducive to multiple recycling but has little effect on the response rate. Greener and more reliable cross-linking methods should be investigated to realize and expand the practical applications of PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats, with increasing focus on the effect of cross-linking on the mechanical properties of the mats. We hope this review will result in ideas for improving the development and application of PNIPAm thermo-responsive nanofibers mats.
- PNIPAm,
- Nanofibers mat,
- Morphological stability,
- Responsiveness,
- Water resistance
1. [1]
  (1) Wang, C.; Flynn, N. T.; Langer, R. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1074. doi: 10.1002/adma.200306516
2. [2]
  (2) Drury, J. L.; Mooney, D. J. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 4337. doi: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00340-5
3. [3]
  (3) Li, Y.; Zhu, J. D.; Cheng, H.; Li, G. Q.; Cho, H. J.; Jiang, M. J.; Gao, Q.; Zhang, X. W. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2021, 6, 2100410. doi: 10.1002/admt.202100410
4. [4]
  (4) Jiang, S. H.; Chen, Y. M.; Duan, G. G.; Mei, C. T.; Greiner, A.; Agarwal, S. Polym. Chem. 2018, 9, 2685. doi: 10.1039/C8PY00378E
5. [5]
  (5) Luo, C. J.; Stoyanov, S. D.; Stride, E.; Pelan, E.; Edirisinghe, M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 4708. doi: 10.1039/c2cs35083a
6. [6]
  (6) He, C. L.; Kim, S. W.; Lee, D. S. J. Control. Release 2008, 127, 189. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.01.005
7. [7]
  (7) López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J. M. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2012, 13, 200. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.10.012
8. [8]
  (8) Muthiah, P.; Hoppe, S. M.; Boyle, T. G.; Sidmund, W. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2011, 32, 1716. doi: 10.1002/marc.201100373
9. [9]
  (9) Ashraf, S.; Park, H. K.; Park, H.; Lee, S. H. Macromol. Res. 2016, 24, 297. doi: 10.1007/s13233-016-4052-2
10. [10]
  (10) Deka, S. R.; Quarta, A.; Di, C. R.; Riedinger, A.; Cingolani, R.; Pellegrino, T. Nanoscale 2011, 3, 619. doi: 10.1039/c0nr00570c
11. [11]
  (11) Chen, H.; Hsieh, Y. L. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2004, 42, 6331. doi: 10.1002/pola.20461
12. [12]
  (12) Wang, N.; Zhao, Y.; Jiang, L. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 485. doi: 10.1002/marc.200700785
13. [13]
  (13) Rockwood, D. N.; Chase, D. B.; Akins, R, E.; Rabolt, J. F. Polymer 2008, 49, 4025. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.018
14. [14]
  (14) Okuzaki, H.; Kobayashi, K.; Yan, H. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 5916. doi: 10.1021/ma9014356
15. [15]
  (15) Okuzaki, H.; Kobayashi, K.; Yan, H. Synth. Met. 2009, 159, 2273. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.07.046
16. [16]
  (16) Wang, J.; Sutti, A.; Wang, X.; Lin, T. Soft Matter 2011, 7, 4364. doi: 10.1039/c1sm00010a
17. [17]
  (17) Schoolaert, E.; Ryckx, P.; Geltmeyer, J.; Maji, S.; Steenberge, P. H. M. V.; D’hooge, D. R.; Hoogenboom, R.; Clerck, K. D. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 24100. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b05074
18. [18]
  (18) Chen, T. T.; Bakhshi, H.; Liu, L.; Ji, J.; Agarwal, S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1800514. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201800514
19. [19]
  (19) Young, R. E.; Graf, J.; Miserocchi, L.; Van Horn, R. M.; Gordon, M. B.; Anderson, C. R.; Sefcik, L. S.; Fujita, S. Plos One 2019, 17, 0219254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219254
20. [20]
  (20) Sun, F.; Ren, H. T.; Li, T. T.; Huang, S-Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lou, C-W.; Lin, J-H. Environ. Res. 2020, 186, 109494. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109494
21. [21]
  (21) Li, J.; Wang, B-X.; Cheng, D-H.; Liu, Z-M.; Lv, L-H.; Guo J.; Lu, Y-H. Coatings 2021, 11, 632. doi: 10.3390/coatings11060632
22. [22]
  (22) Pascoalino, L. A.; Silva, B. A. T. T.; Souza, R. L. D.; Curti, P. S. Materia 2022, 27, 13181. doi: 10.1590/s1517-707620220002.1381
23. [23]
  (23) Kim, S.; Choi, H. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 19870. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05273
24. [24]
  (24) Xu, Y. H.; Ajji, A.; Heuzey, M-C. Sens. Actuator A-Phys. 2023, 349, 114016. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.114016
25. [25]
  (25) Yu, Z. Q.; Tang, D. Y.; Lv, H. T.; Feng, Q.; Zhang, Q. N.; Jiang, E. Y.; Wang, Q. D. Colloid Surf. A-Phys. Chem. Eng. Asp. 2015, 471, 117. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.02.023
26. [26]
  (26) Song, F.; Wang, X. L.;Wang, Y. Z. Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces 2011, 88, 749. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.08.015
27. [27]
  (27) Chuang, W.; Chiu, W.; Tai, H. J. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 20311. doi: 10.1039/C2JM33601D
28. [28]
  (28) Bhattarai, N.; Zhang, M. Q. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 455601. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/45/455601
29. [29]
  (29) Leitner, A.; Joachimiak, L. A.; Unverdorben, P.; Walzthoeni, T.; Frydman, J.; Forster, F. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111, 9455. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320298111
30. [30]
  (30) Wang, Y.; Luo, C.; Yang, G.; Wei, X. Macromol. Biosci. 2016, 16, 1598. doi: 10.1002/mabi.201600123
31. [31]
  (31) Kumbaraci, V.; Talinli, N.; Yagci, Y. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2010, 28, 72. doi: 10.1002/marc.200600653
32. [32]
  (32) Hennink, W. E.; Van Nostrum, C. F. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012, 64, 223. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.009
33. [33]
  (33) Morandim-Giannetti, A. D.; Wecchi, P. D.; Silvério, P. D. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2019, 138, 3635. doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-08571-4
34. [34]
  (34) Osada, Y.; Matsuda, A. Nature 1995, 376, 219. doi: 10.1038/376219a0
35. [35]
  (35) Chen, L. N.; Kuo, C. C.; Chiu, Y. C.; Chen, W. C. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 45345. doi: 10.1039/C4RA07422J
36. [36]
  (36) Li, J.; Zhu, J. X.; Jia, L.; Ma, Y. L.; Wu, H. J. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 323. doi: 10.1039/C9RA08832F
37. [37]
  (37) Liu, Y. H.; Meng, F. L.; Zheng, S. X. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 920. doi: 10.1002/marc.200500062
38. [38]
  (38) Slemming-Adamsen, P.; Song, J.; Dong, M.; Besenbacher, F.; Chen, M. L. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2015, 300, 1226. doi: 10.1002/mame.201500160
39. [39]
  (39) Yin, T. H.; Lavoie, S. R.; Qu, S, X.; Suo, Z. G. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 6, 100463. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100463
40. [40]
  (40) Kotsuchibashi, Y.; Ebara, M.; Idota, N.; Narain, R.; Aoyagi, T. Polym. Chem. 2012, 3, 1150. doi: 10.1039/C2PY20333B
41. [41]
  (41) Kuijpers, A. J.; Engbers, G. H.; Krijgsveld, J.; Zaat, S. A.; Dankert, J.; Feijen, J. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2000, 11, 225. doi: 10.1163/156856200743670
42. [42]
  (42) Christensen, S. K.; Chiappelli, M. C.; Hayward, R. C. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 5237. doi: 10.1021/ma300784d
43. [43]
  (43) Carbone, N. D.; Ene, M.; Lancaster, J. R.; Koberstein, J. T. Macromolecules 2013, 46, 5434. doi: 10.1021/ma4007347
44. [44]
45. [45]
  (45) Gauthier, M. A.; Gibson, M. I.; Klok, H.-A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 48. doi: 10.1002/anie.200801951
46. [46]
47. [47]
  (47) Zhu, X. F.; Lu, P.; Chen, W.; Dong, J. A. Polymer 2010, 51, 3054. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.006
48. [48]
  (48) Wang, C.; Venditti, R. A. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2015, 3, 1839. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00416
49. [49]
  (49) Higuchi, H.; Yamashita, T.; Horie, K.; Mita, I. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 188. doi: 10.1021/cm00013a038
50. [50]
51. [51]
  (51) Parvate, S.; Mahanwar, P. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 2019, 40, 519. doi: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1472012
52. [52]
  (52) Graisuwan, W.; Puthong, S.; Zhao, H.; Kiatkamjornwong, S.; Theato, P.; Hoven, V. P. Biomacromolecules 2017, 18, 3714. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00382
53. [53]
  (53) Krishnan, S.; Klein, A.; El-Aasser, M. S.; Sudol, E. D. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 3511. doi: 10.1081/PRE-120024419
54. [54]
  (54) Eberhardt, M.; Theato, P. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 1488. doi: 10.1002/marc.200500390
55. [55]
  (55) Theato, P. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2008, 4, 6677. doi: 10.1002/pola.22994
56. [56]
  (56) Pawar, M. D.; Rathna, G. V. N.; Agrawal, S. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2015, 48, 126. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.037
57. [57]
  (57) Rathna, G. V. N.; Li, J.; Gunasekaran, S. Polym. Int. 2004, 53, 1994. doi: 10.1002/pi.1611
58. [58]
  (58) Chang, J. W.; Wang, C. Y.; Huang, T. D.; Guo, T. F.; Wen, T. C. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4077. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102124
59. [59]
  (59) Liu, S.J.; Kau, Y. C.; Chou, C. Y.; Chen, J. K.; Wu, R. C.; Yeh, W. L. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 355, 53. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.03.012
60. [60]
  (60) Huang, Z. M.; Zhang,Y. Z.; Kotaki, M.; Ramakrishna, S. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 2223. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7
61. [61]
  (61) Yoo, H. S.; Kim, T. G.; Park, T. G. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2009, 61, 1033. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.007
62. [62]
  (62) Suzuki, K.; Tanaka, H.; Ebara, M.; Uto, K.; Matsuoka, H.; Nishimoto, S. Acta Biomater 2017, 53, 250. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.004
63. [63]
  (63) Shi, Q.; Hou, J. W.; Xu, X. D.; Gao, J.; Li, C. M. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1500652. doi: 10.1002/admi.201500652
64. [64]
  (64) Xu, Y.; Ajji, A.; Heuzey, M-C. Polymer 2019, 183, 121880. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121880
65. [65]
66. [66]
  (66) Jia, S. Y.; Tang, D. Y.; Peng, J.; Sun, Z. J.; Yang, X. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 208, 486. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.075
67. [67]
  (67) Harada, A.; Takashima, Y.; Nakahata, M. Acc. Chem Res. 2014, 47, 2128. doi: 10.1021/ar500109h
68. [68]
  (68) Jia, S. Y.; Tang, D. Y.; Sun, Z. J. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 390, 142272. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124472
69. [69]
  (69) Wu, J. X.; Zhang, J.; Kang, Y. L.; Wu, G. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 1753. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03102
70. [70]
  (70) Arroub, K.; Gessner, L.; Fischer, T.; Mathur, S. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2021, 23, 2100221. doi: 10.1002/adem.202100221
71. [71]
  (71) Li, J. M.; Wang, D.; Zhang, J. J.; Zhang, N.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Z. N. Desalination 2023, 555, 116544. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116544
72. [72]
  (72) Yao, C.; Liu, Z.; Yang, C.; Wang, W.; Ju, X. J.; Xie, R.; Chu, L. Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 2980. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201500420
73. [73]
  (73) Zhang, C. L.; Cao, F. H.; Wang, J. L.; Yu, Z. L.; Ge, J.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Z. H.; Yu, S. H. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 24857. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b05223
74. [74]
  (74) Jiang, S. H.; Liu, F. Y.; Lerch, A.; Lonov, L. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4865. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502133
75. [75]
  (75) Mu, Q. F.; Zhang, Q. S.; Yu, W.; Su, M. L.; Cai, Z. Y.; Cui, K. P.; Ye, Y. N.; Liu X. Y.; Deng, L. L.; Chen, B. J.; et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 33152. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c06164
76. [76]
  (76) Kim, Y. I.; Ebara, M.; Aoyagi, T. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2012, 13, 064203. doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064203
77. [77]
  (77) Wei, Z. M.; Zhao, W.; Wang, Y. M.; Wang, X. J.; Long, S. R. Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces 2019, 182, 110347. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110347
78. [78]
  (78) Lin, T. C.; Lin, F. H.; Lin, J. C. Acta Biomater 2012, 8, 2704. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.045
79. [79]
  (79) Hosseini-Alvand, E.; Khorasani, M-T. J. Mater. Chem. B 2023, 11, 890. doi: 10.1039/D2TB02179J
1. [1]
  Xiaoning TANG , Junnan LIU , Xingfu YANG , Jie LEI , Qiuyang LUO , Shu XIA , An XUE . Effect of sodium alginate-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel layer on the stability of Zn anodes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1452-1460. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240191
2. [2]
  Shitao Fu , Jianming Zhang , Cancan Cao , Zhihui Wang , Chaoran Qin , Jian Zhang , Hui Xiong . Study on the Stability of Purple Cabbage Pigment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 367-372. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401059
3. [3]
  Xuyang Wang , Jiapei Zhang , Lirui Zhao , Xiaowen Xu , Guizheng Zou , Bin Zhang . Theoretical Study on the Structure and Stability of Copper-Ammonia Coordination Ions. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 384-389. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309065
4. [4]
  Jiaxi Xu , Yuan Ma . Influence of Hyperconjugation on the Stability and Stable Conformation of Ethane, Hydrazine, and Hydrogen Peroxide. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 374-377. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402049
5. [5]
  Jing SU , Bingrong LI , Yiyan BAI , Wenjuan JI , Haiying YANG , Zhefeng Fan . Highly sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor based on a highly stable In-based metal-organic framework with amino-enriched pores. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1337-1346. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230414
6. [6]
  Di WU , Ruimeng SHI , Zhaoyang WANG , Yuehua SHI , Fan YANG , Leyong ZENG . Construction of pH/photothermal dual-responsive delivery nanosystem for combination therapy of drug-resistant bladder cancer cell. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1679-1688. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240135
7. [7]
  Jiao CHEN , Yi LI , Yi XIE , Dandan DIAO , Qiang XIAO . Vapor-phase transport of MFI nanosheets for the fabrication of ultrathin b-axis oriented zeolite membranes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 507-514. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230403
8. [8]
  Juan WANG , Zhongqiu WANG , Qin SHANG , Guohong WANG , Jinmao LI . NiS and Pt as dual co-catalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production activity of BaTiO₃ nanofibers. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1719-1730. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240102
9. [9]
  Heng Chen , Longhui Nie , Kai Xu , Yiqiong Yang , Caihong Fang . 两步焙烧法制备大比表面积和结晶性增强超薄g-C₃N₄纳米片及其高效光催化产H₂O₂. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406019-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406019
10. [10]
  Juan Yuan , Bin Zhang , Jinping Wu , Mengfan Wang . Design of a Comprehensive Experiment on Preparation and Characterization of Cu₂(Salen)₂ Nanomaterials with Two Distinct Morphologies. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 420-425. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402014
11. [11]
  Jingke LIU , Jia CHEN , Yingchao HAN . Nano hydroxyapatite stable suspension system: Preparation and cobalt adsorption performance. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1763-1774. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240060
12. [12]
  Xiufang Wang , Donglin Zhao , Kehua Zhang , Xiaojie Song . “Preparation of Carbon Nanotube/SnS₂ Photoanode Materials”: A Comprehensive University Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 157-162. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308025
13. [13]
  Shijie Li , Ke Rong , Xiaoqin Wang , Chuqi Shen , Fang Yang , Qinghong Zhang . Design of Carbon Quantum Dots/CdS/Ta₃N₅ S-Scheme Heterojunction Nanofibers for Efficient Photocatalytic Antibiotic Removal. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2403005-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202403005
14. [14]
  Xiyuan Su , Zhenlin Hu , Ye Fan , Xianyuan Liu , Xianyong Lu . Change as You Want: Multi-Responsive Superhydrophobic Intelligent Actuation Material. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 228-237. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311059
15. [15]
  Hong Zheng , Xin Peng , Chunwang Yi . The Tale of Caprolactam Cyclic Oligomers: The Ever-changing Life of “Princess Cyclo”. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 40-47. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403058
16. [16]
  Baohua LÜ , Yuzhen LI . Anisotropic photoresponse of two-dimensional layered α-In₂Se₃(2H) ferroelectric materials. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(10): 1911-1918. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240105
17. [17]
  Lei Shi . Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Radicals. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 131-135. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402018
18. [18]
  Haoxiang Zhang , Zhihan Zhao , Yongchen Jin , Zhiqiang Niu , Jinlei Tian . Synthesis of an Efficient Absorbent Gel: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 251-258. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401084
19. [19]
  Xiao Liu , Guangzhong Cao , Mingli Gao , Hong Wu , Hongyan Feng , Chenxiao Jiang , Tongwen Xu . Seawater Salinity Gradient Energy’s Job Application in the Field of Membranes. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 279-282. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202306043
20. [20]
  Shuyu Liu , Xiaomin Sun , Bohan Song , Gaofeng Zeng , Bingbing Du , Chongshen Guo , Cong Wang , Lei Wang . Design and Fabrication of Phospholipid-Vesicle-based Artificial Cells towards Biomedical Applications. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 182-188. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404113

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(2)
Abstract views(391)
HTML views(41)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142