一例简单的席夫碱探针对次氯酸根的荧光开启识别及生物成像应用

闫金龙 吴伟娜 王元

引用本文: 闫金龙, 吴伟娜, 王元. 一例简单的席夫碱探针对次氯酸根的荧光开启识别及生物成像应用[J]. 无机化学学报, 2024, 40(9): 1653-1660. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240154 shu
Citation:  Jinlong YAN, Weina WU, Yuan WANG. A simple Schiff base probe for the fluorescent turn-on detection of hypochlorite and its biological imaging application[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1653-1660. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240154 shu

一例简单的席夫碱探针对次氯酸根的荧光开启识别及生物成像应用

    通讯作者: 吴伟娜,E-mail: wuwn08@hpu.edu.cn
  • 基金项目:

    河南省自然科学基金 242300420190

    河南省科技攻关项目 242102320058

    河南省教育厅高等学校重点科研项目 24A150010

    河南省高校基本科研业务费项目 NSFRF240809

    河南省高校基本科研业务费项目 NSFRF230402

    河南理工大学“双一流”创建工程项目 AQ20230745

    河南理工大学“双一流”创建工程项目 AQ20230754

    焦作师范高等专科学校高层次科研培育基金项目 GJ-2023-06

摘要: 通过缩合反应制备了一例简单的席夫碱探针苯并色烯-2-甲醛缩二氨基马来腈(1),使用核磁共振氢谱/碳谱、质谱和单晶X射线衍射等手段表征了探针的结构。荧光测试表明,探针1自身无荧光,而次氯酸根(ClO-)能够特异性打开探针1在530 nm处的强荧光发射。探针1对ClO-响应灵敏且在数秒内完成。通过质谱和理论计算手段研究了ClO-介导的探针1的分解反应机理。此外,该探针还可用于活细胞、斑马鱼和拟南芥中ClO-的荧光成像。

English

  • 次氯酸(HClO)/次氯酸盐(ClO-)在日常生活中广原平衡等众多生理过程发挥着重要作用[2]。但ClO-泛用作漂白剂和消毒剂[1]。同时,ClO-也是一种重要浓度失衡会引发动脉粥样硬化、肺损伤、神经元变的生物活性氧物种(ROS),在细胞信号传导和氧化还性、关节炎甚至癌症等多种恶性疾病[3]。因此,生物样本中ClO-的实时检测具有重要意义,有助于理解ClO-的生理功能及其在相关疾病中扮演的角色。

    常用的检测ClO-的方法包括高效液相色谱(HPLC)、表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)、毛细管电泳(CE)、电化学分析和紫外可见光谱等,其中基于荧光探针的荧光分析技术因其灵敏度高、响应快速和实时无损成像等诸多优点受到广泛关注[4]。近年来,针对ClO-的荧光探针取得了一定进展,设计策略通常是以硫族化合物[5-8]、C=C[9-11]、螺内酰胺[12-14]、脲[15-17]和C=N[18-27]等为识别基团,利用ClO-的强氧化性对识别基团进行氧化而引起探针的荧光变化,达到检测的目的。其中,以C=N为官能团的席夫碱荧光探针制备简便且易结晶纯化,因而备受青睐[23]。席夫碱荧光探针由于亚胺异构化或光诱导电子转移(PET)过程,通常荧光微弱;ClO-的氧化作用能够导致席夫碱分解产生相应的荧光活性醛或者酸[24, 26],便于建立ClO-的定量分析方法。

    苯并色烯衍生物是一类重要的含氧杂环化合物,在配位化学、发光材料和荧光探针等领域有广泛的应用[28-29]。我们使用苯并色烯‐2‐甲醛(1a)和二氨基马来腈缩合制备了席夫碱探针1(图 1),并通过单晶X射线衍射等手段表征了其结构。探针1在近纯水体系中荧光微弱,其与ClO-作用后在530 nm处的荧光发射显著增强。探针1对ClO-检测选择性优异、灵敏度高且响应快速。通过质谱和理论计算推测了探针对ClO-的传感机理。此外,探针1还成功用于活细胞、斑马鱼和拟南芥中ClO-的荧光分析。

    图 1

    图 1.  探针1的合成路线图
    Figure 1.  Synthetic route of probe 1

    用于合成的起始原料和溶剂均是商业购买直接使用,未进行纯化。化合物 1a参考文献方法合成[29]。光谱性质测试中,所有溶剂为光谱纯试剂,水为超纯水。元素分析在Vario EL元素分析仪上进行。核磁共振光谱在Bruker AV400 NMR核磁共振仪上室温下测得;ESI ‐ MS谱图在Bruker Daltonics Esquire 6000质谱仪上获得。荧光光谱在Varian CARY Eclipse分光光度计上测定。UV光谱用Purkinje General TU‐1800分光光度计记录。pH值在上海雷磁pHS‐3C上测定。细胞、斑马鱼和拟南芥成像在蔡司LSM880共聚焦激光扫描显微仪上完成。紫外可见和荧光光谱数据用Origin软件包处理。

    探针1的合成路线如图 1所示。将1a(2.10 g,10 mmol)和二氨基马来腈(1.08 g,10 mmol)溶于无水乙醇(50 mL)中,加入2滴冰醋酸后加热回流,用薄层色谱监测直至反应完全。减压蒸馏除去溶剂,用95% 乙醇重结晶,得到探针11H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO ‐ d6):δ 8.21~8.23(d,J=8.4 Hz,1H,Ar ‐ H),8.17 (s,1H,CH=N),8.13(s,1H,Ar‐H),7.89(s,2H,NH2),7.87(s,2H,Ar‐H),7.57~7.60(t,J=7.2 Hz,1H,Ar‐H),7.41~7.45(t,J=7.2 Hz,1H,Ar‐H),7.16~7.18(d,J=8.4 Hz,1H,Ar‐H),5.27(s,2H,CH2)。13C NMR(101 MHz, DMSO ‐ d6):δ 154.31, 153.70, 132.41, 130.47, 130.24, 129.85, 129.50, 129.08,128.04,126.71,124.82, 122.25, 117.92, 115.76, 114.96,114.15,103.68,64.43。元素分析(C18H12N4O) 计算值(%):C:71.99;H:4.03;N:18.66。实验值(%):C:72.06;H:3.96;N:18.54。ESI‐ MS([M+H]+):m/z=301.109 3(计算值:301.108 9)。

    探针1用DMSO配成1 mmol·L-1的储备液,测试前使用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS,20 mmol·L-1,pH 7.4) 稀释原液,配制成浓度为10 μmol·L-1的探针溶液(DMSO/H2O,体积比1∶99)。选择性和竞争性响应测试中所用ROS参考文献配制[30]。荧光光谱测试中激发波长为395 nm,激发和发射狭缝宽度分别为5和10 nm。

    将探针1重结晶得到适合单晶衍射分析的橘色片状单晶。选取尺寸为0.20 mm×0.18 mm×0.06 mm的探针1晶体,置于Bruker APEX Ⅱ CCD单晶衍射仪上,在室温下进行单晶X射线衍射分析。采用经石墨单色化的Mo 射线(λ=0.071 073 nm) 作为衍射光源。采用SHELXT程序[31]对探针1的晶体结构进行解析并用SHELXL程序[32]对各原子坐标和温度因子进行精修,氢原子坐标均由理论加氢确定。探针1的晶体学数据见表 1

    表 1

    表 1  探针1的晶体学数据
    Table 1.  Crystallographic data of probe 1
    下载: 导出CSV
    Parameter 1 Parameter 1
    Empirical formula C18H12N4O F(000) 624
    Formula weight 300.32 Z 4
    Temperature / K 293(2) Dc / (Mg·m-3) 1.414
    Crystal system Monoclinic μ / mm-1 0.092
    Space group P21/c θ range / (°) 2.255‐24.992
    a / nm 0.864 8(8) Independent reflection (Rint) 1 761 (0.027 1)
    b / nm 1.283 0(10) Observed reflection [I > 2σ(I)] 2 485
    c / nm 1.287 0(11) Goodness‐of‐fit on F2 1.023
    β/(°) 98.97(3) Final R indices [I > 2σ(I)] R1=0.044 7, wR2=0.113 0
    V / nm3 1.411(2) R indices (all data) R1=0.066 4, wR2=0.126 5

    细胞成像实验选用巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)为研究对象。在RAW 264.7细胞的培养皿中分别加入浓度为0、10、20、30和40 μmol·L-1的探针1,37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过MTT法评价探针的细胞毒性[33]。使用包含探针1(10 μmol·L-1) 的培养基孵育RAW 264.7细胞30 min,激光共聚焦成像。培养基中随后加入ClO- (20 μmol·L-1)孵育30 min后,再次进行成像。RAW 264.7细胞用脂多糖(LPS,5 μg·mL-1)和佛波酯(PMA,5 μg·mL-1)孵育2 h,然后与10 μmol·L-1探针1一起孵育30 min,激光共聚焦成像。细胞用LPS(5 μg·mL-1)和PMA(5 μg·mL-1)孵育2 h,再使用N‐乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC,600 μmol·L-1)孵育2 h,然后与10 μmol·L-1探针1孵育30 min,激光共聚焦成像。激发波长405 nm,绿色通道光谱波长范围为490~ 571 nm。

    活体成像实验采用斑马鱼考察探针1对ClO-的识别能力。2日龄斑马鱼培养液中加入探针1(10 μmol·L-1)孵育1 h,激光共聚焦成像,之后再加入ClO-(20 μmol·L-1)孵育1 h,再次进行成像。斑马鱼用LPS(5 μg·mL-1)和PMA(5 μg·mL-1)孵育2 h,然后用探针1(10 μmol·L-1)孵育1 h,激光共聚焦成像。斑马鱼用LPS(5 μg·mL-1)和PMA(5 μg·mL-1)孵育2 h,再使用NAC(600 μmol·L-1) 孵育2 h,然后与10 μmol·L-1探针1孵育1 h,激光共聚焦成像。

    植物成像实验在拟南芥根尖上进行。用探针1 (10 μmol·L-1)处理拟南芥30 min,对根尖激光共聚焦成像。用探针1(10 μmol·L-1)预处理的拟南芥分别在含20和50 μmol·L-1的ClO-培养液中培养30 min,对根尖激光共聚焦成像。

    探针1的晶体结构椭球图见图 2。该晶体属于单斜晶系,晶体的空间群为P21/c。探针1中N1— C14键长为0.127 1(2) nm,证明席夫碱亚胺键的形成。除sp2杂化的C13原子外,探针1的其它非氢原子几乎共面,说明分子中存在良好的共轭效应。

    图 2

    图 2.  探针1的30% 概率水平的晶体结构椭球图
    Figure 2.  Crystal structure of probe 1 drawn at 30% ellipse probability level

    对探针1进行详细表征后,利用荧光光谱研究探针对ClO-的特异性识别。如图 3a所示,395 nm激发下,探针1溶液(10 μmol·L-1)几乎无荧光;加入ClO- (50 μmol·L-1)后在530 nm处出现强荧光发射峰,365 nm紫外灯下探针溶液颜色由暗变绿(图 3a插图)。而加入其它代表性阳离子(Ca2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、Na+)、阴离子(Cl-、HS-、NO3-、SO42-)、生物硫醇(半胱氨酸、同型半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽,缩写分别为Cys、Hcy、GSH)和活性氧(H2O2、ONOO-、·OH、1O2)后,探针荧光发射几乎不变(图 3b)。同时,其它潜在干扰物(50 μmol·L-1)共存对1+ClO-的荧光发射无明显影响,表明探针1对ClO-的荧光开启识别具有良好的选择性。

    图 3

    图 3.  (a) 探针1和加入50 μmol·L-1不同分析物后的荧光发射谱,插图表示紫外灯照射下探针1溶液加入ClO-前后荧光颜色变化; (b) 50 μmol·L-1共存潜在干扰物对探针11+ClO-在530 nm处荧光强度的影响; (c) 不同浓度ClO-存在时探针1的荧光光谱; (d) 探针1在530 nm处荧光强度与ClO-浓度的线性关系
    Figure 3.  (a) Fluorescence spectra of probe 1 before and after adding different analytes (50 μmol·L-1), where the inset shows the fluorescence color change of probe 1 solution with and without ClO-; (b) Influence of co‐existence of potential competitive analytes (50 μmol·L-1) on the emission intensity of probe 1 and 1+ClO- at 530 nm; (c) Fluorescence spectra of 1 in the presence of different concentrations of ClO-; (d) Linear relationship between fluorescence intensity of probe 1 at 530 nm with the concentration of ClO-

    In figure b: 1: blank, 2: Ca2+, 3: Cu2+, 4: Fe3+, 5: Mg2+, 6: Na+, 7: Cl-, 8: HS-, 9: NO3-, 10: SO42-, 11: Cys, 12: Hcy, 13: GSH, 14: H2O2, 15: ONOO-, 16: ·OH, 17: 1O2.

    之后,我们考察了不同浓度ClO-对探针1荧光光谱的影响。如图 3c所示,随着ClO-浓度的梯度增加,探针1在530 nm处的荧光强度逐渐增强。当ClO-加入量达到50 μmol·L-1时体系荧光发射强度趋于稳定。数据拟合结果表明(图 3d),探针在530 nm处的荧光强度和ClO-浓度在7.5~50.0 μmol·L-1范围内线性相关(R2=0.992),表明探针1可以定量检测ClO-。经计算得出检出限LOD=0.32 μmol·L-1 (LOD=3σ/k,其中σ指空白标准偏差,k是线性方程的斜率),与已报道的部分席夫碱类ClO-荧光探针相当[24],说明探针1对ClO-具有较高的灵敏度,可用于低浓度ClO-的灵敏定量检测。

    此外,探讨了探针1对ClO-的响应时间。如图S1 (Supporting information)所示,探针1溶液中加入50 μmol·L-1的ClO-溶液后,其530 nm处的荧光强度立即增强并在20 s内达到峰值,表明探针可以实时检测ClO-。图S2表明,探针11+ClO-在530 nm处荧光强度在2.0~13.0的pH范围内基本保持稳定,且二者间巨大的荧光差异证实探针检测ClO-的工作pH范围较宽,有望用于复杂生物样品中ClO-的便捷检测。

    通过ESI‐MS实验证实了探针1与ClO-的反应模式。如图 4a所示,探针1的甲醇溶液中加入ClO-后,在m/z 211.073 9处出现归属于苯并色烯‐2‐甲醛(1a) 的[M+H]+离子峰(m/z 211.067 1,计算值211.075 9)。结合文献关于ClO-诱导的亚胺键断裂的报道[27],我们推测ClO-促使探针1水解,生成相应的1a,从而发射其特征绿色荧光。

    图 4

    图 4.  (a) 化合物1a及探针1加ClO-前后的ESI‐MS谱图; (b) DFT计算优化的探针1和化合物1a的结构及HOMO/LUMO
    Figure 4.  (a) ESI‐MS spectra of compound 1a and 1 with and without ClO-; (b) Optimized structures and HOMO/LUMO of 1 and 1a by DFT calculation

    The inset shows the possible reaction mechanism between probe 1 and ClO-.

    利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算优化了探针1的结构,并与已经报道的1a的结构[34]进行了比对(图 4b)。计算结果表明,探针11a的HOMO和LUMO电子云均分散在整个分子,表明2个分子中存在明显的共轭效应。但探针1的末端胺基表现出光诱导电子转移(PET)作用,从而猝灭其荧光发射。1a分子内不仅没有PET效应,而且呈现显著的聚集诱导发光(AIE)活性[34],故探针与ClO-作用后发射显著的绿色荧光。上述结果证实了图 4a插图所示的ClO-诱导的探针1的分解反应模式。

    细胞成像实验前,采用MTT法确定探针的细胞毒性。梯度浓度的探针1(0~40 μmol·L-1)分别与RAW 264.7细胞孵化24 h,结果表明40 μmol·L-1的探针1与细胞孵化后细胞存活率仍高于80%(图S3),充分证实探针1具有较低的细胞毒性,可用于生物成像应用。

    之后,我们测试了探针1对细胞内ClO-的荧光成像。如图 5和S4所示,孵化探针1(10 μmol·L-1)的RAW 264.7细胞在绿色通道呈现微弱荧光;细胞继续孵化ClO-(50 μmol·L-1),细胞内绿色通道荧光明显增强;预孵化细胞内源性ClO-刺激剂LPS(5 μg· mL-1) 和PMA(5 μg·mL-1)的细胞再孵化探针,绿色通道荧光信号显著;而预孵化LPS(5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)的细胞,再孵化抗氧剂NAC(600 μmol· L-1),最后孵化探针(10 μmol·L-1),绿色通道荧光信号微弱。因此,探针1能够检测细胞内源性和外源性ClO-

    图 5

    图 5.  RAW 264.7细胞共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 37 ℃下, 10 μmol·L-1探针1孵化细胞30 min; (b) 孵化探针的细胞加入50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续孵化30 min; (c) LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化细胞2 h,再加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化30 min; (d) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化细胞2 h,再加入NAC (600 μmol·L-1) 孵化2 h,最后加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化30 min
    Figure 5.  Confocal fluorescence images of RAW 264.7 cells: (a) cells incubated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min at 37 ℃; (b) cells incubated with probe 1, and then with 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 30 min; (c) cells incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h, and then with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for another 30 min; (d) cells incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, then with NAC (600 μmol·L-1) for 2 h, and finally with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min

    Scale bar: 10 μm.

    斑马鱼成像结果表明,孵化探针1(10 μmol·L-1) 的斑马鱼腹腔荧光微弱;继续孵化ClO-(50 μmol· L-1),或先孵化LPS(5 μg·mL-1)和PMA(5 μg·mL-1)再孵化探针的斑马鱼腹腔发射强绿色荧光;而顺序孵化LPS(5 μg·mL-1)/PMA(5 μg·mL-1) 和NAC(600 μmol·L-1)的细胞,再孵化探针(10 μmol·L-1),绿色通道荧光信号微弱(图 6和S5)。因此,探针1能够检测斑马鱼体内ClO-浓度变化。类似地,拟南芥使用探针处理,其根尖发射弱的绿色荧光;继续使用不同浓度ClO-培养,绿色通道呈现浓度依赖的荧光信号增强(图 7和S6),表明探针可以检测植物组织中的ClO-。因此,探针1可用于多种生物样本中ClO-浓度变化的监测。

    图 6

    图 6.  斑马鱼共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 37 ℃下, 10 μmol·L-1探针1孵化斑马鱼1 h; (b) 孵化探针的斑马鱼加入50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续孵化1 h; (c) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化斑马鱼2 h,再加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化1 h; (d) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化斑马鱼2 h,再加入NAC (600 μmol·L-1)孵化2 h, 最后加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化1 h
    Figure 6.  Confocal fluorescence images of zebrafish: (a) zebrafish incubated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 1 h at 37 ℃; (b) zebrafish incubated with probe 1, and then with 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 1 h; (c) zebrafish incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, and then with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for another 1 h; (d) zebrafish incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, then with NAC (600 μmol·L-1) for 2 h, and finally with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 1 h

    Scale bar: 200 μm.

    图 7

    图 7.  拟南芥根尖共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 拟南芥用10 μmol·L-1探针1培养30 min; 探针处理的拟南芥再分别使用(b) 20 μmol·L-1和(c) 50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续培养30 min
    Figure 7.  Confocal fluorescence images of Arabidopsis thaliana root tips: (a) Arabidopsis thaliana treated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min; Arabidopsis thaliana treated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min, and then with (b) 20 μmol·L-1 and (c) 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 30 min

    Scale bar: 50 μm.

    以苯并色烯‐2‐甲醛和二氨基马来腈为原料,通过简单的席夫碱缩合构建了荧光探针1。探针在富水体系中荧光微弱,其选择性地与ClO-作用后绿色荧光显著增强,可用于ClO-的荧光开启检测。通过质谱和理论计算验证了ClO-介导的探针分解反应机理。此外,探针成功用于RAW 264.7细胞、斑马鱼和拟南芥内ClO-水平的荧光成像,具有潜在广泛的应用前景。

    Supporting information is available at http://www.wjhxxb.cn


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  • 图 1  探针1的合成路线图

    Figure 1  Synthetic route of probe 1

    图 2  探针1的30% 概率水平的晶体结构椭球图

    Figure 2  Crystal structure of probe 1 drawn at 30% ellipse probability level

    图 3  (a) 探针1和加入50 μmol·L-1不同分析物后的荧光发射谱,插图表示紫外灯照射下探针1溶液加入ClO-前后荧光颜色变化; (b) 50 μmol·L-1共存潜在干扰物对探针11+ClO-在530 nm处荧光强度的影响; (c) 不同浓度ClO-存在时探针1的荧光光谱; (d) 探针1在530 nm处荧光强度与ClO-浓度的线性关系

    Figure 3  (a) Fluorescence spectra of probe 1 before and after adding different analytes (50 μmol·L-1), where the inset shows the fluorescence color change of probe 1 solution with and without ClO-; (b) Influence of co‐existence of potential competitive analytes (50 μmol·L-1) on the emission intensity of probe 1 and 1+ClO- at 530 nm; (c) Fluorescence spectra of 1 in the presence of different concentrations of ClO-; (d) Linear relationship between fluorescence intensity of probe 1 at 530 nm with the concentration of ClO-

    In figure b: 1: blank, 2: Ca2+, 3: Cu2+, 4: Fe3+, 5: Mg2+, 6: Na+, 7: Cl-, 8: HS-, 9: NO3-, 10: SO42-, 11: Cys, 12: Hcy, 13: GSH, 14: H2O2, 15: ONOO-, 16: ·OH, 17: 1O2.

    图 4  (a) 化合物1a及探针1加ClO-前后的ESI‐MS谱图; (b) DFT计算优化的探针1和化合物1a的结构及HOMO/LUMO

    Figure 4  (a) ESI‐MS spectra of compound 1a and 1 with and without ClO-; (b) Optimized structures and HOMO/LUMO of 1 and 1a by DFT calculation

    The inset shows the possible reaction mechanism between probe 1 and ClO-.

    图 5  RAW 264.7细胞共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 37 ℃下, 10 μmol·L-1探针1孵化细胞30 min; (b) 孵化探针的细胞加入50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续孵化30 min; (c) LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化细胞2 h,再加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化30 min; (d) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化细胞2 h,再加入NAC (600 μmol·L-1) 孵化2 h,最后加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化30 min

    Figure 5  Confocal fluorescence images of RAW 264.7 cells: (a) cells incubated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min at 37 ℃; (b) cells incubated with probe 1, and then with 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 30 min; (c) cells incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h, and then with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for another 30 min; (d) cells incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, then with NAC (600 μmol·L-1) for 2 h, and finally with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min

    Scale bar: 10 μm.

    图 6  斑马鱼共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 37 ℃下, 10 μmol·L-1探针1孵化斑马鱼1 h; (b) 孵化探针的斑马鱼加入50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续孵化1 h; (c) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化斑马鱼2 h,再加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化1 h; (d) 37 ℃下LPS (5 μg·mL-1)和PMA (5 μg·mL-1)孵化斑马鱼2 h,再加入NAC (600 μmol·L-1)孵化2 h, 最后加入10 μmol·L-1探针1继续孵化1 h

    Figure 6  Confocal fluorescence images of zebrafish: (a) zebrafish incubated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 1 h at 37 ℃; (b) zebrafish incubated with probe 1, and then with 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 1 h; (c) zebrafish incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, and then with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for another 1 h; (d) zebrafish incubated with LPS (5 μg·mL-1) and PMA (5 μg·mL-1) for 2 h at 37 ℃, then with NAC (600 μmol·L-1) for 2 h, and finally with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 1 h

    Scale bar: 200 μm.

    图 7  拟南芥根尖共聚焦荧光图像: (a) 拟南芥用10 μmol·L-1探针1培养30 min; 探针处理的拟南芥再分别使用(b) 20 μmol·L-1和(c) 50 μmol·L-1的ClO-继续培养30 min

    Figure 7  Confocal fluorescence images of Arabidopsis thaliana root tips: (a) Arabidopsis thaliana treated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min; Arabidopsis thaliana treated with 10 μmol·L-1 of probe 1 for 30 min, and then with (b) 20 μmol·L-1 and (c) 50 μmol·L-1 of ClO- for another 30 min

    Scale bar: 50 μm.

    表 1  探针1的晶体学数据

    Table 1.  Crystallographic data of probe 1

    Parameter 1 Parameter 1
    Empirical formula C18H12N4O F(000) 624
    Formula weight 300.32 Z 4
    Temperature / K 293(2) Dc / (Mg·m-3) 1.414
    Crystal system Monoclinic μ / mm-1 0.092
    Space group P21/c θ range / (°) 2.255‐24.992
    a / nm 0.864 8(8) Independent reflection (Rint) 1 761 (0.027 1)
    b / nm 1.283 0(10) Observed reflection [I > 2σ(I)] 2 485
    c / nm 1.287 0(11) Goodness‐of‐fit on F2 1.023
    β/(°) 98.97(3) Final R indices [I > 2σ(I)] R1=0.044 7, wR2=0.113 0
    V / nm3 1.411(2) R indices (all data) R1=0.066 4, wR2=0.126 5
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  • 发布日期:  2024-09-10
  • 收稿日期:  2024-05-04
  • 修回日期:  2024-07-01
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