Citation: Tao Wang, Qin Dong, Cunpu Li, Zidong Wei. Sulfur Cathode Electrocatalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Comprehensive Understanding[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2024, 40(2): 230306. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303061 shu

Sulfur Cathode Electrocatalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Comprehensive Understanding

Tao Wang ¹ ,
Qin Dong ¹ ,
Cunpu Li ^1,2,, ,
Zidong Wei ^1,2,,

1.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
2.
Suining Lithium Battery Research Institute of Chongqing University(SLiBaC), Suining 629000, Sichuan Province, China

Corresponding author: Cunpu Li, Zidong Wei,
Received Date: 31 March 2023
Revised Date: 27 April 2023
Accepted Date: 28 April 2023

Fund Project: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22075033, U21A20312, 91834301).

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation secondary power batteries given that they exhibit extremely high discharge specific capacity (1672 mAh·g^-1) when sulfur is used as the positive electrode. Despite the potential of Li-S batteries for commercial applications, two significant issues need to be addressed: the shuttle effect of dissolved high-order lithium polysulfides (Li₂S_n, 4 ≤ n ≤ 8) during charge/discharge processes and the slow redox kinetics of sulfur species. Fortunately, the introduction of electrochemical catalysis is an effective strategy to mitigate the above problems. In the context of electrochemical catalysis, in this paper we discuss the existence forms of polysulfides and draw clear conclusions. Specifically, in ether electrolyte systems, the dominant form of polysulfide is the neutral molecule, while a smaller proportion exists as anions and cations. In addition, we also propose the corresponding solutions for different forms of polysulfides. Unlike previous reports, we analyze the conversion mechanism of polysulfides from two perspectives: adsorption-catalysis and reactive intermediates. In terms of the strength of the interaction force between the substrate materials and polysulfides, adsorption-catalysis can be classified into physisorption-catalysis and chemisorption-catalysis. The differences between both types are analyzed and discussed in-depth. Additionally, the reactive intermediates are further classified into sulfur free radicals, thiosulfates, and organosulfur molecules based on different electrochemical reaction pathways. The mechanisms involved in the reactions of these intermediates are subsequently analyzed in detail. We also evaluate different strategies and list the types of catalysts that may correspond to each mechanism. Finally, the quantitative evaluation method of catalytic performance is also summarized, which paves a new way for the design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts in Li-S batteries. The nucleation transformation ratio (NTR) is a quantitative measure we developed to assess the catalytic properties of materials. When the reaction is ideal, the NTR should be equal to 3. A calculated NTR close to 3 indicates that the reaction from Li₂S₆ to Li₂S₄ occurs rapidly, suggesting that the material is highly catalytic to polysulfide nucleation. This quantitative approach enables researchers to determine the adsorption and catalytic effects of cathode materials on polysulfides, allowing the study of lithium-sulfur battery cathode materials to move from qualitative description to quantitative evaluation with specific factors. As a result, we can move from a qualitative description of lithium-sulfur battery cathode materials to their quantitative evaluation.
- Lithium-sulfur battery,
- Catalytic conversion,
- Electrocatalysis,
- Chemical adsorption,
- Sulfur radical
1. [1]
  (1) Ji, X.; Lee, K. T.; Nazar, L. F. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 500. doi: 10.1038/nmat2460
2. [2]
  (2) Liang, C.; Dudney, N. J.; Howe, J. Y. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 4724. doi: 10.1021/cm902050j
3. [3]
  (3) Elazari, R.; Salitra, G.; Garsuch, A.; Panchenko, A.; Aurbach, D. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5641. doi: 10.1002/adma.201103274
4. [4]
  (4) Ji, L.; Rao, M.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, Y.; Duan, W.; Guo, J.; Cairns, E. J.; Zhang, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18522. doi: 10.1021/ja206955k
5. [5]
  (5) Shi, Z.; Sun, Z.; Cai, J.; Yang, X.; Wei, C.; Wang, M.; Ding, Y.; Sun, J. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2103050. doi: 10.1002/adma.202103050
6. [6]
  (6) Sun, Z.; Zhang, J.; Yin, L.; Hu, G.; Fang, R.; Cheng, H. M.; Li, F. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14627. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14627
7. [7]
  (7) Li, D.; Han, F.; Wang, S.; Cheng, F.; Sun, Q.; Li, W. C. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 2208. doi: 10.1021/am4000535
8. [8]
  (8) Zheng, Y.; Zheng, S.; Xue, H.; Pang, H. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 3469. doi: 10.1039/c8ta11075a
9. [9]
  (9) Du, Z.; Chen, X.; Hu, W.; Chuang, C.; Xie, S.; Hu, A.; Yan, W.; Kong, X.; Wu, X.; Ji, H.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 3977. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b12973
10. [10]
  (10) Xiao, D.; Li, Q.; Zhang, H.; Ma, Y.; Lu, C.; Chen, C.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, S. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 24901. doi: 10.1039/c7ta08483h
11. [11]
  (11) Zhu, J.; Cao, J.; Cai, G.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, W.; Xie, S.; Wang, J.; Jin, H.; Xu, J.; Ji, H.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202214351. doi:10.1002/anie.202214351
12. [12]
  (12) Lu, Y. Q.; Wu, Y. J.; Sheng, T.; Peng, X. X.; Gao, Z. G.; Zhang, S. J.; Deng, L.; Nie, R.; Swiatowska, J.; Li, J. T.; et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 13499. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b00915
13. [13]
  (13) Deng, D. R.; Xue, F.; Jia, Y. J.; Ye, J. C.; Bai, C. D.; Zheng, M. S.; Dong, Q. F. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 6031. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01945
14. [14]
  (14) Zhang, H.; Zhao, Z.; Hou, Y. N.; Tang, Y.; Liang, J.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, X.; Qiu, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 9230. doi: 10.1039/c9ta00975b
15. [15]
  (15) Zhao, M.; Peng, H. J.; Li, B. Q.; Chen, X.; Xie, J.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, J. Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 9011. doi: 10.1002/anie.202003136
16. [16]
  (16) Zhang, Y.; Mu, Z.; Yang, C.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y.; Lai, J.; Sun, Z.; Yang, Y.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1707578. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201707578
17. [17]
  (17) Zhang, D.; Wang, S.; Hu, R.; Gu, J.; Cui, Y.; Li, B.; Chen, W.; Liu, C.; Shang, J.; Yang, S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002471. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202002471
18. [18]
  (18) Wang, Z.; Shen, J.; Liu, J.; Xu, X.; Liu, Z.; Hu, R.; Yang, L.; Feng, Y.; Liu, J.; Shi, Z.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1902228. doi: 10.1002/adma.201902228
19. [19]
  (19) Zhou, J.; Liu, X.; Zhu, L.; Zhou, J.; Guan, Y.; Chen, L.; Niu, S.; Cai, J.; Sun, D.; Zhu, Y.; et al. Joule 2018, 2, 2681. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.010
20. [20]
  (20) Li, R.; Shen, H.; Pervaiz, E.; Yang, M. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126462. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126462
21. [21]
  (21) Sul, H.; Bhargav, A.; Manthiram, A. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200680. doi:10.1002/aenm.202200680
22. [22]
  (22) Zhao, Q.; Zhu, Q.; Liu, Y.; Xu, B. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2100457. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100457
23. [23]
  (23) Yang, H.; Guo, C.; Chen, J.; Naveed, A.; Yang, J.; Nuli, Y.; Wang, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 791. doi: 10.1002/anie.201811291
24. [24]
  (24) Mikhaylik, Y. V.; Akridge, J. R. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, A1969. doi: 10.1149/1.1806394
25. [25]
  (25) Urbonaite, S.; Poux, T.; Novák, P. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500118. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201500118
26. [26]
  (26) Gao, Y.; Guo, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Cui, Y.; Zheng, Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2002580. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002580
27. [27]
  (27) Deng, N.; Liu, Y.; Li, Q.; Yan, J.; Lei, W.; Wang, G.; Wang, L.; Liang, Y.; Kang, W.; Cheng, B. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 23, 314. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.042
28. [28]
  (28) Rosenman, A.; Markevich, E.; Salitra, G.; Aurbach, D.; Garsuch, A.; Chesneau, F. F. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500212. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201500212
29. [29]
  (29) Urbonaite, S.; Novák, P. J. Power Sources 2014, 249, 497. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.095
30. [30]
  (30) Gao, X.; Sun, Q.; Yang, X.; Liang, J.; Koo, A.; Li, W.; Liang, J.; Wang, J.; Li, R.; Holness, F. B.; et al. Nano Energy 2019, 56, 595. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.001
31. [31]
  (31) Meini, S.; Elazari, R.; Rosenman, A.; Garsuch, A.; Aurbach, D. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 915. doi: 10.1021/jz500222f
32. [32]
  (32) Rosenman, A.; Elazari, R.; Salitra, G.; Markevich, E.; Aurbach, D.; Garsuch, A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A470. doi: 10.1149/2.0861503jes
33. [33]
  (33) Wang, P.; Xi, B.; Huang, M.; Chen, W.; Feng, J.; Xiong, S. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002893
34. [34]
  (34) Sun, Z.; Vijay, S.; Heenen, H. H.; Eng, A. Y. S.; Tu, W.; Zhao, Y.; Koh, S. W.; Gao, P.; Seh, Z. W.; Chan, K.; et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1904010. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201904010
35. [35]
  (35) Zhang, H.; Tian, D.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, X.; Hou, Y. N.; Tang, Y.; Liang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, X.; Qiu, J. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 21, 210. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.12.005
36. [36]
  (36) Lim, W. G.; Kim, S.; Jo, C.; Lee, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18746. doi: 10.1002/anie.201902413
37. [37]
38. [38]
39. [39]
40. [40]
  (40) Liu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Qin, X.; Kang, F.; Chen, G.; Li, B. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 4601. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01567
41. [41]
  (41) Li, Y.; Zhan, H.; Liu, S.; Huang, K.; Zhou, Y. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 2945. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.004
42. [42]
  (42) Sun, K.; Zhang, Q.; Bock, D. C.; Tong, X.; Su, D.; Marschilok, A. C.; Takeuchi, K. J.; Takeuchi, E. S.; Gan, H. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A1291. doi: 10.1149/2.1631706jes
43. [43]
  (43) Wang, W. P.; Zhang, J.; Yin, Y. X.; Duan, H.; Chou, J.; Li, S. Y.; Yan, M.; Xin, S.; Guo, Y. G. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e2000302. doi: 10.1002/adma.202000302
44. [44]
  (44) Cao, G.; Duan, R.; Li, X. J. Energy Chem 2023, 5, 100096. doi: 10.1016/j.enchem.2022.100096
45. [45]
  (45) Martin, R.; Doub, W., Jr.; Roberts, J., Jr.; Sawyer, D. Inorg. Chem. 1973, 4, 1921. doi: 10.1002/chin.197339037
46. [46]
  (46) Rajput, N. N.; Murugesan, V.; Shin, Y.; Han, K. S.; Lau, K. C.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Curtiss, L. A.; Mueller, K. T.; Persson, K. A. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 3375. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00068
47. [47]
  (47) Zhang, B.; Wu, J.; Gu, J.; Li, S.; Yan, T.; Gao, X. P. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 537. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02527
48. [48]
  (48) Song, Y. W.; Shen, L.; Yao, N.; Li, X. Y.; Bi, C. X.; Li, Z.; Zhou, M. Y.; Li, B. Q.; Huang, J. Q.; Zhang, Q. Chem 2022, 8, 3031. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.004
49. [49]
  (49) Luo, Y.; Fang, Z.; Duan, S.; Wu, H.; Liu, H.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, K.; Li, Q.; Fan, S.; Wang, J.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202215802. doi:10.1002/anie.202215802
50. [50]
  (50) Zheng, S.; Wen, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Han, Z.; Wang, J.; Yang, J.; Wang, C. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1400482. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400482
51. [51]
  (51) Wang, Q.; Zheng, J.; Walter, E.; Pan, H.; Lv, D.; Zuo, P.; Chen, H.; Deng, Z. D.; Liaw, B. Y.; Yu, X. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A474. doi: 10.1149/2.0851503jes
52. [52]
  (52) Zhang, G.; Peng, H. J.; Zhao, C. Z.; Chen, X.; Zhao, L. D.; Li, P.; Huang, J. Q.; Zhang, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 16732. doi: 10.1002/anie.201810132
53. [53]
  (53) Hu, J.; Long, G.; Liu, S.; Li, G.; Gao, X. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 14647. doi: 10.1039/C4CC06666A
54. [54]
  (54) Yao, W.; Tian, C.; Yang, C.; Xu, J.; Meng, Y.; Manke, I.; Chen, N.; Wu, Z.; Zhan, L.; Wang, Y.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2106370. doi: 10.1002/adma.202106370
55. [55]
  (55) Wang, R.; Yang, J.; Chen, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, W.; Qian, G.; Li, S.; Xiao, Y.; Chen, H.; Ye, Y.; et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903550. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903550
56. [56]
  (56) Qiao, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Meng, Z.; Xie, Q.; Lin, L.; Zheng, H.; Sa, B.; Lin, J.; Wang, L.; Peng, D. L. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2100970. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100970
57. [57]
  (57) Yu, H.; Zhang, B.; Sun, F.; Jiang, G.; Zheng, N.; Xu, C.; Li, Y. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 450, 364. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.123
58. [58]
  (58) Wang, J.; Yang, J.; Wan, C.; Du, K.; Xie, J.; Xu, N. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13, 487. doi: 10.1002/adfm.200304284
59. [59]
  (59) Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Seh, Z. W.; Fu, Z.; Zhang, R.; Cui, Y. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3780. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00367
60. [60]
  (60) Chen, X.; Peng, H. J.; Zhang, R.; Hou, T. Z.; Huang, J. Q.; Li, B.; Zhang, Q. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 795. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00164
61. [61]
  (61) Tao, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, H.; Yao, H.; Zheng, G.; Seh, Z. W.; Cai, Q.; Li, W.; Zu, C. X.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11203. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11203
62. [62]
  (62) Fu, A.; Wang, C.; Pei, F.; Cui, J.; Fang, X.; Zheng, N. Small 2019, 15, 1804786. doi: 10.1002/smll.201804786
63. [63]
  (63) Peng, X. X.; Lu, Y. Q.; Zhou, L. L.; Sheng, T.; Shen, S. Y.; Liao, H. G.; Huang, L.; Li, J. T.; Sun, S. G. Nano Energy 2017, 32, 503. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.060
64. [64]
  (64) Tao, Y.; Wei, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Qiao, W.; Ling, L.; Long, D. H. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 3230. doi: 10.1039/C6EE01662F
65. [65]
  (65) Pang, Q.; Nazar, L. F. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 4111. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07347
66. [66]
  (66) Liu, J.; Li, W.; Duan, L.; Li, X.; Ji, L.; Geng, Z.; Huang, K.; Lu, L.; Zhou, L.; Liu, Z. R. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5137. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01919
67. [67]
  (67) Ma, F.; Liang, J.; Wang, T.; Chen, X.; Fan, Y.; Hultman, B.; Xie, H.; Han, J.; Wu, G.; Li, Q. Nano Lett. 2018, 10, 5634. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03325
68. [68]
  (68) Wang, C.; Li, K.; Zhang, F.; Wu, Z.; Sun, L.; Wang, L. M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 42286. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b15176
69. [69]
  (69) Liu, Y. T.; Han, D. D.; Wang, L.; Li, G. R.; Liu, S.; Gao, X. P. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803477. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803477
70. [70]
  (70) Zheng, C.; Niu, S.; Lv, W.; Zhou, G.; Li, J.; Fan, S.; Deng, Y.; Pan, Z.; Li, B.; Kang, F.; Yang, Q. H. Nano Energy 2017, 33, 306. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.040
71. [71]
  (71) Liu, G.; Wang, W.; Zeng, P.; Yuan, C.; Wang, L.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Sun, X.; Dai, K.; Mao, J.; et al.. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 6366. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02183
72. [72]
  (72) Hou, T. Z.; Xu, W. T.; Chen, X.; Peng, H. J.; Huang, J. Q.; Zhang, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 8178. doi: 10.1002/anie.201704324
73. [73]
  (73) Chen, X.; Bai, Y. K.; Zhao, C. Z.; Shen, X.; Zhang, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 11192. doi: 10.1002/anie.201915623
74. [74]
  (74) Evers, S.; Yim, T.; Nazar, L. F. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 19653. doi: 10.1021/jp304380j
75. [75]
  (75) Zhang, M.; Chen, W.; Xue, L.; Jiao, Y.; Lei, T.; Chu, J.; Huang, J.; Gong, C.; Yan, C.; Yan, Y. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903008. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903008
76. [76]
  (76) Hong, X.; Wang, R.; Liu, Y.; Fu, J.; Liang, J.; Dou, S. J. Energy Chem. 2020, 42, 144. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2019.07.001
77. [77]
  (77) Wang, X.; Gao, T.; Han, F.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Wang, C. Nano Energy 2016, 30, 700. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.10.049
78. [78]
  (78) Wang, Y.; Zhu, L.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, J.; Yang, Z. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 433, 133792. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133792
79. [79]
  (79) Zhu, Y.; Wang, S.; Miao, Z.; Liu, Y.; Chou, S. L. Small 2018, 14, 1801987. doi: 10.1002/smll.201801987
80. [80]
  (80) Barchasz, C.; Molton, F.; Duboc, C.; Lepretre, J. C.; Patoux, S.; Alloin, F. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 3973. doi: 10.1021/ac2032244
81. [81]
  (81) Xu, R.; Tang, H.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Shao, M.; Li, C.; Wei, Z. D. Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 6224. doi: 10.1039/d2sc01353c
82. [82]
  (82) Cuisinier, M.; Hart, C.; Balasubramanian, M.; Garsuch, A.; Nazar, L. F. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401801. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401801
83. [83]
  (83) Tong, C.; Chen, H.; Jiang, S.; Li, L.; Shao, M.; Li, C.; Wei, Z. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 1175. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c18594
84. [84]
  (84) Wujcik, K. H.; Pascal, T. A.; Pemmaraju, C.; Devaux, D.; Stolte, W. C.; Balsara, N. P.; Prendergast, D. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500285. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201500285
85. [85]
  (85) Wang, C.; Ma, Y.; Du, X.; Zhang, H.; Xu, G.; Cui, G. Battery Energy 2022, 1, 20220010. doi: 10.1002/bte2.20220010
86. [86]
  (86) Liang, X.; Kwok, C. Y.; Lodi-Marzano, F.; Pang, Q.; Cuisinier, M.; Huang, H.; Hart, C. J.; Houtarde, D.; Kaup, K.; Nazar, L. F.; et al.
87. [87]
  Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1501636. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501636
88. [88]
  (87) Wang, S.; Liao, J.; Yang, X.; Liang, J.; Sun, Q.; Liang, J.; Zhao, F.; Koo, A.; Kong, F.; Sun, X. L.; et al. Nano Energy 2019, 57, 230. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.020
89. [89]
  (88) Hua, W.; Li, H.; Pei, C.; Xia, J.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, C.; Lv, W.; Tao, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Zhang, B.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2101006. doi: 10.1002/adma.202101006
90. [90]
  (89) Wang, J.; Jia, L.; Zhong, J.; Xiao, Q.; Wang, C.; Zang, K.; Liu, H.; Zheng, H.; Luo, J.; Yang, J.; et al. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 18, 246. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.09.006
91. [91]
  (90) Feng, J.; Yi, H.; Lei, Z.; Wang, J.; Zeng, H.; Deng, Y.; Wang, C. J. Energy Chem. 2021, 56, 171. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.07.060
92. [92]
  (91) Li, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, C.; Ueno, K.; Yasuda, T.; Tatara, R.; Dokko, K.; Watanabe, M. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 14385. doi: 10.1039/C5NR03201F
93. [93]
  (92) Chen, S.; Dai, F.; Gordin, M. L.; Yu, Z.; Gao, Y.; Song, J.; Wang, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4231. doi: 10.1002/anie.201511830
94. [94]
  (93) Zhao, M.; Li, B. Q.; Chen, X.; Xie, J.; Yuan, H.; Huang, J. Q. Chem 2020, 6, 3297. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.09.015
95. [95]
  (94) Li, G.; Wang, X.; Seo, M. H.; Li, M.; Ma, L.; Yuan, Y.; Wu, T.; Yu, A.; Wang, S.; Lu, J.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 705. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03116-z
96. [96]
  (95) Zhao, C. X.; Li, X. Y.; Zhao, M.; Chen, Z. X.; Song, Y. W.; Chen, W. J.; Liu, J. N.; Wang, B.; Zhang, X. Q.; Chen, C. M.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 19865. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c09107
97. [97]
  (96) Guo, C.; Liu, M.; Gao, G. K.; Tian, X.; Zhou, J.; Dong, L. Z.; Li, Q.; Chen, Y.; Li, S. L.; Lan, Y. Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 134, e202113315. doi: 10.1002/ange.202113315
98. [98]
  (97) Kaiser, M. R.; Chou, S.; Liu, H. K.; Dou, S. X.; Wang, C.; Wang, J. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700449. doi: 10.1002/adma.201700449
99. [99]
  (98) Lin, Y.; Huang, S.; Zhong, L.; Wang, S.; Han, D.; Ren, S.; Xiao, M.; Meng, Y. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 34, 128. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.09.009
100. [100]
  (99) Gao, H.; Ning, S.; Lin, J.; Kang, X. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 40, 312. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.05.027
101. [101]
  (100) Dong, Q.; Wang, T.; Gan, R.; Fu, N.; Li, C.; Wei, Z. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 20596. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c04554
102. [102]
  (101) Li, B. Q.; Kong, L.; Zhao, C. X.; Jin, Q.; Chen, X.; Peng, H. J.; Qin, J. L.; Chen, J. X.; Yuan, H.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, J. Q. InfoMat 2019, 1, 533. doi: 10.1002/inf2.12056
1. [1]
  Jinyi Sun , Lin Ma , Yanjie Xi , Jing Wang . Preparation and Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Performance Study of Vanadium Nitride@Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Composite Nanomaterials: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 184-191. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310094
2. [2]
  Xue Dong , Xiaofu Sun , Shuaiqiang Jia , Shitao Han , Dawei Zhou , Ting Yao , Min Wang , Minghui Fang , Haihong Wu , Buxing Han . 碳修饰的铜催化剂实现安培级电流电化学还原CO₂制C₂₊产物. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(3): 2404012-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404012
3. [3]
  Ruiqing LIU , Wenxiu LIU , Kun XIE , Yiran LIU , Hui CHENG , Xiaoyu WANG , Chenxu TIAN , Xiujing LIN , Xiaomiao FENG . Three-dimensional porous titanium nitride as a highly efficient sulfur host. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 867-876. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230441
4. [4]
  Tongtong Zhao , Yan Wang , Shiyue Qin , Liang Xu , Zhenhua Li . New Experiment Development: Upgrading and Regeneration of Discarded PET Plastic through Electrocatalysis. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 308-315. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309003
5. [5]
  Fangfang WANG , Jiaqi CHEN , Weiyin SUN . CuBi@Cu-MOF composite catalysts for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to HCOOH. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(1): 97-104. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240350
6. [6]
  Xiangyu CAO , Jiaying ZHANG , Yun FENG , Linkun SHEN , Xiuling ZHANG , Juanzhi YAN . Synthesis and electrochemical properties of bimetallic-doped porous carbon cathode material. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(3): 509-520. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240270
7. [7]
  Fang Niu , Rong Li , Qiaolan Zhang . Analysis of Gas-Solid Adsorption Behavior in Resistive Gas Sensing Process. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 142-148. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311102
8. [8]
  Yueguang Chen , Wenqiang Sun . “Carbon” Adventures. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(9): 248-253. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308074
9. [9]
  Xi Xu , Chaokai Zhu , Leiqing Cao , Zhuozhao Wu , Cao Guan . Experiential Education and 3D-Printed Alloys: Innovative Exploration and Student Development. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(2): 347-357. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308039
10. [10]
  Ran HUO , Zhaohui ZHANG , Xi SU , Long CHEN . Research progress on multivariate two dimensional conjugated metal organic frameworks. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(11): 2063-2074. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240195
11. [11]
  .
  CCS Chemistry | 超分子活化底物为自由基促进高效选择性光催化氧化
  . CCS Chemistry, 2025, 7(10.31635/ccschem.025.202405229): -.
12. [12]
  Yanan Liu , Yufei He , Dianqing Li . Preparation of Highly Dispersed LDHs-based Catalysts and Testing of Nitro Compound Reduction Performance: A Comprehensive Chemical Experiment for Research Transformation. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 306-313. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401081
13. [13]
  Zhiquan Zhang , Baker Rhimi , Zheyang Liu , Min Zhou , Guowei Deng , Wei Wei , Liang Mao , Huaming Li , Zhifeng Jiang . Insights into the Development of Copper-based Photocatalysts for CO₂ Conversion. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2406029-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406029
14. [14]
  Jinyao Du , Xingchao Zang , Ningning Xu , Yongjun Liu , Weisi Guo . Electrochemical Thiocyanation of 4-Bromoethylbenzene. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 312-317. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310039
15. [15]
  Jiapei Zou , Junyang Zhang , Xuming Wu , Cong Wei , Simin Fang , Yuxi Wang . A Comprehensive Experiment Based on Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction into Ammonia: Synthesis, Characterization, Performance Exploration, and Applicable Design of Copper-based Catalysts. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 373-382. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312081
16. [16]
  Feng Han , Fuxian Wan , Ying Li , Congcong Zhang , Yuanhong Zhang , Chengxia Miao . Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiment: Phosphotungstic Acid-Catalyzed Direct Conversion of Triphenylmethanol for the Synthesis of Oxime Ethers. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(3): 342-348. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405181
17. [17]
  Zijian Zhao , Yanxin Shi , Shicheng Li , Wenhong Ruan , Fang Zhu , Jijun Jiang . A New Exploration of the Preparation of Polyacrylic Acid by Free Radical Polymerization Based on the Concept of Green Chemistry. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 315-324. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311094
18. [18]
  Yaping Li , Sai An , Aiqing Cao , Shilong Li , Ming Lei . The Application of Molecular Simulation Software in Structural Chemistry Education: First-Principles Calculation of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(3): 160-170. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405185
19. [19]
  Yang WANG , Xiaoqin ZHENG , Yang LIU , Kai ZHANG , Jiahui KOU , Linbing SUN . Mn single-atom catalysts based on confined space: Fabrication and the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction performance. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(11): 2175-2185. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240165
20. [20]
  Meng Lin , Hanrui Chen , Congcong Xu . Preparation and Study of Photo-Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Performance of ZIF-67/Copper(I) Oxide Composite: A Recommended Comprehensive Physical Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 163-168. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308117

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(1)
Abstract views(221)
HTML views(26)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142