Citation: Pan Hongyi, Li Quan, Yu Xiqian, Li Hong. Characterization Techniques for Lithium Metal Anodes at Multiple Spatial Scales[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2021, 37(1): 200809. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202008091 shu

Characterization Techniques for Lithium Metal Anodes at Multiple Spatial Scales

Pan Hongyi ^1,2 ,
Li Quan ¹ ,
Yu Xiqian ^1,2,, ,
Li Hong ^1,2

1.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Yu Xiqian, xyu@iphy.ac.cn
Received Date: 31 August 2020
Revised Date: 24 September 2020
Accepted Date: 25 September 2020
Available Online: 16 October 2020
Fund Project: the Science and Technology Planning Project of Beijing, China Z191100004719001the National Key R & D Program of China 2016YFB0100100The project was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2016YFB0100100) and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Beijing, China (Z191100004719001)

Conventional lithium-ion batteries with graphite anode have gradually ceased satisfying demand for the rapid development of modern electric commodities, such as portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. Therefore, metallic lithium is considered the ultimate alternative anode material for future high-energy-density lithium batteries because of its excellent properties, including the highest theoretical capacity and lowest potential of available materials as well as its low density. However, research on lithium metal anodes in traditional liquid batteries has encountered impediments. Numerous studies have shown that lithium dendrites, dead lithium, solid electrolyte interphase problems, and the correlating safety hazards are the main hindrances to the practical application of liquid-based lithium metal batteries. For solid-state batteries, the challenges of lithium metal anodes continue to grow. Studies on the mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability of solid-state electrolyte and lithium metal anode indicate that, unlike early recognition, solid-state lithium metal batteries remain far from commercialization. Unexpected issues like lithium growth along crystal boundaries, mixed-conductivity interphase generation, and interfacial contact losses have emerged that complicate the solid-state lithium metal battery. To achieve practically applicable lithium metal anodes, it is necessary to deepen our understanding of the basic scientific issues. This review systematically discusses the electrode behaviors of lithium metal and the corresponding electrode characterization techniques at multiple spatial scales. First, the basic science and technology issues of lithium metal anodes at different scales are reviewed. Lithium electrodeposition behaviors from the atomic to the macroscale are divided into ion transportation, deposition, nucleation, crystallization, expansion and growth. Various issues are also categorized among different characteristic scales. Second, advanced characterization techniques for all spatial scales are reviewed in light of recent works. Finally, the technical characteristics of various characterization techniques from the atomic to macroscale are analyzed. Features and possible directions of improvement of various characterization techniques used to examine lithium metal anodes in solid-state batteries are highlighted. In situ observation has become a common requirement for battery characterization as it can connect macroscale phenomena to microscale mechanisms. Meanwhile, non-damaging detection techniques have faced growing demand because of the urgent need to understand the complete actual reactions at the bulk and interfaces of solid-state electrolytes and lithium anodes. The combination of techniques for different scales should provide comprehensive information to characterize lithium metal anodes and identify reasonable mechanisms for their behaviors.
- Lithium battery,
- Lithium metal anode,
- Electrodeposition,
- Characterization technique,
- Spatial scale
1. [1]
  Whittingham, M. S. Proc. IEEE 2012, 100, 1518. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2190170 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2190170
2. [2]
  Spotnitz, R.; Franklin, J. J. Power Sources 2003, 113 (1), 81. doi: 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3 doi: 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3
3. [3]
  Seitzman, N.; Guthrey, H.; Sulas, D. B.; Platt, H. A. S.; Al-Jassim, M.; Pylypenko, S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165 (16), A3732. doi: 10.1149/2.0301816jes doi: 10.1149/2.0301816jes
4. [4]
  Lewis, J. A.; Cortes, F. J. Q.; Boebinger, M. G.; Tippens, J.; Marchese, T. S.; Kondekar, N.; Liu, X.; Chi, M.; McDowell, M. T. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4 (2), 591. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00093 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00093
5. [5]
  Stiles, J. A. R.; Brandt, K.; Wainwright, D. S.; Lee, K. C. Constant Volume Lithium Battery Cell and Process. US Patent 4587182, 1986.
6. [6]
  Yue, X. Y.; Li, X. L.; Wang, W. W.; Chen, D.; Qiu, Q. Q.; Wang, Q. C.; Wu, X. J.; Fu, Z. W.; Shadike, Z.; Yang, X. Q.; Zhou, Y. N. Nano Energy 2019, 60, 257. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.057 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.057
7. [7]
  Liu, H.; Cheng, X.; Zhang, R.; Shi, P.; Shen, X.; Chen, X.; Li, T.; Huang, J.; Zhang, Q. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 2020, 26 (2), 127. doi: 10.1007/s12209-020-00241-z doi: 10.1007/s12209-020-00241-z
8. [8]
  Zhao, H.; Lei, D.; He, Y. B.; Yuan, Y.; Yun, Q.; Ni, B.; Lv, W.; Li, B.; Yang, Q. H.; Kang, F.; Lu, J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8 (19), 1800266. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800266 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800266
9. [9]
  Bai, P.; Li, J.; Brushett, F. R.; Bazant, M. Z. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9 (10), 3221. doi: 10.1039/C6EE01674J doi: 10.1039/C6EE01674J
10. [10]
  Lu, D.; Shao, Y.; Lozano, T.; Bennett, W. D.; Graff, G. L.; Polzin, B.; Zhang, J.; Engelhard, M. H.; Saenz, N. T.; Henderson, W. A.; et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5 (3), 1400993. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400993 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400993
11. [11]
  Fang, C.; Li, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, F.; Lee, J. Z.; Lee, M. H.; Alvarado, J.; Schroeder, M. A.; Yang, Y.; et al. Nature 2019, 572, 511. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1481-z doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1481-z
12. [12]
  Ding, F.; Xu, W.; Graff, G. L.; Zhang, J.; Sushko, M. L.; Chen, X.; Shao, Y.; Engelhard, M. H.; Nie, Z.; Xiao, J.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135 (11), 4450. doi: 10.1021/ja312241y doi: 10.1021/ja312241y
13. [13]
  Yan, C.; Yao, Y. X.; Chen, X.; Cheng, X. B.; Zhang, X. Q.; Huang, J. Q.; Zhang, Q. Angew. Chem. 2018, 130 (43), 14251. doi: 10.1002/ange.201807034 doi: 10.1002/ange.201807034
14. [14]
  Yue, X. Y.; Wang, W. W.; Wang, Q. C.; Meng, J. K.; Wang, X. X.; Song, Y.; Fu, Z. W.; Wu, X. J.; Zhou, Y. N. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 21, 180. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.12.007 doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.12.007
15. [15]
  Yan, Z.; Pan, H. Y.; Wang, J. Y.; Chen, R. S.; Li, Q.; Luo, F.; Yu, X. Q.; Li, H. Rare Met. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01494-2 doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01494-2
16. [16]
  Chen, X.; Zhang, X.; Li, H.; Zhang, Q. Batter. Supercaps 2019, 2 (2), 128. doi: 10.1002/batt.201800118 doi: 10.1002/batt.201800118
17. [17]
  Sand Ⅲ, H. J. S. Philos. Mag. 1901, 1 (1), 45. doi: 10.1080/14786440109462590
18. [18]
  Yan, K.; Lu, Z.; Lee, H. W.; Xiong, F.; Hsu, P. C.; Li, Y.; Zhao, J.; Chu, S.; Cui, Y. Nat. Energy 2016, 1 (3), 1. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.10 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.10
19. [19]
  Zhang, H.; Liao, X.; Guan, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Li, M.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, X.; Ming, H.; Lu, L.; Qiu, J.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9 (1), 3729. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06126-z doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06126-z
20. [20]
  Pei, A.; Zheng, G.; Shi, F.; Li, Y.; Cui, Y. Nano Lett. 2017, 17 (2), 1132. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04755. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04755
21. [21]
  Barton, J. L.; Bockris, J. O. M. The Electrolytic Growth of Dendrites from Ionic Solutions; Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1962, 268 (1335), 485.
22. [22]
  Monroe, C.; Newman, J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150 (10), A1377. doi: 10.1149/1.1606686 doi: 10.1149/1.1606686
23. [23]
  Akolkar, R. J. Power Sources 2014, 246, 84. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.056 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.056
24. [24]
  Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Y. NPJ Comput. Mater. 2018, 4 (1), 1. doi: 10.1038/s41524-018-0064-0 doi: 10.1038/s41524-018-0064-0
25. [25]
  Hou, C.; Han, J.; Liu, P.; Yang, C.; Huang, G.; Fujita, T.; Hirata, A.; Chen, M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9 (45), 1902675. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902675 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902675
26. [26]
  Steiger, J.; Kramer, D.; Mönig, R. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 136, 529. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.120 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.120
27. [27]
  Qian, J.; Henderson, W. A.; Xu, W.; Bhattacharya, P.; Engelhard, M.; Borodin, O.; Zhang, J. G. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6 (1), 6362. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7362. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7362
28. [28]
  Yoshimatsu, I.; Hirai, T.; Yamaki, J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1988, 135 (10), 2422. doi: 10.1149/1.2095351 doi: 10.1149/1.2095351
29. [29]
  Zhang, Y.; Qian, J.; Xu, W.; Russell, S. M.; Chen, X.; Nasybulin, E.; Bhattacharya, P.; Engelhard, M. H.; Mei, D.; Cao, R.; et al. Nano Lett. 2014, 14 (12), 6889. doi: 10.1021/nl5039117 doi: 10.1021/nl5039117
30. [30]
  Lee, J. Z.; Wynn, T. A.; Schroeder, M. A.; Alvarado, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, K.; Meng, Y. S. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4 (2), 489. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02381 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02381
31. [31]
  Foroozan, T.; Sharifi-Asl, S.; Shahbazian-Yassar, R. J. Power Sources 2020, 461, 228135. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228135 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228135
32. [32]
  Chen, K. H.; Wood, K. N.; Kazyak, E.; LePage, W. S.; Davis, A. L.; Sanchez, A. J.; Dasgupta, N. P. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5 (23), 11671. doi: 10.1039/C7TA00371D doi: 10.1039/C7TA00371D
33. [33]
  Fan, L.; Zhuang, H. L. L.; Gao, L. N.; Lu, Y. Y; Archer, L. A. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5 (7), 3483. doi: 10.1039/C6TA10204B doi: 10.1039/C6TA10204B
34. [34]
  Dornbusch, D. A.; Hilton, R.; Lohman, S. D.; Suppes, G. J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014, 162 (3), A262. doi: 10.1149/2.0021503jes doi: 10.1149/2.0021503jes
35. [35]
  Cheng, E. J.; Sharafi, A.; Sakamoto, J. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 223, 85. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.018 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.018
36. [36]
  Porz, L.; Swamy, T.; Sheldon, B. W.; Rettenwander, D.; Frömling, T.; Thaman, H. L.; Berendts, S.; Uecker, R.; Carter, W. C.; Chiang, Y. M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7 (20), 1701003. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701003 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701003
37. [37]
  Hong, Y. S.; Zhao, C. Z.; Xiao, Y.; Xu, R.; Xu, J. J.; Huang, J. Q.; Zhang, Q.; Yu, X.; Li, H. Batter. Supercaps 2019, 2 (7), 638. doi: 10.1002/batt.201900031 doi: 10.1002/batt.201900031
38. [38]
  Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Pei, A.; Yan, K.; Sun, Y.; Wu, C. L.; Joubert, L. M.; Chin, R.; Koh, A. L.; Yu, Y.; et al. Science 2017, 358 (6362), 506. doi: 10.1126/science.aam6014 doi: 10.1126/science.aam6014
39. [39]
  Ju, Z.; Nai, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, T.; Zheng, J.; Yuan, H.; Sheng, O.; Jin, C.; Zhang, W.; Jin, Z.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 488. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14358-1 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14358-1
40. [40]
  Sheng, O.; Zheng, J.; Ju, Z.; Jin, C.; Wang, Y.; Chen, M.; Nai, J.; Liu, T.; Zhang, W.; Liu, Y.; Tao, X. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 (34), 2000223. doi: 10.1002/adma.202000223 doi: 10.1002/adma.202000223
41. [41]
  Zachman, M. J.; Tu, Z.; Choudhury, S.; Archer, L. A.; Kourkoutis, L. F. Nature 2018, 560 (7718), 345. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0397-3 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0397-3
42. [42]
  Wang, X.; Zhang, M.; Alvarado, J.; Wang, S.; Sina, M.; Lu, B.; Bouwer, J.; Xu, W.; Xiao, J.; Zhang, J. G.; et al. Nano Lett. 2017, 17 (12), 7606. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03606 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03606
43. [43]
  Cohen, Y. S.; Cohen, Y.; Aurbach, D. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104 (51), 12282. doi: 10.1021/jp002526b doi: 10.1021/jp002526b
44. [44]
  Kitta, M.; Sano, H. Langmuir 2017, 33 (8), 1861. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04651 doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04651
45. [45]
  Zhang, L.; Yang, T.; Du, C.; Liu, Q.; Tang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B.; Chen, T.; Sun, Y.; Jia, P.; et al. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15 (2), 94. doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0604-x doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0604-x
46. [46]
  Arruda, T. M.; Lawton, J. S.; Kumar, A.; Unocic, R. R.; Kravchenko, I. I.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Jesse, S.; Kalinin, S. V.; Balke, N. ECS Electrochem. Lett. 2013, 3 (1), A4. doi: 10.1149/2.003401eel doi: 10.1149/2.003401eel
47. [47]
  Li, Q.; Pan, H.; Li, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zheng, J.; Yu, X.; Li, H.; Chen, L. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3 (9), 2259. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01244 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01244
48. [48]
  Zeng, Z.; Liang, W. I.; Liao, H. G.; Xin, H. L.; Chu, Y. H.; Zheng, H. Nano Lett. 2014, 14 (4), 1745. doi: 10.1021/nl403922u doi: 10.1021/nl403922u
49. [49]
  Mehdi, B. L.; Qian, J.; Nasybulin, E.; Park, C.; Welch, D. A.; Faller, R.; Mehta, H.; Henderson, W. A.; Xu, W.; Wang, C. M.; et al. Nano Lett. 2015, 15 (3), 2168. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00175 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00175
50. [50]
  Ghassemi, H.; Au, M.; Chen, N.; Heiden, P. A.; Yassar, R. S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99 (12), 123113. doi: 10.1063/1.3643035 doi: 10.1063/1.3643035
51. [51]
  Sacci, R. L.; Black, J. M.; Balke, N.; Dudney, N. J.; More, K. L.; Unocic, R. R. Nano Lett. 2015, 15 (3), 2011. doi: 10.1021/nl5048626 doi: 10.1021/nl5048626
52. [52]
  Kushima, A.; So, K. P.; Su, C.; Bai, P.; Kuriyama, N.; Maebashi, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Bazant, M. Z.; Li, J. Nano Energy 2017, 32, 271. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.001 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.001
53. [53]
  Leenheer, A. J.; Jungjohann, K. L.; Zavadil, K. R.; Sullivan, J. P.; Harris, C. T. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (4), 4379. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00876 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00876
54. [54]
  Frisco, S.; Liu, D.; Kumar, A.; Whitacre, J. F.; Love, C. T.; Swider-Lyons, K.; Litster, S. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9 (22), 18748. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b03003 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b03003
55. [55]
  Li, Q.; Yi, T.; Wang, X.; Pan, H.; Quan, B.; Liang, T.; Guo, X.; Yu, X.; Wang, H.; Huang, X.; et al. Nano Energy 2019, 63, 103895. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103895 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103895
56. [56]
  Kazyak, E.; Wood, K. N.; Dasgupta, N. P. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27 (18), 6457. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02789 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02789
57. [57]
  Rong, G.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, W.; Qiu, Y.; Liu, M.; Ye, F.; Xu, Y.; Chen, J.; Hou, Y.; Li, W.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 (13), 1606187. doi: 10.1002/adma.201606187 doi: 10.1002/adma.201606187
58. [58]
  Eastwood, D. S.; Bayley, P. M.; Chang, H. J.; Taiwo, O. O.; Vila-Comamala, J.; Brett, D. J. L.; Rau, C.; Withers, P. J.; Shearing, P. R.; Grey, C. P.; Lee, P. D. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51 (2), 266. doi: 10.1039/C4CC03187C doi: 10.1039/C4CC03187C
59. [59]
  Steiger, J.; Richter, G.; Wenk, M.; Kramer, D.; Mönig, R. Electrochem. Commun. 2015, 50, 11. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.11.002 doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.11.002
60. [60]
  Li, Q.; Quan, B.; Li, W.; Lu, J.; Zheng, J.; Yu, X.; Li, J.; Li, H. Nano Energy 2018, 45, 463. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.01.019 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.01.019
61. [61]
  Wan, G.; Guo, F.; Li, H.; Cao, Y.; Ai, X.; Qian, J.; Li, Y.; Yang, H. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10 (1), 593. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b14662 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b14662
62. [62]
  Wood, K. N.; Kazyak, E.; Chadwick, A. F.; Chen, K. H.; Zhang, J. G.; Thornton, K.; Dasgupta, N. P. ACS Central Sci. 2016, 2 (11), 790. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00260 doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00260
63. [63]
  Sanchez, A. J.; Kazyak, E.; Chen, Y.; Chen, K. H.; Pattison, E. R.; Dasgupta, N. P. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5 (3), 994. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00215 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00215
64. [64]
  Kazyak, E.; Garcia-Mendez, R.; LePage, W. S.; Sharafi, A.; Davis, A. L.; Sanchez, A. J.; Chen, K. H.; Haslam, C.; Sakamoto, J.; Dasgupta, N. P. Matter 2020, 2 (4), 1025. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.02.008 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.02.008
65. [65]
  Wang, C.; Gong, Y.; Dai, J.; Zhang, L.; Xie, H.; Pastel, G.; Liu, B.; Wachsman, E.; Wang, H.; Hu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (40), 14257. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b07904 doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b07904
66. [66]
  Han, F.; Westover, A. S.; Yue, J.; Fan, X.; Wang, F.; Chi, M.; Leonard, D. N.; Dudney, N. J.; Wang, H.; Wang, C. Nat. Energy 2019, 4 (3), 187. doi: 10.1038/s41560-018-0312-z doi: 10.1038/s41560-018-0312-z
67. [67]
  Schmitz, R.; Ansgar Müller, R.; Wilhelm Schmitz, R.; Schreiner, C.; Kunze, M.; Lex-Balducci, A.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M. J. Power Sources 2013, 233, 110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.105 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.105
68. [68]
  Cheng, Q.; Wei, L.; Liu, Z.; Ni, N.; Sang, Z.; Zhu, B.; Xu, W.; Chen, M.; Miao, Y.; Chen, L. Q.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9 (1), 2942. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05289-z doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05289-z
69. [69]
  Sun, F.; Zielke, L.; Markötter, H.; Hilger, A.; Zhou, D.; Moroni, R.; Zengerle, R.; Thiele, S.; Banhart, J.; Manke, I. ACS Nano 2016, 10 (8), 7990. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03939 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03939
70. [70]
  Sun, F.; Moroni, R.; Dong, K.; Markötter, H.; Zhou, D.; Hilger, A.; Zielke, L.; Zengerle, R.; Thiele, S.; Banhart, J.; Manke, I. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2 (1), 94. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00589 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00589
71. [71]
  Sun, F.; Osenberg, M.; Dong, K.; Zhou, D.; Hilger, A.; Jafta, C. J.; Risse, S.; Lu, Y.; Markötter, H.; Manke, I. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3 (2), 356. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01254 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01254
72. [72]
  Dong, K.; Osenberg, M.; Sun, F.; Markötter, H.; Jafta, C. J.; Hilger, A.; Arlt, T.; Banhart, J.; Manke, I. Nano Energy 2019, 62, 11. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.022 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.022
73. [73]
  Sun, F.; Zhou, D.; He, X.; Osenberg, M.; Dong, K.; Chen, L.; Mei, S.; Hilger, A.; Markötter, H.; Lu, Y.; et al. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5 (1), 152. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02424 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02424
74. [74]
  Louli, A. J.; Eldesoky, A.; Weber, R.; Genovese, M.; Coon, M.; deGooyer, J.; Deng, Z.; White, R. T.; Lee, J.; Rodgers, T.; et al. Nat. Energy 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-0668-8 doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-0668-8
75. [75]
  Yu, S. H.; Huang, X.; Brock, J. D.; Abruña, H. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141 (21), 8441. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13297 doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13297
76. [76]
  Hartmann, P.; Leichtweiss, T.; Busche, M. R.; Schneider, M.; Reich, M.; Sann, J.; Adelhelm, P.; Janek, J. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117 (41), 21064. doi: 10.1021/jp4051275 doi: 10.1021/jp4051275
77. [77]
  Fiedler, C.; Luerssen, B.; Rohnke, M.; Sann, J.; Janek, J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164 (14), A3742. doi: 10.1149/2.0851714jes doi: 10.1149/2.0851714jes
78. [78]
  Periyapperuma, K.; Arca, E.; Harvey, S.; Ban, C.; Burrell, A.; MacFarlane, D. R.; Pozo-Gonzalo, C.; Forsyth, M.; Howlett, P. C. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8 (7), 3574. doi: 10.1039/C9TA12004A doi: 10.1039/C9TA12004A
79. [79]
  Chang, H. J.; Ilott, A. J.; Trease, N. M.; Mohammadi, M.; Jerschow, A.; Grey, C. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 (48), 15209. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b09385 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b09385
80. [80]
  Ilott, A. J.; Mohammadi, M.; Chang, H. J.; Grey, C. P.; Jerschow, A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2016, 113 (39), 10779. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607903113 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607903113
81. [81]
  Chandrashekar, S.; Trease, N. M.; Chang, H. J.; Du, L. S.; Grey, C. P.; Jerschow, A. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11 (4), 311. doi: 10.1038/nmat3246 doi: 10.1038/nmat3246
82. [82]
  Song, B.; Dhiman, I.; Carothers, J. C.; Veith, G. M.; Liu, J.; Bilheux, H. Z.; Huq, A. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4 (10), 2402. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01652 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01652
83. [83]
  Zhang, Y.; Chandran, K. S. R.; Jagannathan, M.; Bilheux, H. Z.; Bilheux, J. C. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164 (2), A28. doi: 10.1149/2.0051702jes doi: 10.1149/2.0051702jes
84. [84]
  Yue, J. L.; Zhou, Y. N.; Shi, S. Q.; Shadike, Z.; Huang, X. Q.; Luo, J.; Yang, Z. Z.; Li, H.; Gu, L.; Yang, X. Q.; Fu, Z. W. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5 (1), 8810. doi: 10.1038/srep08810 doi: 10.1038/srep08810
85. [85]
  Gong, Y.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, L.; Shi, J. A.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, Z.; Zou, D.; Wang, J.; Yu, X.; Xiao, R.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (12), 4274. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b13344 doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b13344
86. [86]
  Ren, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Tan, S.; Petek, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141 (10), 4438. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13843 doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13843
87. [87]
  Seidl, L.; Bucher, N.; Chu, E.; Hartung, S.; Martens, S.; Schneider, O.; Stimming, U. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (7), 1631. doi: 10.1039/C7EE00546F doi: 10.1039/C7EE00546F
88. [88]
  Liu, Q.; Yu, Q.; Li, S.; Wang, S.; Zhang, L.; Cai, B.; Zhou, D.; Li, B. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 25, 613. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.09.023 doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.09.023
89. [89]
  Wenzel, S.; Leichtweiss, T.; Krüger, D.; Sann, J.; Janek, J. Solid State Ionics 2015, 278, 98. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2015.06.001
90. [90]
  Harry, K. J.; Hallinan, D. T.; Parkinson, D. Y.; MacDowell, A. A.; Balsara, N. P. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13 (1), 69. doi: 10.1038/nmat3793 doi: 10.1038/nmat3793
91. [91]
  Devaux, D.; Harry, K. J.; Parkinson, D. Y.; Yuan, R.; Hallinan, D. T.; MacDowell, A. A.; Balsara, N. P. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162 (7), A1301. doi: 10.1149/2.0721507jes doi: 10.1149/2.0721507jes
92. [92]
  Maslyn, J. A.; Loo, W. S.; McEntush, K. D.; Oh, H. J.; Harry, K. J.; Parkinson, D. Y.; Balsara, N. P. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122 (47), 26797. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06355 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06355
93. [93]
  Doux, J.; Nguyen, H.; Tan, D. H. S.; Banerjee, A.; Wang, X.; Wu, E. A.; Jo, C.; Yang, H.; Meng, Y. S. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10 (1), 1903253. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903253 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903253
94. [94]
  Bhattacharyya, R.; Key, B.; Chen, H.; Best, A. S.; Hollenkamp, A. F.; Grey, C. P. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9 (6), 504. doi: 10.1038/nmat2764 doi: 10.1038/nmat2764
95. [95]
  Liu, F. F.; Zhang, Z. W.; Ye, S. F.; Yao, Y.; Yu, Y. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37, 2006021. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202006021
1. [1]
  Siyu Zhang , Kunhong Gu , Bing'an Lu , Junwei Han , Jiang Zhou . Hydrometallurgical Processes on Recycling of Spent Lithium-lon Battery Cathode: Advances and Applications in Sustainable Technologies. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2309028-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202309028
2. [2]
  Yixuan Gao , Lingxing Zan , Wenlin Zhang , Qingbo Wei . Comprehensive Innovation Experiment: Preparation and Characterization of Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 178-183. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311091
3. [3]
  Yipeng Zhou , Chenxin Ran , Zhongbin Wu . Metacognitive Enhancement in Diversifying Ideological and Political Education within Graduate Course: A Case Study on “Solar Cell Performance Enhancement Technology”. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 151-159. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312096
4. [4]
  Qiuyang LUO , Xiaoning TANG , Shu XIA , Junnan LIU , Xingfu YANG , Jie LEI . Application of a densely hydrophobic copper metal layer in-situ prepared with organic solvents for protecting zinc anodes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1243-1253. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240110
5. [5]
  Jiao CHEN , Yi LI , Yi XIE , Dandan DIAO , Qiang XIAO . Vapor-phase transport of MFI nanosheets for the fabrication of ultrathin b-axis oriented zeolite membranes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 507-514. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230403
6. [6]
  Lei Shi . Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Radicals. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 131-135. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402018
7. [7]
  Junli Liu . Practice and Exploration of Research-Oriented Classroom Teaching in the Integration of Science and Education: a Case Study on the Synthesis of Sub-Nanometer Metal Oxide Materials and Their Application in Battery Energy Storage. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(10): 249-254. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404023
8. [8]
  Shicheng Yan . Experimental Teaching Design for the Integration of Scientific Research and Teaching: A Case Study on Organic Electrooxidation. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 350-358. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408036
9. [9]
  Hao BAI , Weizhi JI , Jinyan CHEN , Hongji LI , Mingji LI . Preparation of Cu₂O/Cu-vertical graphene microelectrode and detection of uric acid/electroencephalogram. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1309-1319. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240001
10. [10]
  Baohua LÜ , Yuzhen LI . Anisotropic photoresponse of two-dimensional layered α-In₂Se₃(2H) ferroelectric materials. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(10): 1911-1918. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240105
11. [11]
  Wei Li , Guoqiang Feng , Ze Chang . Teaching Reform of X-ray Diffraction Using Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Chemistry. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 29-35. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308060
12. [12]
  Wenyan Dan , Weijie Li , Xiaogang Wang . The Technical Analysis of Visual Software ShelXle for Refinement of Small Molecular Crystal Structure. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 63-69. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202302060
13. [13]
  Hao Zhao , Zhen Gao , Weihong Li . Practice and Exploration of the Construction of Experimental Technician Teams of Universities in the New Period. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 7-12. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310122
14. [14]
  Zhenjun Mao , Haorui Gu , Haiyan Che , Xufeng Lin . Exploration on Experiment Teaching of UHPLC-IC Based on Valve Switching Method. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 81-86. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311013
15. [15]
  Congying Wen , Zhengkun Du , Yukun Lu , Zongting Wang , Hua He , Limin Yang , Jingbin Zeng . Teaching Reform and Practice of Modern Analytical Technology under the Integration of Science, Industry, and Education. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 104-111. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312089
16. [16]
  Dongxue Han , Huiliang Sun , Li Niu . Virtual Reality Technology for Safe and Green University Chemistry Experimental Education. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 191-196. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312055
17. [17]
  Xiaomei Ning , Liang Zhan , Xiaosong Zhou , Jin Luo , Xunfu Zhou , Cuifen Luo . Preparation and Electro-Oxidation Performance of PtBi Supported on Carbon Cloth: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemical Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 217-224. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401085
18. [18]
  Xiaoning TANG , Junnan LIU , Xingfu YANG , Jie LEI , Qiuyang LUO , Shu XIA , An XUE . Effect of sodium alginate-sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel layer on the stability of Zn anodes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1452-1460. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240191
19. [19]
  Qilu DU , Li ZHAO , Peng NIE , Bo XU . Synthesis and characterization of osmium-germyl complexes stabilized by triphenyl ligands. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1088-1094. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240006
20. [20]
  Haiyu Nie , Chenhui Zhang , Fengpei Du . Ideological and Political Design for the Preparation, Characterization and Particle Size Control Experiment of Nanoemulsion. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(2): 41-46. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202306055

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(34)
Abstract views(2063)
HTML views(653)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142