Citation: Wang Yunfei, Liu Jianhua, Yu Mei, Zhong Jinyan, Zhou Qisen, Qiu Junming, Zhang Xiaoliang. SnO₂ Surface Halogenation to Improve Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2021, 37(3): 200603. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202006030 shu

SnO₂ Surface Halogenation to Improve Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Xiaoliang, xiaoliang.zhang@buaa.edu.cn
Received Date: 11 June 2020
Revised Date: 14 July 2020
Accepted Date: 26 July 2020
Available Online: 31 July 2020
Fund Project: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51872014) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (YWF-20-BJ-J-637)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China YWF-20-BJ-J-637the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51872014

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently become one of the fastest-growing research fields. Furthermore, the PSCs that have a SnO₂ nanoparticle layer as an electron transport layer (ETL) have received extensive attention. The SnO₂-ETL layer can be prepared at a low temperature, which makes it suitable for flexible device development. However, the energy levels of the SnO₂ layer do not sufficiently match the energy levels of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, which largely affects the charge carrier extraction and reduces the open current–voltage (V_oc) of PSCs. Additionally, the interface between the ETL and perovskite layer always has defects, which cause charge recombination and affect the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. Therefore, the interfacial engineering at the SnO₂/perovskite layer is crucial to address these issues. Researchers are looking for suitable passivation materials that could align the energy band and decrease the defect density. Halide materials, such as KCl and NH₄Cl, are promising solutions to solve these problems. However, the preparation process has to be explored, and the mechanism of halide ions at the interface is unclear. This study investigates the effects of SnO₂ surface halogenation on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs in depth. The SnO₂ surface was passivated using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and the concentration gradient of the passivation solution was studied. Extensive characterization of the perovskite layers and PSC devices demonstrated the positive effects of SnO₂ surface halogenation on the SnO₂/perovskite interfacial properties. The causes of improved performance of the interfacial-engineered devices were studied using charge carrier dynamics. Interfacial engineering was further investigated by performing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to determine the energy, structure, charge density, density of states, work function, etc. Experiments and theoretical calculations proved that TBAC could be an optimal passivation material for the SnO₂ surface. Furthermore, the passivation effect became more apparent with the increase in solution concentration. TBAC could promote perovskite crystal growth, decrease defects at the interface, and increase the internal recombination resistance. Consequently, the photovoltaic performance of PSCs was improved. The halide ions on the SnO₂ surface could interact with Sn atoms, which increase the charge density and achieves high-efficiency charge extraction. This work shows the significance of improving the photovoltaic performance of PSCs along with providing physical principles for the interfacial engineering of PSCs toward achieving high efficiency.
- Perovskite solar cell,
- SnO₂ Surface halogenation,
- Interface engineering,
- Density functional theory,
- Charge transfer kinetics
1. [1]
  Kojima, A.; Teshima, K.; Shirai, Y.; Miyasaka, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (17), 6050. doi: 10.1021/ja809598r doi: 10.1021/ja809598r
2. [2]
  https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (Accessed on 11 December 2019).
3. [3]
  Sun, S.; Salim, T.; Mathews, N.; Duchamp, M.; Boothroyd, C.; Xing, G.; Sum, T. C.; Lam, Y. M. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7 (1), 399. doi: 10.1039/C3EE43161D doi: 10.1039/C3EE43161D
4. [4]
  Stranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Grancini, G.; Menelaou, C.; Alcocer, M. J. P.; Leijtens, T.; Herz, L. M.; Petrozza, A.; Snaith, H. J. Science 2013, 342, 341. doi: 10.1126/science.1243982 doi: 10.1126/science.1243982
5. [5]
  Miyata, A.; Mitioglu, A.; Plochocka, P.; Portugall, O.; Wang, J. T. W.; Stranks, S. D.; Snaith, H. J.; Nicholas, R. J. Nat. Phys. 2015, 11, 582. doi: 10.1038/nphys3357 doi: 10.1038/nphys3357
6. [6]
  Lin, Q.; Armin, A.; Nagiri, R. C. R.; Burn, P. L.; Meredith, P. Nat. Photon. 2014, 9, 106. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.284 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.284
7. [7]
  Baikie, T.; Fang, Y.; Kadro, J. M.; Schreyer, M.; Wei, F.; Mhaisalkar, S. G.; Grätzel, M.; White, T. J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 5628. doi: 10.1039/c3ta10518k doi: 10.1039/c3ta10518k
8. [8]
  Chen, J.; Park, N. G. Adv. Mater. 2018, 31 (47), 1803019. doi: 10.1002/adma.201803019 doi: 10.1002/adma.201803019
9. [9]
  Tress, W.; Marinova, N.; Inganas, O.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; Grätzel, M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5 (3), 6. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400812 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400812
10. [10]
  Wang, N.; Zhao, K.; Ding, T.; Liu, W.; Ahmed, A. S.; Wang, Z.; Tian, M.; Sun, X. W.; Zhang, Q. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7 (18), 1700522. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201700522 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201700522
11. [11]
  Peng, J.; Wu, Y.; Ye, W.; Jacobs, D. A.; Shen, H.; Fu, X.; Wan, Y.; Duong, T.; Wu, N.; Barugkin, C.; et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (8), 1792. doi: 10.1039/c7ee01096f doi: 10.1039/c7ee01096f
12. [12]
  Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T. B.; Duan, H. S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. Science 2014, 345 (6196), 542. doi: 10.1126/science.1254050 doi: 10.1126/science.1254050
13. [13]
  Tan, H. R.; Jain, A.; Voznyy, O.; Lan, X. Z.; de Arquer, F. P. G.; Fan, J. Z.; Quintero-Bermudez, R.; Yuan, M. J.; Zhang, B.; Zhao, Y. C.; et al. Science 2017, 355 (6326), 722. doi: 10.1126/science.aai9081 doi: 10.1126/science.aai9081
14. [14]
  Christians, J. A.; Schulz, P.; Tinkham, J. S.; Schloemer, T. H.; Harvey, S. P.; de Villers, B. J. T.; Sellinger, A.; Berry, J. J.; Luther, J. M. Nat. Energy 2018, 3 (1), 68. doi: 10.1038/s41560-017-0067-y doi: 10.1038/s41560-017-0067-y
15. [15]
  Li, Y.; Zhu, J.; Huang, Y.; Liu, F.; Lv, M.; Chen, S.; Hu, L.; Tang, J.; Yao, J.; Dai, S. RSC Adv. 2015, 5 (36), 28424. doi: 10.1039/C5RA01540E doi: 10.1039/C5RA01540E
16. [16]
  Ke, W.; Fang, G.; Liu, Q.; Xiong, L.; Qin, P.; Tao, H.; Wang, J.; Lei, H.; Li, B.; Wan, J.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 (21), 6730. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b01994 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b01994
17. [17]
  Jiang, Q.; Zhang, L. Q.; Wang, H. L.; Yang, X. L.; Meng, J. H.; Liu, H.; Yin, Z. G.; Wu, J. L.; Zhang, X. W.; You, J. B. Nat. Energy 2017, 2 (1), 1. doi: 10.1038/Nenergy.2016.177 doi: 10.1038/Nenergy.2016.177
18. [18]
  Jung, K. H.; Seo, J. Y.; Lee, S.; Shin, H.; Park, N. G. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5 (47), 24790. doi: 10.1039/c7ta08040a doi: 10.1039/c7ta08040a
19. [19]
  Xiong, L. B.; Guo, Y. X.; Wen, J.; Liu, H. R.; Yang, G.; Qin, P. L.; Fang, G. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28 (35), 1802757. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201802757 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201802757
20. [20]
  Liu, X.; Tsai, K.W.; Zhu, Z.; Sun, Y.; Chueh, C. C.; Jen, A. K. Y. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3 (13). doi: 10.1002/admi.201600122 doi: 10.1002/admi.201600122
21. [21]
  Bu, T. L.; Li, J.; Zheng, F.; Chen, W. J.; Wen, X. M.; Ku, Z. L.; Peng, Y.; Zhong, J.; Cheng, Y. B.; Huang, F. Z. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4609. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07099-9 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07099-9
22. [22]
  Xie, J.; Huang, K.; Yu, X.; Yang, Z.; Xiao, K.; Qiang, Y.; Zhu, X.; Xu, L.; Wang, P.; Cui, C.; Yang, D. ACS Nano 2017, 11 (9), 9176. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04070 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04070
23. [23]
  Wang, C.; Zhao, D.; Grice, C. R.; Liao, W.; Yu, Y.; Cimaroli, A.; Shrestha, N.; Roland, P. J.; Chen, J.; Yu, Z.; et al. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (31), 12080. doi: 10.1039/c6ta04503k doi: 10.1039/c6ta04503k
24. [24]
  Tao, C.; Neutzner, S.; Colella, L.; Marras, S.; Kandada, A. R. S.; Gandini, M.; De Bastiani, M.; Pace, G.; Manna, L.; Caironi, M.; et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8 (8), 2365. doi: 10.1039/c5ee01720c doi: 10.1039/c5ee01720c
25. [25]
  Yang, D.; Yang, R. X.; Wang, K.; Wu, C. C.; Zhu, X. J.; Feng, J. S.; Ren, X. D.; Fang, G. J.; Priya, S.; Liu, S. Z. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3239. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05760-x doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05760-x
26. [26]
  Choi, K.; Lee, J.; Kim, H. I.; Park, C. W.; Kim, G.W.; Choi, H.; Park, S.; Park, S. A.; Park, T. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11 (11), 3238. doi: 10.1039/C8EE02242A doi: 10.1039/C8EE02242A
27. [27]
  Liu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, L.; Liu, Z.; Huang, J.; Yun, J. S.; Zeng, Y.; Pu, A.; Sun, K.; Hameiri, Z.; et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8 (20), 1800138. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800138 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800138
28. [28]
  Liu, Z.; Deng, K.; Hu, J.; Li, L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58 (33), 11497. doi: 10.1002/anie.201904945 doi: 10.1002/anie.201904945
29. [29]
  Qiao, H. W.; Yang, S.; Wang, Y.; Chen, X.; Wen, T. Y.; Tang, L. J.; Cheng, Q.; Hou, Y.; Zhao, H.; Yang, H. G. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (5), 1804217. doi: 10.1002/adma.201804217 doi: 10.1002/adma.201804217
30. [30]
  Zhang, B.; Su, J.; Guo, X.; Zhou, L.; Lin, Z.; Feng, L.; Zhang, J.; Chang, J.; Hao, Y. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7 (11), 1903044. doi: 10.1002/advs.201903044 doi: 10.1002/advs.201903044
31. [31]
  Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Comput. Mater. Sci. 1996, 6 (1), 15. doi: 10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0 doi: 10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0
32. [32]
  Blöchl, P. E.; Först, C. J.; Schimpl, J. Bull. Mater. Sci. 2003, 26 (1), 33. doi: 10.1007/BF02712785 doi: 10.1007/BF02712785
33. [33]
  Perdew; Burke; Wang. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54 (23), 16533. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.16533 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.16533
34. [34]
  Lin, W.; Zhang, Y. F.; Li, Y.; Chen, Y.; Li, J. Q. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2006, 22 (1), 76. doi: 10.3866/pku.Whxb20060115
35. [35]
  Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132 (15), 19. doi: 10.1063/1.3382344 doi: 10.1063/1.3382344
36. [36]
  Tang, W.; Sanville, E.; Henkelman, G. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2009, 21 (8), 7. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/8/084204 doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/8/084204
37. [37]
  http://vaspkit.sourceforge.net (14 5 2020).
38. [38]
  https://wiki.fysik.dtu.dk/ase/about.html (14 5 2020).
39. [39]
  Azpiroz, J. M.; Mosconi, E.; Bisquert, J.; De Angelis, F. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8 (7), 2118. doi: 10.1039/c5ee01265a doi: 10.1039/c5ee01265a
40. [40]
  Fu, F.; Pisoni, S.; Jeangros, Q.; Sastre-Pellicer, J.; Kawecki, M.; Paracchino, A.; Moser, T.; Werner, J.; Andres, C.; Duchêne, L.; et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12 (10), 3074. doi: 10.1039/c9ee02043h doi: 10.1039/c9ee02043h
41. [41]
  Yang, W. S.; Noh, J. H.; Jeon, N. J.; Kim, Y. C.; Ryu, S.; Seo, J.; Seok, S. I. Science 2015, 348 (6240), 1234. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9272 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9272
42. [42]
  Abdi-Jalebi, M.; Andaji-Garmaroudi, Z.; Cacovich, S.; Stavrakas, C.; Philippe, B.; Richter, J. M.; Alsari, M.; Booker, E. P.; Hutter, E. M.; Pearson, A. J.; et al. Nature 2018, 555 (7697), 497. doi: 10.1038/nature25989 doi: 10.1038/nature25989
43. [43]
  Wang, Q.; Chen, B.; Liu, Y.; Deng, Y.; Bai, Y.; Dong, Q.; Huang, J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (2), 516. doi: 10.1039/c6ee02941h doi: 10.1039/c6ee02941h
44. [44]
  Yu, H.; Wang, F.; Xie, F.; Li, W.; Chen, J.; Zhao, N. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24 (45), 7102. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201401872 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201401872
45. [45]
  Yang, C. H.; Tang, A. W.; Teng, F.; Jiang, K. J. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2018, 34 (11), 1197. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201804097
46. [46]
  Yan, L.; Xue, Q. F.; Liu, M. Y.; Zhu, Z. L.; Tian, J. J.; Li, Z. C.; Chen, Z.; Chen, Z. M.; Yan, H.; Yip, H. L.; Cao, Y. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 (33), 1802509. doi: 10.1002/adma.201802509 doi: 10.1002/adma.201802509
47. [47]
  Hu, W. P.; Zhou, W. R.; Lei, X. Y.; Zhou, P. C.; Zhang, M. M.; Chen, T.; Zeng, H. L.; Zhu, J.; Dai, S. Y.; Yang, S. H.; Yang, S. F. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (8), 12. doi: 10.1002/adma.201806095 doi: 10.1002/adma.201806095
48. [48]
  Kim, H. S.; Jang, I. H.; Ahn, N.; Choi, M.; Guerrero, A.; Bisquert, J.; Park, N. G. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6 (22), 4633. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02273 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02273
49. [49]
  Son, D. Y.; Kim, S. G.; Seo, J. Y.; Lee, S. H.; Shin, H.; Lee, D.; Park, N. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140 (4), 1358. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b10430 doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b10430
50. [50]
  Liu, Q. P.; Huang, H. J.; Zhou, Y.; Duan, Y. D.; Sun, Q. W.; Lin, Y. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2012, 28 (3), 591. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201112161
51. [51]
  Minemoto, T.; Murata, M. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 133, 8. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.036 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.10.036
52. [52]
  Zhao, P.; Lin, Z.; Wang, J.; Yue, M.; Su, J.; Zhang, J.; Chang, J.; Hao, Y. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2 (6), 4504. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00755 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00755
1. [1]
  Jie ZHAO , Sen LIU , Qikang YIN , Xiaoqing LU , Zhaojie WANG . Theoretical calculation of selective adsorption and separation of CO₂ by alkali metal modified naphthalene/naphthalenediyne. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 515-522. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230385
2. [2]
  Endong YANG , Haoze TIAN , Ke ZHANG , Yongbing LOU . Efficient oxygen evolution reaction of CuCo₂O₄/NiFe-layered bimetallic hydroxide core-shell nanoflower sphere arrays. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 930-940. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230369
3. [3]
  Zeyuan WANG , Songzhi ZHENG , Hao LI , Jingbo WENG , Wei WANG , Yang WANG , Weihai SUN . Effect of I₂ interface modification engineering on the performance of all-inorganic CsPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1290-1300. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240021
4. [4]
  Jizhou Liu , Chenbin Ai , Chenrui Hu , Bei Cheng , Jianjun Zhang . 六氯锡酸铵促进钙钛矿太阳能电池界面电子转移及其飞秒瞬态吸收光谱研究. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2402006-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202402006
5. [5]
  Xiaochen Zhang , Fei Yu , Jie Ma . 多角度数理模拟在电容去离子中的前沿应用. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2311026-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311026
6. [6]
  Yixuan Gao , Lingxing Zan , Wenlin Zhang , Qingbo Wei . Comprehensive Innovation Experiment: Preparation and Characterization of Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 178-183. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311091
7. [7]
  Yuejiao An , Wenxuan Liu , Yanfeng Zhang , Jianjun Zhang , Zhansheng Lu . Revealing Photoinduced Charge Transfer Mechanism of SnO₂/BiOBr S-Scheme Heterostructure for CO₂ Photoreduction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2407021-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202407021
8. [8]
  You Wu , Chang Cheng , Kezhen Qi , Bei Cheng , Jianjun Zhang , Jiaguo Yu , Liuyang Zhang . ZnO/D-A共轭聚合物S型异质结高效光催化产H₂O₂及其电荷转移动力学研究. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406027-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406027
9. [9]
  Yaling Chen . Basic Theory and Competitive Exam Analysis of Dynamic Isotope Effect. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(8): 403-410. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311093
10. [10]
  Rui Li , Huan Liu , Yinan Jiao , Shengjian Qin , Jie Meng , Jiayu Song , Rongrong Yan , Hang Su , Hengbin Chen , Zixuan Shang , Jinjin Zhao . 卤化物钙钛矿的单双向离子迁移. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2311011-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311011
11. [11]
  Maitri Bhattacharjee , Rekha Boruah Smriti , R. N. Dutta Purkayastha , Waldemar Maniukiewicz , Shubhamoy Chowdhury , Debasish Maiti , Tamanna Akhtar . Synthesis, structural characterization, bio-activity, and density functional theory calculation on Cu(Ⅱ) complexes with hydrazone-based Schiff base ligands. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1409-1422. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240007
12. [12]
  Yiying Yang , Dongju Zhang . Elucidating the Concepts of Thermodynamic Control and Kinetic Control in Chemical Reactions through Theoretical Chemistry Calculations: A Computational Chemistry Experiment on the Diels-Alder Reaction. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 327-335. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309074
13. [13]
  Yipeng Zhou , Chenxin Ran , Zhongbin Wu . Metacognitive Enhancement in Diversifying Ideological and Political Education within Graduate Course: A Case Study on “Solar Cell Performance Enhancement Technology”. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(6): 151-159. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312096
14. [14]
  Cheng PENG , Jianwei WEI , Yating CHEN , Nan HU , Hui ZENG . First principles investigation about interference effects of electronic and optical properties of inorganic and lead-free perovskite Cs₃Bi₂X₉ (X=Cl, Br, I). Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 555-560. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230282
15. [15]
  Xinlong WANG , Zhenguo CHENG , Guo WANG , Xiaokuen ZHANG , Yong XIANG , Xinquan WANG . Enhancement of the fragile interface of high voltage LiCoO₂ by surface gradient permeation of trace amounts of Mg/F. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 571-580. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230259
16. [16]
  Fan JIA , Wenbao XU , Fangbin LIU , Haihua ZHANG , Hongbing FU . Synthesis and electroluminescence properties of Mn²⁺ doped quasi-two-dimensional perovskites (PEA)₂Pb_yMn_1-yBr₄. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1114-1122. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230473
17. [17]
  Shule Liu . Application of SPC/E Water Model in Molecular Dynamics Teaching Experiments. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 338-342. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310029
18. [18]
  Jinfu Ma , Hui Lu , Jiandong Wu , Zhongli Zou . Teaching Design of Electrochemical Principles Course Based on “Cognitive Laws”: Kinetics of Electron Transfer Steps. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 174-177. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309052
19. [19]
  Yeyun Zhang , Ling Fan , Yanmei Wang , Zhenfeng Shang . Development and Application of Kinetic Reaction Flasks in Physical Chemistry Experimental Teaching. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 100-106. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308044
20. [20]
  Yifen He , Chao Qu , Na Ren , Dawei Liang . Enhanced degradation of refractory organics in ORR-EO system with a blue TiO₂ nanotube array modified Ti-based Ni-Sb co-doped SnO₂ anode. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109262-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109262

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(22)
Abstract views(1527)
HTML views(457)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

SnO2 Surface Halogenation to Improve Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

Metrics

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

SnO₂ Surface Halogenation to Improve Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells