Citation: Ji Yi, Liang Lixin, Guo Changmiao, Bao Xinhe, Polenova Tatyana, Hou Guangjin. Zero-Quantum Homonuclear Recoupling Symmetry Sequences in Solid-State Fast MAS NMR Spectroscopy[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2020, 36(4): 190502. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201905029 shu

Zero-Quantum Homonuclear Recoupling Symmetry Sequences in Solid-State Fast MAS NMR Spectroscopy

Ji Yi ^1,2 ,
Liang Lixin ^1,2 ,
Guo Changmiao ³ ,
Bao Xinhe ¹ ,
Polenova Tatyana ^3,4 ,
Hou Guangjin ^1,,

1.
State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
3.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
4.
Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States

Corresponding author: Hou Guangjin, ghou@dicp.ac.cn
Received Date: 6 May 2019
Revised Date: 29 May 2019
Accepted Date: 3 June 2019
Available Online: 10 April 2019
Fund Project: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21773230), the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program, China (XLYC1807207), DICP Innovation Foundation, China (Y7611105T5), and the National Institutes of Health of United States (P50GM082251, P30GM103519, P30GM110758)the National Institutes of Health of United States P30GM110758DICP Innovation Foundation, China Y7611105T5the National Institutes of Health of United States P50GM082251the National Institutes of Health of United States P30GM103519the National Natural Science Foundation of China 21773230the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program, China XLYC1807207

The considerable demand of robust solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sequences has been met by the development in solid-state NMR hardware and probe design, particularly for fast magic angle spinning (MAS). Fast MAS enhances spectral resolution, however, it makes many conventional methods unusable because of the need of significantly high radiofrequency (RF) field strength and the intrinsic inefficiencies under such condition. Dipolar-based homonuclear recoupling sequences are widely used for structural analysis, and radio-frequency driven recoupling (RFDR) is one of the most popular zero-quantum (ZQ) homonuclear recoupling sequence. Previous studies demonstrated that RFDR efficiency strongly depends on factors such as MAS frequency, resonance offset, RF field inhomogeneity, and chemical shift anisotropy (CSA). To alleviate these dependencies, different RFDR phase cycles have been proposed. To completely understand the principle of ZQ recoupling sequences and achieve uniform broadband homonuclear recoupling under fast MAS conditions, we herein utilize the theory of symmetry sequences and propose a series of RN_N¹ (N ≥ 4, N is even) sequences with various phase cycles under both moderate and fast MAS conditions. We simulated the influence of MAS rate, resonance offset, RF field strength, RF mismatch, and heteronuclear decoupling on ZQ homonuclear polarization transfer efficiency. We verified the ZQ dipolar recoupling efficiencies of various RN symmetry sequences using U-¹³C, ¹⁵N-labeled L-histidine and microcrystalline U-¹³C, ¹⁵N-labeled dynein light chain (LC8) protein. The basic R4 sequence showed the worst broadband ZQ polarization transfer performance theoretically and experimentally, while the basic R6 sequence could efficiently achieve ZQ dipolar recoupling within moderate bandwidth. Under low to moderate MAS conditions, high-power ¹H decoupling could considerably enhance the polarization transfer efficiency, while homonuclear recoupling sans heteronuclear decoupling is recommended under fast MAS conditions. Super phase cycling enhanced ZQ polarization transfer efficiency and bandwidth and resulted in significantly reduced sensitivity to RF mismatch. RN_ixy₃ and RN_ixy₄ sequences with 6^*N and 8^*N phase cycling steps, respectively, were preferred. The R4_ixy₃ sequence with fewer phase cycling steps showed comparable, or even slightly better, performance to the R4_ixy₄ sequence. As shown in the simulations, by choosing proper RF field strengths, 1.5^*ω_r < ω₁ < 3^*ω_r, uniform broadband ZQ recoupling with R4_ixy₃ or R4_ixy₄ sequences could be achieved under fast MAS conditions, which would be significant for the accurate determination of spatial proximities and internuclear distances. By prolonging the mixing time, the RN ZQ scheme could provide more cross peaks, where medium- to long-range spatial correlations could be included; these correlations are essential for structural determination in complex systems.
- Symmetry-based pulse sequence,
- Zero-quantum homonuclear recoupling,
- RFDR,
- Super phase cycling,
- Fast MAS,
- Solid-state NMR
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