Structural and Electronic Properties of Lutetium Doped Germanium Clusters LuGen(+/0/-) (n = 6~19): A Density Functional Theory Investigation
- Corresponding author: Ju-Cai YANG, yangjc@imut.edu.cn
Citation:
Zhao-Feng YANG, Zhen-Zhu CAO, U Rehman Aziz, Ju-Cai YANG. Structural and Electronic Properties of Lutetium Doped Germanium Clusters LuGen(+/0/-) (n = 6~19): A Density Functional Theory Investigation[J]. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry,
;2022, 41(3): 220315.
doi:
10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2011-3305
Pillarisetty, R. Academic and industry research progress in germanium nanodevices. Nature 2011, 479, 324−328.
doi: 10.1038/nature10678
Vaughn II, D. D.; Schaak, R. E. Synthesis, properties and applications of colloidal germanium and germanium-based nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2861−2879.
doi: 10.1039/C2CS35364D
Cardoso, J.; Marom, S.; Mayer, J.; Modi, R.; Podestà, A.; Xie, X.; van Huis, M. A.; Di Vece, M. Germanium quantum dot grätzel-type solar cell. Phys. Status. Solidi. A 2018, 215, 1800570−1800577.
doi: 10.1002/pssa.201800570
Jia, L.; Fan, G.; Zi, W.; Ren, X.; Liu, X.; Liu, B.; Liu, S. Ge quantum dot enhanced hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium solar cells on flexible stainless steel substrate. Sol. Energy 2017, 144, 635−642.
doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.042
Adachi, S.; Takahashi, T. Photoluminescent properties of K2GeF6: Mn4+ red phosphor synthesized from aqueous HF/KMnO4 solution. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 13516−13521.
doi: 10.1063/1.3160303
Zhou, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y.; Luo, L.; Wang, Z.; Peng, J.; Yan, J.; Wu, M. A new red phosphor BaGeF6: Mn4+: hydrothermal synthesis, photo-luminescence properties, and its application in warm white LED devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 3055−3059.
doi: 10.1039/C4TC02956A
Hu, W.; Cong, H.; Huang, W.; Huang, Y.; Chen, L.; Pan, A.; Xue, C. Germanium/perovskite heterostructure for high-performance and broadband photodetector from visible to infrared telecommunication band. Light-Sci. Appl. 2019, 8, 1−10.
doi: 10.1038/s41377-018-0109-7
Liu, Y.; Li, C.; Li, B.; Song, H.; Cheng, Z.; Chen, M.; He, P.; Zhou, H. Germanium thin film protected lithium aluminum germanium phosphate for solid-state Li batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702374−1702380.
doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702374
Zhao, J.; Du, Q.; Zhou, S.; Kumar, V. Endohedrally doped cage clusters. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 9021−9163.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00651
Jena, P.; Sun, Q. Super atomic clusters: design rules and potential for building blocks of materials. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 5755−5870.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524
Kumar, V.; Kawazoe, Y. Metal-encapsulated caged clusters of germanium with large gaps and different growth behavior than silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 235504−235507.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.235504
Kumar, V.; Kawazoe, Y. Metal-encapsulated fullerenelike and cubic caged clusters of silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 45503−45506.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.045503
Zhou, S.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, J. Cage clusters: from structure prediction to rational design of functional nanomaterials. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2020, 39, 1185−1193.
Lasmi, M.; Mahtout, S.; Rabilloud, F. The effect of palladium and platinum doping on the structure, stability and optical properties of germanium clusters: DFT study of PdGen and PtGen (n = 1~20) clusters. Comput. Theor. Chem. 2020, 1181, 112830−112836.
doi: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112830
Borshch, N. A.; Kurganskii, S. I. Spatial structure and electron energy spectrum of HfGen- (n = 6~20) clusters. Inorg. Mater. 2015, 51, 870−876.
doi: 10.1134/S0020168515080075
Bandyopadhyay, D.; Sen, P. Density functional investigation of structure and stability of Gen and GenNi (n = 1~20) clusters: validity of the electron counting rule. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 1835−1842.
doi: 10.1021/jp905561n
Jaiswal, S.; Kumar, V. Growth behavior and electronic structure of neutral and anion ZrGen (n = 1~21) clusters. Comput. Theor. Chem. 2016, 1075, 87−97.
doi: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.11.013
Hou, X.; Gopakumar, G.; Lievens, P.; Nguyen, M. T. Chromium-doped germanium clusters CrGen (n = 1~5): geometry, electronic structure, and topology of chemical bonding. J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 13544−13553.
Triedi, R. K.; Bandyopadhyay, D. Insights of the role of shell closing model and NICS in the stability of NbGen (n = 7~18) clusters: a first-principles investigation. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 515−528.
doi: 10.1007/s10853-018-2858-3
Pham, L. N.; Nguyen, M. T. Insights into geometric and electronic structures of VGe3–/0 clusters from anion photoelectron spectrum assignment. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017, 121, 6949−6956.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07459
Tang, C.; Liu, M.; Zhu, W.; Deng, K. Probing the geometric, optical, and magnetic properties of 3d transition-metal endohedral Ge12M (M = Sc~Ni) clusters. Comput. Theor. Chem. 2011, 969, 56−60.
doi: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.05.012
Borshch, N. A.; Pereslavtseva, N. S.; Kurganskii, S. I. Spatial structure and electron energy spectra of ScGen- (n = 6~16) clusters. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 9, 9−18.
doi: 10.1134/S1990793115010030
Qin, W.; Lu, W.; Xia, L.; Zhao, L.; Zang, Q.; Wang, C. Z.; Ho, K. M. Structures and stability of metal-doped GenM (n = 9, 10) clusters. Aip. Adv. 2015, 5, 67159−67167.
doi: 10.1063/1.4923316
Atobe, J.; Koyasu, K.; Furuse, S.; Nakajima, A. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of germanium and tin clusters containing a transition- or lanthanide-metal atom; MGen- (n = 8~20) and MSnn- (n = 15~17) (M = Sc~V, Y~Nb, and Lu~Ta). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 9403−9410.
doi: 10.1039/c2cp23247b
Frank, F. C.; Kasper, J. S. Complex alloy structures regarded as sphere packings. I. Definitions and basic principles. Acta. Crystallogr. 1958, 11, 184−190.
doi: 10.1107/S0365110X58000487
Zhang, J.; Dolg, M. ABCluster: the artificial bee colony algorithm for cluster global optimization. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 24173−24181.
doi: 10.1039/C5CP04060D
Zhang, J.; Dolg, M. Global optimization of clusters of rigid molecules using the artificial bee colony algorithm. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 3003−3010.
doi: 10.1039/C5CP06313B
Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Caricato, M.; Li, X.; Hratchian, H. P.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Bloino, J.; Zheng, G.; Sonnenberg, J. L.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Vreven, T.; Montgomery, J. A. Jr.; Peralta, J. E.; Ogliaro, F.; Bearpark, M.; Heyd, J. J.; Brothers, E.; Kudin, K. N.; Staroverov, V. N.; Kobayashi, R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari, K.; Rendell, A.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.; Rega, N.; Millam, J. M.; Klene, M.; Knox, J. E.; Cross, J. B.; Bakken, V.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Martin, R. L.; Morokuma, K.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Farkas, Ö.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cioslowski, J.; Fox, D. J. Gaussian 09, revision C. 01; Gaussian, Inc. : Wallingford, CT 2009.
Dolg, M.; Stoll, H.; Savin, A.; Preuss, H. Energy-adjusted pseudopotentials for the rare earth elements. Theor. Chim. Acta 1989, 75, 173−194.
doi: 10.1007/BF00528565
Cao, X.; Dolg, M. Valence basis sets for relativistic energy-consistent small-core lanthanide pseudopotentials. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 7348−7355.
doi: 10.1063/1.1406535
Cao, X.; Dolg, M. Segmented contraction scheme for small-core lanthanide pseudopotential basis sets. J. Mol. Struc-Theochem. 2002, 581, 139−147.
doi: 10.1016/S0166-1280(01)00751-5
Tozer, D. J.; Handy, N. C. Improving virtual Kohn-Sham orbitals and eigenvalues: application to excitation energies and static polarizabilities. J. Chem. Phys. 1998, 109, 10180−10189.
doi: 10.1063/1.477711
Akola, J.; Manninen, M.; Hakkinen, H.; Landman, U.; Li, X.; Wang, L. Photoelectron spectra of aluminum cluster anions: temperature effects and ab initio simulations. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 60, R11297−R11300.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.60.R11297
Kresse, G.; Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals. Phys. Rev. B 1993, 47, 558−561.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.558
Kresse, G.; Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal-amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 49, 14251−14269.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.14251
Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 11169−11186.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.11169
Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Comp. Mater. Sci. 1996, 6, 15−50.
doi: 10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0
Perdew, J. P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865−3868.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865
Blochl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 17953−17979.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953
Kresse, G.; Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 59, 1758−1775.
Lu, T.; Chen, F. Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem. 2012, 33, 580−592.
doi: 10.1002/jcc.22885
Humphrey, W.; Dalke, A.; Schulten, K. VMD: visual molecular dynamics. J. Mol. Graph. 1996, 14, 33−38.
doi: 10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5
Wang, J.; Wang, G.; Zhao, J. Structure and electronic properties of Gen (n = 2~25) clusters from density-functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 2001, 64, 205411−205415.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.205411
Chen, M.; Jiao, Y.; Luo, H.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q. A density functional study for the isomers of germanium clusters Ge11. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2004, 23, 227−231.
Wang, B.; Lin, H.; Huang, F.; Xu, J.; Chen, H.; Lin, Z.; Wang, Y. Non-rare-earth BaMgAl10-2xO17: xMn4+, xMg2+: a narrow-band red phosphor for use as a high-power warm w-LED. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 3515−3524.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01303
Li, G.; Wang, B.; Wang, R. g-C3N4/Ag/GO composite photocatalyst with efficient photocatalytic performance: synthesis, characterization, kinetic studies, toxicity assessment and degradation mechanism. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2020, 39, 1675−1688.
Klod, S.; Kleinpeter, E. Ab initio calculation of the anisotropy effect of multiple bonds and the ring current effect of arenes-application in conformational and configurational analysis. J. Chem. Soc. Perk. T. 2 2001, 1893−1898.
Schleyer, P. V. R.; Maerker, C.; Dransfeld, A.; Jiao, H.; van Eikema Hommes, N. J. R. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts: a simple and efficient aromaticity probe. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6317−6318.
doi: 10.1021/ja960582d
Zubarev, D. Y.; Boldyrev, A. I. Developing paradigms of chemical bonding: adaptive natural density partitioning. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 5207−5217.
doi: 10.1039/b804083d
Maitri Bhattacharjee , Rekha Boruah Smriti , R. N. Dutta Purkayastha , Waldemar Maniukiewicz , Shubhamoy Chowdhury , Debasish Maiti , Tamanna Akhtar . Synthesis, structural characterization, bio-activity, and density functional theory calculation on Cu(Ⅱ) complexes with hydrazone-based Schiff base ligands. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1409-1422. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240007
Jie ZHAO , Sen LIU , Qikang YIN , Xiaoqing LU , Zhaojie WANG . Theoretical calculation of selective adsorption and separation of CO2 by alkali metal modified naphthalene/naphthalenediyne. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 515-522. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230385
Jie ZHAO , Huili ZHANG , Xiaoqing LU , Zhaojie WANG . Theoretical calculations of CO2 capture and separation by functional groups modified 2D covalent organic framework. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 275-283. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240213
Shenhao QIU , Qingquan XIAO , Huazhu TANG , Quan XIE . First-principles study on electronic structure, optical and magnetic properties of rare earth elements X (X=Sc, Y, La, Ce, Eu) doped with two-dimensional GaSe. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(11): 2250-2258. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240104
Yanjie Li , Chaoqun Qu , Siqi Meng , Jiaqi Hu , Ze Gao , Hongji Xu , Rui Gao , Ming Feng . Revealing electronic state evolution of Co(Ⅱ)/Co(Ⅲ) in CoO (111) plane during OER process through magnetic measurement. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(3): 109872-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109872
Shiqi Peng , Yongfang Rao , Tan Li , Yufei Zhang , Jun-ji Cao , Shuncheng Lee , Yu Huang . Regulating the electronic structure of Ir single atoms by ZrO2 nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde at room temperature. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109219-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109219
Ziyi Liu , Xunying Liu , Lubing Qin , Haozheng Chen , Ruikai Li , Zhenghua Tang . Alkynyl ligand for preparing atomically precise metal nanoclusters: Structure enrichment, property regulation, and functionality enhancement. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(11): 100405-100405. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100405
Xiaoling WANG , Hongwu ZHANG , Daofu LIU . Synthesis, structure, and magnetic property of a cobalt(Ⅱ) complex based on pyridyl-substituted imino nitroxide radical. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 407-412. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240214
Tian TIAN , Meng ZHOU , Jiale WEI , Yize LIU , Yifan MO , Yuhan YE , Wenzhi JIA , Bin HE . Ru-doped Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide: Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution property. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 385-394. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240298
Hai-Ling Wang , Zhong-Hong Zhu , Hua-Hong Zou . Structure and assembly mechanism of high-nuclear lanthanide-oxo clusters. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(9): 100372-100372. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100372
Run-Han Li , Tian-Yi Dang , Wei Guan , Jiang Liu , Ya-Qian Lan , Zhong-Min Su . Evolution exploration and structure prediction of Keggin-type group IVB metal-oxo clusters. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108805-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108805
Xiaoxia WANG , Ya'nan GUO , Feng SU , Chun HAN , Long SUN . Synthesis, structure, and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction properties of metal antimony-based chalcogenide clusters. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1201-1208. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230478
Haiming Wu , Gaya N. Andrew , Rajini Anumula , Zhixun Luo . Corrigendum to 'How ligand coordination and superatomic-states accommodate the structure and property of a metal cluster: Cu4 (dppy)4 Cl2 vs. Cu21 (dppy)10 with altered photoluminescence' [Chin. Chem. Lett. 35 (2024) 108340]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 109912-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109912
Hengying Xiang , Nanping Deng , Lu Gao , Wen Yu , Bowen Cheng , Weimin Kang . 3D core-shell nanofibers framework and functional ceramic nanoparticles synergistically reinforced composite polymer electrolytes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal battery. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109182-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109182
Xin Li , Zhen Xu , Donglei Bu , Jinming Cai , Huamei Chen , Qi Chen , Ting Chen , Fang Cheng , Lifeng Chi , Wenjie Dong , Zhenchao Dong , Shixuan Du , Qitang Fan , Xing Fan , Qiang Fu , Song Gao , Jing Guo , Weijun Guo , Yang He , Shimin Hou , Ying Jiang , Huihui Kong , Baojun Li , Dengyuan Li , Jie Li , Qing Li , Ruoning Li , Shuying Li , Yuxuan Lin , Mengxi Liu , Peinian Liu , Yanyan Liu , Jingtao Lü , Chuanxu Ma , Haoyang Pan , JinLiang Pan , Minghu Pan , Xiaohui Qiu , Ziyong Shen , Qiang Sun , Shijing Tan , Bing Wang , Dong Wang , Li Wang , Lili Wang , Tao Wang , Xiang Wang , Xingyue Wang , Xueyan Wang , Yansong Wang , Yu Wang , Kai Wu , Wei Xu , Na Xue , Linghao Yan , Fan Yang , Zhiyong Yang , Chi Zhang , Xue Zhang , Yang Zhang , Yao Zhang , Xiong Zhou , Junfa Zhu , Yajie Zhang , Feixue Gao , Li Wang . Recent progress on surface chemistry Ⅱ: Property and characterization. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(1): 110100-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110100
Haitao Yin , Liang Meng , Li Li , Jiamu Xiao , Longrui Liang , Nannan Huang , Yansong Shi , Angang Zhao , Jingwen Hou . Polydopamine-modified biochar supported polylactic acid and zero-valent iron affects the functional microbial community structure for 1,1,1-trichloroethane removal in simulated groundwater. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(1): 110313-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110313
Huyi Yu , Renshu Huang , Qian Liu , Xingfa Chen , Tianqi Yu , Haiquan Wang , Xincheng Liang , Shibin Yin . Te-doped Fe3O4 flower enabling low overpotential cycling of Li-CO2 batteries at high current density. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(3): 100253-100253. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100253
Ya-Nan Yang , Zi-Sheng Li , Sourav Mondal , Lei Qiao , Cui-Cui Wang , Wen-Juan Tian , Zhong-Ming Sun , John E. McGrady . Metal-metal bonds in Zintl clusters: Synthesis, structure and bonding in [Fe2Sn4Bi8]3– and [Cr2Sb12]3–. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109048-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109048
Zhenyang Lin . A classification scheme for inorganic cluster compounds based on their electronic structures and bonding characteristics. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(5): 100254-100254. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100254
Liang Ming , Dan Liu , Qiyue Luo , Chaochao Wei , Chen Liu , Ziling Jiang , Zhongkai Wu , Lin Li , Long Zhang , Shijie Cheng , Chuang Yu . Si-doped Li6PS5I with enhanced conductivity enables superior performance for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109387-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109387