Citation: MA Hecheng, LIU Jianjun, YU Yingchun, ZUO Shengli. Research Progress in Preparation and Photocatalysis of Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, ;2019, 36(3): 259-268. doi: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2019.03.180241 shu

Research Progress in Preparation and Photocatalysis of Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets

State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China

Corresponding author: LIU Jianjun, ljj-717@163.com
Received Date: 21 July 2018
Revised Date: 24 August 2018
Accepted Date: 19 September 2018

Fund Project: the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11172043Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11172043)

Figures(8)

Two-dimensional(2D) layered graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(CNNS) have an anisotropic two-dimensional geometry and aromatic p-π conjugated backbone, a highly open planar structure and high specific surface area, and enhanced charge-carriers transfer rate and adjustable band gap related to the layer thickness, and become one of the top two-dimensional layered materials for research. This article reviews various preparation and modification methods and applications of carbon nitride nanosheets in environmental protection, energy conversion, and biosensing, etc., in recent years. Finally, it can be concluded that exploring the new preparation methods of carbon nitride nanosheets with high quality and finding more applications of the photocatalysis are the focus of the future research.
- carbon nitride nanosheets,
- two-dimensional layered materials,
- photocatalysisapplication,
1. [1]
  Dubertret B, Heine T, Terrones M. The Rise of Two-Dimensional Materials[J]. Acc Chem Res, 2015,48(1):1-2. doi: 10.1021/ar5004434
2. [2]
  Wu D, Zhang F, Liu P. Two-Dimensional Nanocomposites Based on Chemically Modified Graphene[J]. Chemistry, 2011,17(39):10804-10812. doi: 10.1002/chem.v17.39
3. [3]
  Sun Y, Gao S, Lei F. Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Inorganic Materials:New Opportunities for Solid State Nanochemistry[J]. Acc Chem Res, 2015,48(1):3-12. doi: 10.1021/ar500164g
4. [4]
  Huang X, Qi X, Boey F. Graphene-Based Composites[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2012,41(2):666-686. doi: 10.1039/C1CS15078B
5. [5]
  Zhuang X, Mai Y, Wu D. Two-Dimensional Soft Nanomaterials:A Fascinating World of Materials[J]. Adv Mater, 2015,27(3):403-427.
6. [6]
  Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films[J]. Science, 2004,306(5696):666-669. doi: 10.1126/science.1102896
7. [7]
  Chen L, Hernandez Y, Feng X. From Nanographene and Graphene Nanoribbons to Graphene Sheets:Chemical Synthesis[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2012,51(31):7640-7654. doi: 10.1002/anie.201201084
8. [8]
  Tan C, Liu Z, Huang W. Non-Volatile Resistive Memory Devices Based on Solution-Processed Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2015,44(9):2615-2628. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00399C
9. [9]
  Chen Y, Tan C, Zhang H. Two-Dimensional Graphene Analogues for Biomedical Applications[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2015,44(9):2681-2701. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00300D
10. [10]
  Heine T. Transition Metal Chalcogenides:Ultrathin Inorganic Materials with Tunable Electronic Properties[J]. Acc Chem Res, 2015,48(1):65-72. doi: 10.1021/ar500277z
11. [11]
  Ma R, Sasaki T. Two-Dimensional Oxide and Hydroxide Nanosheets: Controllable High-Quality Exfoliation, Molecular Assembly, and Exploration of Functionality[J]. Acc Chem Res, 2015,48(1):136-143. doi: 10.1021/ar500311w
12. [12]
  Huang X, Tan C, Yin Z. 25th Anniversary Article:Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials[J]. Adv Mater, 2014,26(14):2185-2204. doi: 10.1002/adma.v26.14
13. [13]
  Li H, Wu J, Yin Z. Preparation and Applications of Mechanically Exfoliated Single-Layer and Multilayer MoS₂ and WSe₂ Nanosheets[J]. Acc Chem Res, 2014,47(4):1067-1075. doi: 10.1021/ar4002312
14. [14]
  Han S, Wu D, Li S. Graphene:A Two-Dimensional Platform for Lithium Storage[J]. Small, 2013,9(8):1173-1187. doi: 10.1002/smll.201203155
15. [15]
  Huang X, Li S, Huang Y. Synthesis of Hexagonal Close-Packed Gold Nanostructures[J]. Nat Commun, 2011,2292. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1291
16. [16]
  Wang X, Maeda K, Thomas A. A Metal-Free Polymeric Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Production from Water under Visible Light[J]. Nat Mater, 2009,8(1):76-80.
17. [17]
  Thomas A, Fischer A, Goettmann F. Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials:Variation of Structure and Morphology and Their Use as Metal-Free Catalysts[J]. J Mater Chem, 2008,18(41):4893-4908. doi: 10.1039/b800274f
18. [18]
  Ong W J, Tan L L, Ng Y H. Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C₃N₄)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation are We a Step Closer to Achieving Sustainability?[J]. Chem Rev, 2016,116(12):7159-7329. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075
19. [19]
  Wang Y, Wang X, Antonietti M. Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Heterogeneous Organocatalyst:From Photochemistry to Multipurpose Catalysis to Sustainable Chemistry[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2012,51(1):68-89. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101182
20. [20]
  Xu H, Yan J, She X. Graphene-Analogue Carbon Nitride:Novel Exfoliation Synthesis and Its Application in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrochemical Selective Detection of Trace Amount of Cu²⁺[J]. Nanoscale, 2014,6(3):1406-1415. doi: 10.1039/C3NR04759H
21. [21]
  Wang X, Blechert S, Antonietti M. Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis[J]. ACS Catal, 2012,2(8):1596-1606. doi: 10.1021/cs300240x
22. [22]
  Cao S, Low J, Yu J. Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride[J]. Adv Mater, 2015,27(13):2150-2176. doi: 10.1002/adma.201500033
23. [23]
  Takagaki A, Tagusagawa C, Hayashi S. Nanosheets as Highly Active Solid Acid Catalysts for Green Chemical Syntheses[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2010,3(1):82-93.
24. [24]
  Liu J, Wang H, Chen Z P. Microcontact-Printing-Assisted Access of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Films with Favorable Textures Toward Photoelectrochemical Application[J]. Adv Mater, 2015,27(4):712-718. doi: 10.1002/adma.201404543
25. [25]
  Tong H, Ouyang S, Bi Y. Nano-Photocatalytic Materials:Possibilities and Challenges[J]. Adv Mater, 2012,24(2):229-251. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102752
26. [26]
  Zhang X, Xie X, Wang H. Enhanced Photoresponsive Ultrathin Graphitic-Phase C₃N₄ Nanosheets for Bioimaging[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2013,135(1):18-21. doi: 10.1021/ja308249k
27. [27]
  Schwinghammer K, Mesch M B, Duppel V. Crystalline Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Visible-Light Hydrogen Evolution[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2014,136(5):1730-1733. doi: 10.1021/ja411321s
28. [28]
  Zhao H, Yu H, Quan X. Fabrication of Atomic Single Layer Graphitic-C₃N₄ and Its High Performance of Photocatalytic Disinfection under Visible Light Irradiation[J]. Appl Catal B:Environ, 2014,152/153:46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.01.023
29. [29]
  Xu J, Zhang L, Shi R. Chemical Exfoliation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Efficient Heterogeneous Photocatalysis[J]. J Mater Chem A, 2013,1(46)14766. doi: 10.1039/c3ta13188b
30. [30]
  Ma T Y, Tang Y, Dai S. Proton-Functionalized Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet:An Excellent Metal-/Label-free Biosensing PLatform[J]. Small, 2014,10(12):2382-2389. doi: 10.1002/smll.v10.12
31. [31]
  Yin Y, Han J, Zhang X. Facile Synthesis of Few-Layer-Thick Carbon Nitride Nanosheets by Liquid Ammonia-Assisted Lithiation Method and Their Photocatalytic Redox Properties[J]. RSC Adv, 2014,4(62):32690-32697. doi: 10.1039/C4RA06036A
32. [32]
  Niu P, Zhang L, Liu G. Graphene-Like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic Activities[J]. Adv Funct Mater, 2012,22(22):4763-4770. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v22.22
33. [33]
  Dong F, Li Y, Wang Z. Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity and Oxidation Ability of Porous Graphene-Like g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets via Thermal Exfoliation[J]. Appl Surf Sci, 2015,358:393-403. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.034
34. [34]
  Li G, Li L, Yuan H. Alkali-Assisted Mild Aqueous Exfoliation for Single-Layered and Structure-Preserved Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets[J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2017,495:19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.112
35. [35]
  Zhang X, Wang H, Wang H. Single-Layered Graphitic-C₃N₄ Quantum Dots for Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging of Cellular Nucleus[J]. Adv Mater, 2014,26(26):4438-4443. doi: 10.1002/adma.v26.26
36. [36]
  Chen L, Huang D, Ren S. Preparation of Graphite-Like Carbon Nitride Nanoflake Film with Strong Fluorescent and Electrochemiluminescent Activity[J]. Nanoscale, 2013,5(1):225-230.
37. [37]
  Du X, Zou G, Wang Z. A Scalable Chemical Route to Soluble Acidified Graphitic Carbon Nitride:An Ideal Precursor for Isolated Ultrathin g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets[J]. Nanoscale, 2015,7(19):8701-8706. doi: 10.1039/C5NR00665A
38. [38]
  Cheng F, Wang H, Dong X. The Amphoteric Properties of g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets and Fabrication of Their Relevant Heterostructure Photocatalysts by an Electrostatic Re-Assembly Route[J]. Chem Commun, 2015,51(33):7176-7179. doi: 10.1039/C5CC01035G
39. [39]
  Yang S, Feng X, Wang X. Graphene-Based Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2011,50(23):5339-5343. doi: 10.1002/anie.201100170
40. [40]
  Liu J, Huang J, Dontosova D. Facile Synthesis of Carbon Nitride Micro-/Nanoclusters with Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution[J]. RSC Adv, 2013,3(45):22988-22993. doi: 10.1039/c3ra44490b
41. [41]
  Fan Q, Liu J, Yu Y. A Template Induced Method to Synthesize Nanoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity under VIsible Light[J]. RSC Adv, 2014,4(106):61877-61883. doi: 10.1039/C4RA12033G
42. [42]
  Liu W, Xu S, Guan S. Confined Synthesis of Carbon Nitride in a Layered Host Matrix with Unprecedented Solid-State Quantum Yield and Stability[J]. Adv Mater, 2018,30(2)1704376. doi: 10.1002/adma.v30.2
43. [43]
  Lin B, An H, Yan X. Fish-Scale Structured g-C₃N₄ Nanosheet with Unusual Spatial Electron Transfer Property for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. Appl Catal B:Environ, 2017,210:173-183. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.066
44. [44]
  Wang C, Fan H, Ren X. Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets by Pre-Polymerization for Enhanced Photocatalysis[J]. Mater Charact, 2018,139:89-99. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.036
45. [45]
  Fan Q, Huang Y, Zhang C. Superior Nanoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst Coupled with CdS Quantum Dots for Photodegradation of RhB[J]. Catal Today, 2016,264:250-256. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.08.006
46. [46]
  Fan Q, Liu J, Yu Y. A Simple Fabrication for Sulfur Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Porous Rods with Excellent Photocatalytic Activity Degrading RhB Dye[J]. Appl Surf Sci, 2017,391:360-368. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.055
47. [47]
  Yan J, Wu H, Chen H. Fabrication of TiO₂/C₃N₄ Heterostructure for Enhanced Photocatalytic Z-Scheme OVerall Water Splitting[J]. Appl Catal B:Environ, 2016,191:130-137. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.026
48. [48]
  Ye R Q, Fang H B, Zheng Y Z. Fabrication of CoTiO₃/g-C₃N₄ Hybrid Photocatalysts with Enhanced H₂ Evolution:Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Mechanism Insight[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016,8(22)13879. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b01850
49. [49]
  Katsumata H, Tachi Y, Suzuki T. Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production over WO₃/g-C₃N₄ Composite Photocatalysts[J]. RSC Adv, 2014,4(41):21405-21409. doi: 10.1039/C4RA02511C
50. [50]
  Deng Y, Tang L, Zeng G. Insight into Highly Efficient Simultaneous Photocatalytic Removal of Cr(Ⅵ) and 2, 4-Diclorophenol under Visible Light Irradiation by Phosphorus Doped Porous Ultrathin g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets from Aqueous Media:Performance and Reaction Mechanism[J]. Appl Catal B:Environ, 2017,203:343-354. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.046
51. [51]
  Pan Z, Zheng Y, Guo F. Decorating CoP and Pt Nanoparticles on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets to Promote Overall Water Splitting by Conjugated Polymers[J]. ChemSusChem, 2017,10(1):87-90. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201600850
52. [52]
  Ran J, Ma T Y, Gao G. Porous P-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Synergistically Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic H₂ Production[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2015,8(12):3708-3717. doi: 10.1039/C5EE02650D
53. [53]
  Yang S, Gong Y, Zhang J. Exfoliated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Under Visible Light[J]. Adv Mater, 2013,25(17):2452-2456. doi: 10.1002/adma.v25.17
54. [54]
  Zhao H, Yu H, Quan X. Atomic Single Layer Graphitic-C₃N₄:Fabrication and Its High Photocatalytic Performance under Visible Light Irradiation[J]. RSC Adv, 2014,4(2):624-628. doi: 10.1039/C3RA45776A
55. [55]
  Shao L, Jiang D, Xiao P. Enhancement of g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets Photocatalysis by Synergistic Interaction of ZnS Microsphere and RGO Inducing Multistep Charge Transfer[J]. Appl Catal B:Environ, 2016,198:200-210. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.056
1. [1]
  Guoqiang Chen , Zixuan Zheng , Wei Zhong , Guohong Wang , Xinhe Wu . Molten Intermediate Transportation-Oriented Synthesis of Amino-Rich g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic H₂O₂ Production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406021-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406021
2. [2]
  Yuanyin Cui , Jinfeng Zhang , Hailiang Chu , Lixian Sun , Kai Dai . Rational Design of Bismuth Based Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2405016-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202405016
3. [3]
  Yu Liu , Pengfei Li , Yize Liu , Zaicheng Sun . Recent advances in carbon dots as a single photocatalyst. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(2): 100167-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100167
4. [4]
  Zhiquan Zhang , Baker Rhimi , Zheyang Liu , Min Zhou , Guowei Deng , Wei Wei , Liang Mao , Huaming Li , Zhifeng Jiang . Insights into the Development of Copper-Based Photocatalysts for CO₂ Conversion. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2406029-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406029
5. [5]
  Fanpeng Meng , Fei Zhao , Jingkai Lin , Jinsheng Zhao , Huayang Zhang , Shaobin Wang . Optimizing interfacial electric fields in carbon nitride nanosheet/spherical conjugated polymer S-scheme heterojunction for hydrogen evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(8): 100095-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100095
6. [6]
  Lewang Yuan , Yaoyao Peng , Zong-Jie Guan , Yu Fang . Insights into the development of 2D covalent organic frameworks as photocatalysts in organic synthesis. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(8): 100086-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100086
7. [7]
  Ke Li , Chuang Liu , Jingping Li , Guohong Wang , Kai Wang . Architecting Inorganic/Organic S-Scheme Heterojunction of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ Coupling with g-C₃N₄ for Photocatalytic H₂O₂ Production from Pure Water. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2403009-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202403009
8. [8]
  Jiayao Wang , Guixu Pan , Ning Wang , Shihan Wang , Yaolin Zhu , Yunfeng Li . Preparation of donor-π-acceptor type graphitic carbon nitride photocatalytic systems via molecular level regulation for high-efficient H₂O₂ production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(12): 100168-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100168
9. [9]
  Zijian Jiang , Yuang Liu , Yijian Zong , Yong Fan , Wanchun Zhu , Yupeng Guo . Preparation of Nano Zinc Oxide by Microemulsion Method and Study on Its Photocatalytic Activity. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(5): 266-273. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311101
10. [10]
  Jingjing Liu , Aoqi Wei , Hao Zhang , Shuwang Duo . SnS₂-based heterostructures: advances in photocatalytic and gas-sensing applications. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(12): 100185-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100185
11. [11]
  Yanhui Guo , Li Wei , Zhonglin Wen , Chaorong Qi , Huanfeng Jiang . Recent Progress on Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Carbamates. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(4): 2307004-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307004
12. [12]
  Qin Li , Huihui Zhang , Huajun Gu , Yuanyuan Cui , Ruihua Gao , Wei-Lin Dai . In situ Growth of Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S Nanorods on Ti₃C₂ MXene Nanosheet for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(4): 100031-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202402016
13. [13]
  Heng Chen , Longhui Nie , Kai Xu , Yiqiong Yang , Caihong Fang . Remarkable Photocatalytic H₂O₂ Production Efficiency over Ultrathin g-C₃N₄ Nanosheet with Large Surface Area and Enhanced Crystallinity by Two-Step Calcination. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2406019-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202406019
14. [14]
  Chenye An , Sikandaier Abiduweili , Xue Guo , Yukun Zhu , Hua Tang , Dongjiang Yang . Hierarchical S-scheme Heterojunction of Red Phosphorus Nanoparticles Embedded Flower-like CeO₂ Triggering Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(11): 2405019-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202405019
15. [15]
  Xin Zhou , Zhi Zhang , Yun Yang , Shuijin Yang . A Study on the Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance in C/Bi/Bi₂MoO₆ Composites by Ferroelectric Polarization: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemical Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 296-304. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310008
16. [16]
  Shijie Li , Ke Rong , Xiaoqin Wang , Chuqi Shen , Fang Yang , Qinghong Zhang . Design of Carbon Quantum Dots/CdS/Ta₃N₅ S-scheme Heterojunction Nanofibers for Efficient Photocatalytic Antibiotic Removal. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(12): 2403005-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202403005
17. [17]
  Shiyi Chen , Jialong Fu , Jianping Qiu , Guoju Chang , Shiyou Hao . Waste medical mask-derived carbon quantum dots enhance the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) over BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ S-scheme heterojunction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(1): 100135-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100135
18. [18]
  Cheng-an Tao , Jian Huang , Yujiao Li . Exploring the Application of Artificial Intelligence in University Chemistry Laboratory Instruction. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(9): 5-10. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408132
19. [19]
  Xi YANG , Chunxiang CHANG , Yingpeng XIE , Yang LI , Yuhui CHEN , Borao WANG , Ludong YI , Zhonghao HAN . Co-catalyst Ni₃N supported Al-doped SrTiO₃: Synthesis and application to hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic water splitting. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(3): 440-452. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240371
20. [20]
  Deyun Ma , Fenglan Liang , Qingquan Xue , Yanping Liu , Chunqiang Zhuang , Shijie Li . Interfacial engineering of Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S/BiOBr S-scheme heterojunction with oxygen vacancies for effective photocatalytic antibiotic removal. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(12): 100190-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100190

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(22)
Abstract views(2110)
HTML views(557)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142