Citation: HU Chao, MU Ye, LI Mingyu, QIU Jieshan. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Dots[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2019, 35(6): 572-590. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201806060 shu

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Dots

HU Chao ¹ ,
MU Ye ¹ ,
LI Mingyu ² ,
QIU Jieshan ^2,3,,

1.
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
2.
Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
3.
College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China

Corresponding author: QIU Jieshan, qiujs@mail.buct.edu.cn
Received Date: 27 June 2018
Revised Date: 23 July 2018
Accepted Date: 24 July 2018
Available Online: 1 June 2018
Fund Project: The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China xjj2017083the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shanxi Province, China 2017JQ5027the National Natural Science Foundation of China U1710117the National Natural Science Foundation of China 51702254The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China zrzd2017014The project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (xjj2017083, zrzd2017014), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51702254, U1710117), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M602827), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shanxi Province, China (2017JQ5027), and the Liaoning Province Doctoral Startup Grant (201501173)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2016M602827the Liaoning Province Doctoral Startup Grant 201501173

Carbon atoms can bond together in different molecular configurations leading to different carbon allotropes including diamond, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphdiyne that are widely used or explored in a number of fields. Carbon dots (CDs), which are generally surface-passivated carbon nanoparticles less than 10 nm in size, are other new members of carbon allotropes. CDs were serendipitously discovered in 2004 during the electrophoresis purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Similar to their popular older cousins, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, CDs have drawn much attention in the past decade and have gradually become a rising star because of the advantages of chemical inertness, high abundance, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Interestingly, CDs typically display excitation-energy- and size-dependent fluorescent behavior. Depending on their structures, the fluorescence from CDs is either attributed to the quantum-confinement effect and conjugated π-domains of the carbogenic core (intrinsic states), or determined by the hybridization of the carbon skeleton and the connected chemical groups (surface states). Compared with the traditional semiconductors, quantum dots, and their organic dye counterparts, fluorescent CDs possess not only excellent optical properties and small-size effect, but also the advantages of low-cost synthesis, good photo-bleaching resistance, tunable band gaps, and surface functionalities. For these reasons, CDs are considered to be emergent nanolights for bio-imaging, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, CDs feature abundant structural defects at their surface and edges, excellent light-harvesting capability, and photo-induced electron-transfer ability, thus facilitating their applications in photocatalysis and energy storage and conversions. To date, remarkable progress has been achieved in terms of synthetic approaches, properties, and applications of CDs. This review aims to classify the different types of CDs, based on the structures of their carbogenic cores, and to describe their structural characteristics in terms of synthesis approaches. Two well-established strategies for synthesizing CDs, the top-down and bottom-up routes, are highlighted. The diverse potential applications, in the bio-imaging and diagnosis, sensing, catalysis, optoelectronics, and energy-storage fields, of CDs with different structures and physicochemical properties, are summarized, covering the issues of surface modification, heteroatom doping, and hybrids made by combining CDs with other species such as metals, metal oxides, and biological molecules. The challenges and opportunities for the future development of CDs are also briefly outlined.
- Fluorescence,
- Carbon dot,
- Bioimaging,
- Sensing,
- Catalysis,
- Optoelectronic device,
- Energy storage
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