Citation: Wang Yiqing, Shen Shaohua. Progress and Prospects of Non-Metal Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic Performances[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2020, 36(3): 190508. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201905080 shu

Progress and Prospects of Non-Metal Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic Performances

Wang Yiqing ,
Shen Shaohua ^,

International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China

Author Bio:
Shaohua Shen is currently a full professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in thermal engineering in 2010 from Xi'an Jiaotong University. During 2008–2009 and 2011–2012, he worked as a guest researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Berkeley. His research interests include photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion
Corresponding author: Shen Shaohua, shshen_xjtu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
Received Date: 28 May 2019
Revised Date: 15 July 2019
Accepted Date: 15 July 2019
Available Online: 19 March 2019
Fund Project: the National Natural Science Foundation of China 21875183the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51672210The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21875183, 51672210, 51888103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51888103

Since Fujishima and Honda demonstrated the photoelectrochemical water splitting on TiO₂ photoanode and Pt counter electrode, photocatalysis has been considered as one of the most promising technologies for solving both the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage. This process can effectively use solar energy, the most abundant energy resource on the earth, to drive various catalytic reactions, such as water splitting, CO₂ reduction, organic pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis, for energy generation and environmental purification. Except for the various metal-based semiconductors, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal oxynitrides, developed for photocatalysis, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention in the recent years because of its earth abundancy, non-toxicity, good stability, and relatively narrow band gap (2.7 eV) for visible light response. However, g-C₃N₄ suffers from insufficient absorption of visible light in the solar spectrum and rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Until now, various strategies have been developed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄, including element doping, nanostructure and heterostructure design, and co-catalyst decoration. Among these methods, element doping has been found to be very effective for adjusting the unique electronic and molecular structures of g-C₃N₄, which could significantly expand the range of photoresponse under visible light and improve the charge separation. Especially, non-metal doping has been well investigated frequently to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. The non-metal dopants commonly used for the doping of g-C₃N₄ include oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), boron (B), and halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) and also carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (for self-doping), as they are easily accessible and can be introduced into the g-C₃N₄ framework through different physical and chemical synthetic methods. In this review article, the structural and optical properties of g-C₃N₄ is introduced first, followed by a brief introduction to the modification of g-C₃N₄ as photocatalysts. Then, the progress in the non-metal doped g-C₃N₄ with improved photocatalytic activity is reviewed in detail, with the photocatalytic mechanisms presented for easy understanding of the fundamentals of photocatalysis and for guiding in the design of novel g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. Finally, the prospects of the modification of g-C₃N₄ for further advances in photocatalysis is presented.
- Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄),
- Non-metal doping,
- Photocatalysis,
- Band structure,
- Electronic structure
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