Citation: Xu Tong, Ma Benyuan, Liang Jie, Yue Luchao, Liu Qian, Li Tingshuai, Zhao Haitao, Luo Yonglan, Lu Siyu, Sun Xuping. Recent Progress in Metal-Free Electrocatalysts toward Ambient N₂ Reduction Reaction[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2021, 37(7): 200904. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009043 shu

Recent Progress in Metal-Free Electrocatalysts toward Ambient N₂ Reduction Reaction

Xu Tong ¹ ,
Ma Benyuan ¹ ,
Liang Jie ¹ ,
Yue Luchao ¹ ,
Liu Qian ¹ ,
Li Tingshuai ¹ ,
Zhao Haitao ¹ ,
Luo Yonglan ¹ ,
Lu Siyu ² ,
Sun Xuping ^1,,

1.
Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
2.
Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Author Bio:

Xuping Sun received his Ph.D. degree in Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2006. During 2006–2009, he carried out postdoctoral researches at Konstanz University, University of Toronto, and Purdue University. In 2010, he started his independent research career as a full Professor at CIAC and then moved to Sichuan University in 2015. In 2018, he joined University of Electronic Science and Technology of China where he found the Research Center of Nanocatalysis & Sensing. He was recognized as a highly cited researcher (2018 & 2019) in both areas of chemistry and materials science by Clarivate Analytics. He published over 470 papers with total citations over 40000 and an h-index of 106. His research mainly focuses on rational design of functional nanostructures toward applications in electrochemistry for energy conversion and storage, sensing, and environment
Corresponding author: Sun Xuping, xpsun@uestc.edu.cn
Received Date: 11 September 2020
Revised Date: 18 November 2020
Accepted Date: 18 November 2020
Available Online: 24 November 2020

NH₃ plays an important role in modern society as an essential building block in the manufacture of fertilizers, aqueous ammonia, plastics, explosives, and dyes. Additionally, it is regarded as a green alternative fuel, owing to its carbon-free nature, large hydrogen capacity, high energy density, and easy transportation. The Haber-Bosch process plays a dominant role in global NH₃ synthesis; however, it involves high pressure and temperature and employs N₂ and H₂ as feeding gases, thus suffering from high energy consumption and substantial CO₂ emission. As a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process, electrochemical N₂ reduction enables sustainable and environmentally benign NH₃ synthesis under ambient conditions. Moreover, its applied potential is compatible with intermittent solar, wind, and other renewable energies. However, efficient electrocatalysts are required to drive N₂-to-NH₃ conversion because of the extremely inert N≡N bond. To date, significant efforts have been made to explore high-performance catalysts with high efficiency and selectivity. Generally, noble-metal catalysts exhibit efficient performance for the NRR, but their scarcity and high cost limit their large-scale application. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on earth-abundant transition-metal (TM) catalysts that can use empty or unoccupied orbitals to accept the lone-pair electrons of N₂, while donating the abundant d-orbital electrons to the antibonding orbitals of N₂. However, these catalysts may release metal ions, leading to environmental pollution. Most of these TM electrocatalysts may also favor the formation of TM—H bonds, facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during the electrocatalytic reaction. Recent years have seen a surge in the exploration of metal-free catalysts (MFCs). MFCs mainly include carbon-based catalysts (CBCs) and some boron-based and phosphorus-based catalysts. Generally, CBCs exhibit a porous structure and high surface area, which are favorable for exposing more active sites and providing rich accessible channels for mass/electron transfer. Moreover, the Lewis acid sites of most metal-free compounds could accept the lone-pair electron of N₂ and adsorb N₂ molecules by forming nonmetal—N bonds, further widening their potential for electrocatalytic NRR. Compared with metal-based catalysts, the occupied orbitals of metal-free catalysts can only form covalent bonds or conjugated π bonds, hindering electron donation from the electrocatalyst to N₂ and molecular activation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the design and development of metal-free electrocatalysts (MFCs) for the ambient NRR, including carbon-based catalysts, boron-based catalysts, and phosphorus-based catalysts. In particular, heteroatom doping (N, O, S, B, P, F, and co-dopants), organic polymers, carbon nitride, and defect engineering are highlighted. We also discuss strategies to boost NRR performance and provide an outlook on the development perspectives of MFCs.
- Electrochemistry,
- Metal-free catalysts,
- Ambient condition,
- N₂ reduction reaction,
- NH₃ synthesis
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Recent Progress in Metal-Free Electrocatalysts toward Ambient N2 Reduction Reaction

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Recent Progress in Metal-Free Electrocatalysts toward Ambient N₂ Reduction Reaction