Citation: Ge ZHANG, Wenjiang YANG, Yu LIU. Advances in positron emission tomography imaging tracers for the central dopamine system[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, ;2024, 40(1): 54-70. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230387 shu

Advances in positron emission tomography imaging tracers for the central dopamine system

Ge ZHANG ^{1, 2} ,
Wenjiang YANG ^{1, 3,,} ,
Yu LIU ^{1, 2, 3,,}

1.
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Beijing 100049, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, China

Corresponding author: Wenjiang YANG, yangwj@ihep.ac.cn Yu LIU, yuliu@ihep.ac.cn
Received Date: 16 October 2023
Revised Date: 15 December 2023

Figures(11)

The central dopamine system plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various neurobehavioral disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been instrumental in studying dopamine biochemical processes in the living brain. PET imaging utilizes positron-emitting radionuclide ¹¹C/¹⁸F-labelled tracers to assess dopamine synthesis, vesicle storage, synaptic release, receptor binding, and reuptake processes by binding to specific targets in the dopamine nervous system. This advancement has significantly contributed to research in neurology, psychiatry, drug abuse and addiction, and therapeutic drug development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress in ¹¹C/¹⁸F-labelled PET imaging agents targeting amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine transporters, dopamine receptors, and vesicular monoamine transporters.
- positron emission tomography,
- radiotracer,
- dopamine system,
- dopamine receptor,
- transporter
1. [1]
  Zhang A, Neumeyer J L, Baldessarini R J. Recent progress in development of dopamine receptor subtype-selective agents: Potential thera-peutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders[J]. Chem. Rev., 2007,107(1):274-302. doi: 10.1021/cr050263h
2. [2]
  Sioka C, Fotopoulos A, Kyritsis A P. Recent advances in PET imaging for evaluation of Parkinson's disease[J]. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag., 2010,37(8):1594-1603. doi: 10.1007/s00259-009-1357-9
3. [3]
  Ametamey S M, Honer M, Schubiger P A. Molecular imaging with PET[J]. Chem. Rev., 2008,108(5):1501-1516. doi: 10.1021/cr0782426
4. [4]
  Raviña E, Negreira J, Cid J, Masaguer C F, Rosa E, Rivas M E, Fontenla J A, Loza M I, Tristán H, Cadavid M I, Sanz F, Lozoya E, Carotti A, Carrieri A. Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D₂) and serotoninergic (5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C) affinities: Synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl) benzo-and-thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical antipsychotics[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2000,43(6):1250-1250. doi: 10.1021/jm9911837
5. [5]
  De P, Roy K. QSAR modeling of PET imaging agents for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease targeting dopamine receptor[J]. Theor. Chem. Acc., 2020,139(12)176. doi: 10.1007/s00214-020-02687-9
6. [6]
  Kilbourn M R. ¹¹C-and ¹⁸F-radiotracers for in vivo imaging of the dopamine system: Past, present and future[J]. Biomedicines, 2021,9(2)108. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020108
7. [7]
  Libert L C, Franci X, Plenevaux A R, Ooi T, Maruoka K, Luxen A J, Lemaire C F. Production at the curie level of no-carrier-added 6-[¹⁸F] fluoro-L-DOP[J]. J. Nucl. Med., 2013,54(7):1154-1161. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.112.112284
8. [8]
  Neves A C B, Hrynchak I, Fonseca I, Alves V H P, Pereira M M, Falcao A, Abrunhosa A J. Advances in the automated synthesis of 6-¹⁸F fluoro-L-DOPA[J]. EJNMMI Radiopharm. Chem., 2021,6(1)18. doi: 10.1186/s41181-021-00132-1
9. [9]
  ZUO C T. The Applications of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET in Parkinson's disease[J]. International Journal of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, 2000,24(1):4-7.
10. [10]
  Doudet D J, Mclellan C A, Carson R, Adams H R, Miyake H, Aigner T G, Finn R T, Cohen R M. Distribution and kinetics of 3-O-methyl-6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-L-DOPA in the rhesus monkey brain[J]. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 1991,11(5):726-734. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.1991.129
11. [11]
  Huang S C, Yu D C, Barrio J R, Grafton S, Melega W P, Hoffman J M, Satyamurthy N, Mazziotta J C, Phelps M E. Phelps M E. Kinetics and modeling of L-6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-DOPA in human positron emission tomographic studies[J]. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 1991,11(6):898-913. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.1991.155
12. [12]
  Morrish P K, Sawle G V, Brooks D J. Regional changes in[¹⁸F] DOPA metabolism in the striatum in Parkinson's disease[J]. Brain, 1996,119(6):2097-2103. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.6.2097
13. [13]
  Morrish P K, Rakshi J S, Bailey D L, Sawle G V, Brooks D J. Measuring the rate of progression and estimating the preclinical period of Parkinson's disease with[¹⁸F]dopa PET[J]. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psy-chiatry, 1998,64(3):314-319. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.64.3.314
14. [14]
  Gallagher C L, Holden J, Christian B, Harding S, Nickles R J, Johnson S. A within-subject comparison of 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-m-tyrosine (FMT) and 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-l-DOPA (FDOPA) in Parkinson disease (PD)[J]. Neuroimage, 2010,52:S75-S75. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.059
15. [15]
  Brooks D J. Molecular imaging of dopamine transporters[J]. Ageing Res. Rev., 2016,30:114-121. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.009
16. [16]
  Lee C S, Samii A, Sossi V, Ruth T J, Schulzer M, Holden J E, Wudel J, Pal P K, De La Fuente-Fernandez R, Calne D B, Stoessl A J. In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease[J]. Ann. Neurol., 2000,47(4):493-503. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(200004)47:4<493::AID-ANA13>3.0.CO;2-4
17. [17]
  Stehouwer J S, Goodman M M. Fluorine-18 radiolabeled PET tracers for imaging monoamine transporters: Dopamine, serotonin, and nor-epinephrine[J]. PET Clinics, 2009,4(1):101-128. doi: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.05.006
18. [18]
  Clarke R L, Daum S J, Gambino A J, Aceto M D, Pearl J, Levitt M, Cumiskey W R, Bogado E F. Compounds affecting the central nervous system. 4. 3 beta-phenyltropane-2-carboxylic esters and analogs[J]. J. Med. Chem., 1973,16(11):1260-1267. doi: 10.1021/jm00269a600
19. [19]
  Jin C, Navarro H A, Carroll F I. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 3 beta-(4-alkylthio, -methylsulfinyl, and-methylsulfonyl-phenyl) tropane and 3 beta-(4-alkylthiophenyl) nortropane derivatives for monoamine transporters[J]. Biorg. Med. Chem., 2009,17(14):5126-5132. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.052
20. [20]
  Carroll F I, Gao Y G, Rahman M A, Abraham P, Parham K, Lewin A H, Boja J W, Kuhar M J. Synthesis, ligand binding, QSAR, and CoMFA study of 3 beta-(p-substituted phenyl) tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl esters[J]. J. Med. Chem., 1991,34(9):2719-2725. doi: 10.1021/jm00113a008
21. [21]
  Carroll F I. 2002 Medicinal chemistry division award address: Mono-amine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2003,46(10):1775-1794.
22. [22]
  Meltzer P C, Liang A Y, Brownell A L, Elmaleh D R, Madras B K. Substituted 3-phenyltropane analogs of cocaine: Synthesis, inhibition of binding at cocaine recognition sites, and positron emission tomography imaging[J]. J. Med. Chem., 1993,36(7):855-862. doi: 10.1021/jm00059a010
23. [23]
  Riss P J, Stockhofe K, Roesch F. Tropane-derived ¹¹C-labelled and ¹⁸F-labelled DAT ligands[J]. J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm., 2013,56(3/4):149-158.
24. [24]
  Kerstens V S, Fazio P, Sundgren M, Matheson G J, Franzen E, Halldin C, Cervenka S, Svenningsson P, Varrone A. Reliability of dopamine transporter PET measurements with[¹⁸F]FE-PE2I in patients with Parkinson's disease[J]. EJNMMI Res., 2020,10(1)95. doi: 10.1186/s13550-020-00676-4
25. [25]
  Cao S S, Tang J, Liu C Y, Fang Y, Ji L Y, Xu Y J, Chen Z P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of[¹⁸F]FECNT-d₄ as a novel PET agent for dopamine transporter imaging[J]. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2021,23(5):733-744. doi: 10.1007/s11307-021-01603-2
26. [26]
  Fan K L, Zhao H G, Li Y H, Du X X, Dai Y Y, Gao L L, Li Y, Sun Z H, Zhang Y. Characteristics and influencing factors of ¹¹C-CFT PET imaging in patients with early and late onset Parkinson's disease[J]. Front. Neurol., 2023,141195577. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1195577
27. [27]
  Ouchi Y, Kanno T, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Nobezawa S, Torizuka T, Tanaka K. Changes in dopamine availability in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopaminergic systems by gait in Parkinson's disease[J]. Brain, 2001,124(4):784-792. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.4.784
28. [28]
  Sun X, Liu F, Li Q Y, Gai Y K, Ruan W W, Wimalarathne D N, Hu F, Tan X B, Lan X L. Quantitative research of ¹¹C-CFT and ¹⁸F-FDG PET in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study with NeuroQ software[J]. Front. Neurosci., 2019,13299. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00299
29. [29]
  Nurmi E, Ruottinen H M, Kaasinen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Rinne J O. Progression in Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomography study with a dopamine transporter ligand[¹⁸F] CF[J]. Ann. Neurol., 2000,47(6):804-808. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6<804::AID-ANA14>3.0.CO;2-F
30. [30]
  Park E, Hwang Y M, Lee C N, Kim S, Oh S Y, Kim Y C, Choe J G, Park K W. Differential diagnosis of patients with inconclusive Parkinsonian features using[¹⁸F]FP-CIT PET/CT[J]. Nucl. Med. Molec. Imag., 2014,48(2):106-113. doi: 10.1007/s13139-013-0253-1
31. [31]
  Kerstens V S, Fazio P, Sundgren M, Halldin C, Svenningsson P, Varrone A. [¹⁸F]FE-PE2I DAT correlates with Parkinson's disease duration, stage, and rigidity/bradykinesia scores: A PET radioligand validation study[J]. EJNMMI Res., 2023,13(1)29. doi: 10.1186/s13550-023-00974-7
32. [32]
  Fazio P, Svenningsson P, Cselenyi Z, Halldin C, Farde L, Varrone A. Nigrostriatal dopamine transporter availability in early Parkinson's disease[J]. Mov. Disord., 2018,33(4):592-599. doi: 10.1002/mds.27316
33. [33]
  Mo S J, Axelsson J, Jonasson L, Larsson A, Ogren M J, Ogren M, Varrone A, Eriksson L, Backstrom D, af Bjerken S, Linder J, Riklund K. Dopamine transporter imaging with[¹⁸F]FE-PE2I PET and[¹²³I]FP-CIT SPECTa clinical comparison[J]. EJNMMI Res., 2018,8100. doi: 10.1186/s13550-018-0450-0
34. [34]
  Marner L, Korsholm K, Anderberg L, Lonsdale M N, Jensen M R, Brodsgaard E, Denholt C L, Gillings N, Law I, Friberg L. [¹⁸F]FE-PE2I PET is a feasible alternative to[¹²³I]FP-CIT SPECT for dopamine transporter imaging in clinically uncertain parkinsonism[J]. EJNMMI Res., 2022,12(1)56. doi: 10.1186/s13550-022-00930-x
35. [35]
  Kerstens V S, Varrone A. Dopamine transporter imaging in neurode-generative movement disorders: PET vs. SPECT[J]. Clin. Transl. Imaging, 2020,8(5):349-356. doi: 10.1007/s40336-020-00386-w
36. [36]
  Chalon S, Vercouillie J, Payoux P, Deloye J B, Malherbe C, Le Jeune F, Arlicot N, Salabert A S, Guilloteau D, Emond P, Ribeiro M J. The story of the dopamine transporter PET tracer LBT-999:From conception to clinical use[J]. Front. Med., 2019,690. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00090
37. [37]
  Niznik H B, Van Tol H H M. Dopamine receptor genes: New tools for molecular psychiatry[J]. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 1992,17(4):158-180.
38. [38]
  Banerjee A, Prante O. Subtype-selective dopamine receptor radioligands for PET imaging: Current status and recent developments[J]. Curr. Med. Chem., 2012,19(23):3957-3966. doi: 10.2174/092986712802002518
39. [39]
  Halldin C, Stone-Elander S, Farde L, Ehrin E, Fasth K J, Långström B, Sedvall G. Preparation of ¹¹C-labelled SCH 23390 for the in vivo study of dopamine D₁ receptors using positron emission tomography[J]. Int. J. Rad. Appl. Instrum. A, 1986,37(10):1039-1043. doi: 10.1016/0883-2889(86)90044-4
40. [40]
  Halldin C, Foged C, Farde L, Karlsson P, Hansen K, Grønvald F, Swahn C G, Hall H, Sedvall G. [¹¹C]NNC 687 and[¹¹C]NNC 756, dopamine D₁ receptor ligands. Preparation, autoradiography and PET investigation in monkey[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1993,20(8):945-953. doi: 10.1016/0969-8051(93)90095-C
41. [41]
  Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y Y, Hwang D R, Keilp J, Kochan L, Van Heertum R, Gorman J M, Laruelle M. Prefrontal dopamine D₁ receptors and working memory in schizophrenia[J]. J. Neurosci., 2002,22(9):3708-3719. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03708.2002
42. [42]
  Kosaka J, Takahashi H, Ito H, Takano A, Fujimura Y, Matsumoto R, Nozaki S, Yasuno F, Okubo Y, Kishimoto T, Suhara T. Decreased binding of[¹¹C]NNC112 and[¹¹C]SCH23390 in patients with chronic schizophrenia[J]. Life Sci., 2010,86(21/22):814-818.
43. [43]
  Abi-Dargham A, Xu X, Thompson J L, Gil R, Kegeles L S, Urban N, Narendran R, Hwang D R, Laruelle M, Slifstein M. Increased prefrontal cortical D₁ receptors in drug naive patients with schizophrenia: A PET study with[¹¹C]NNC112[J]. J. Psychopharm., 2012,26(6):794-805. doi: 10.1177/0269881111409265
44. [44]
  Besret L, Dollé F, Hérard A S, Guillermier M, Demphel S, Hinnen F, Coulon C, Ottaviani M, Bottlaender M, Hantraye P, Kassiou M. Dopamine D1 receptor imaging in the rodent and primate brain using the isoquinoline (+)-[¹¹C]A-69024 and positron emission tomography[J]. J. Pharm. Sci., 2008,97(7):2811-2819. doi: 10.1002/jps.21168
45. [45]
  Kassiou M, Scheffel U, Ravert H T, Mathews W B, Musachio J L, Lambrecht R M, Dannals R F. [¹¹C]A-69024-A potent and selective non-benzazepine radiotracer for in-vivo studies of dopamine D1 receptors[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1995,22(2):221-226. doi: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)00086-Y
46. [46]
  Tang C, Tomkins D M, Sanci V, Houle S, Dasilva J N. Chronic ethanol increases binding of dopamine D1 agonist R-[¹¹C]SKF 82957 in vivo in rat brain[J]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2000,26(1/2)Abstract No.-290.295.
47. [47]
  Dasilva J N, Schwartz R A, Greenwald E R, Lourenco C M, Wilson A A, Houle S. Dopamine D₁ agonist R-[¹¹C]SKF 82957: Synthesis and in vivo characterization in rats[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1999,26(5):537-542. doi: 10.1016/S0969-8051(99)00015-3
48. [48]
  Palner M, Mccormick P, Parkes J, Knudsen G M, Wilson A A. Systemic catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibition enables the D₁ agonist radiotracer R-[¹¹C]SKF 82957[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2010,37(7):837-843. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.04.193
49. [49]
  Barret O, Zhang L, Alagille D, Constantinescu C C, Sandiego C, Papin C, Sullivan J M, Morley T, Carroll V M, Seibyl J, Chen J, Lee C, Villalobos A, Gray D, Mccarthy T J, Tamagnan G. Dopamine D₁ receptor agonist PET tracer development: Assessment in nonhuman primates[J]. J. Nucl. Med., 2021,62(9):1307-1313. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.120.256008
50. [50]
  Nishi A, Shuto T. Potential for targeting dopamine/DARPP-32 signaling in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders[J]. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets., 2017,21(3):259-272. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1279149
51. [51]
  DENG Y J, ZHU H, YANG Z, PENG Z P, JIA J H. Recent progress of PET radio-tracer for clinical use in central nervous system[J]. Isotope, 2020,33(4):250-262.
52. [52]
  Sikazwe D M N, Li S M, Mardenborough L, Cody V, Roth B L, Ablordeppey S Y. Haloperidol: Towards further understanding of the structural contributions of its pharmacophric elements at D2-like receptors[J]. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2004,14(23):5739-5742. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.046
53. [53]
  Im D, Inoue A, Fujiwara T, Nakane T, Yamanaka Y, Uemura T, Mori C, Shiimura Y, Kimura K T, Asada H, Nomura N, Tanaka T, Yamashita A, Nango E, Tono K, Kadji F M N, Aoki J, Iwata S, Shimamura T. Structure of the dopamine D₂ receptor in complex with the antipsychotic drug spiperone[J]. Nat. Commun., 2020,11(1)6442. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20221-0
54. [54]
  Wagner H N, Burns H D, Dannals R F, Wong D F, Langstrom B, Duelfer T, Frost J J, Ravert H T, Links J M, Rosenbloom S B, Lukas S E, Kramer A V, Kuhar M J. Imaging dopamine-receptors in the human-brain by positron tomography[J]. Science, 1983,221(4617):1264-1266. doi: 10.1126/science.6604315
55. [55]
  Welch M J, Katzenellenbogen J A, Mathias C J, Brodack J W, Carlson K E, Chi D Y, Dence C S, Kilbourn M R, Perlmutter J S, Raichle M E, Terpogossian M M. N-(3-[¹⁸Ffluoropropyl)-spiperone: The preferred ¹⁸F labeled spiperone analog for positron emission tomographic studies of the dopamine receptor[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1988,15(1):83-97.
56. [56]
  De Paulis T. The discovery of epidepride and its analogs as high-affinity radioligands for imaging extrastriatal dopamine D₂ receptors in human brain[J]. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2003,9(8):673-696. doi: 10.2174/1381612033391135
57. [57]
  Sawle G V, Playford E D, Brooks D J, Quinn N, Frackowiak R S J. Asymmetrical presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in the striatal dopamine projection in dopa naive parkinsonism-diagnostic implications of the D2 receptor status[J]. Brain, 1993,116:853-867. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.4.853
58. [58]
  Murakami S, Marubayashi N, Fukuda T, Takehara S, Tahara T. Anti-dopaminergic effects of the stereoisomers of N-(1-alkyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl-5-sulfamoylbenzamides and 2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carboxamides[J]. J. Med. Chem., 1991,34(1):261-267. doi: 10.1021/jm00105a041
59. [59]
  Mukherjee J, Yang Z Y, Das M K, Brown T. Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics .3. development of (S)-N-(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl-5-(3-[¹⁸Ffluoropropyl)-2, 3-dimethoxybenzamide as an improved dopamine D₂ receptor tracer[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1995,22(3):283-296. doi: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)00117-3
60. [60]
  Buchsbaum M S, Christian B T, Lehrer D S, Narayanan T K, Shi B, Mantil J, Kemether E, Oakes T R, Mukherjee J. D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with[F-18] fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia[J]. Schizophr. Res., 2006,85(1):232-244.
61. [61]
  Grunder G, Landvogt C, Vernaleken I, Buchholz H G, Ondracek J, Siessmeier T, Hartter S, Schreckenberger M, Stoeter P, Hiemke C, Rosch F, Wong D F, Bartenstein P. The striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 receptor-binding profile of clozapine in patients with schizophrenia[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006,31(5):1027-1035. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300931
62. [62]
  Fisher B E, Li Q, Nacca A, Salema G J, Song J, Yip J, Hui J S, Jakowec M W, Petzinger G M. Treadmill exercise elevates striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in patients with early Parkinson's disease[J]. Neuroreport, 2013,24(10):509-514. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328361dc13
63. [63]
  Mukherjee J, Shi B, Christian B T, Chattopadhyay S, Narayanan T K. ¹¹C-fallypride: Radiosynthesis and preliminary evaluation of a novel dopamine D2/D3 receptor PET radiotracer in non-human primate brain[J]. Biorg. Med. Chem., 2004,12(1):95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.020
64. [64]
  Mukherjee J, Narayanan T K, Christian B T, Shi B Z, Dunigan K A, Mantil J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the binding of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist C-11-(R,S)-5-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin in rodents and nonhuman primate[J]. Synapse, 2000,37(1):64-70. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(200007)37:1<64::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-F
65. [65]
  Narendran R, Slifstein M, Guillin O, Hwang Y Y, Hwang D R, Scher E, Reeder S, Rabiner E, Laruelle M. Dopamine D_2/3 receptor agonist positron emission tomography radiotracer[¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO is a D₃ receptor preferring agonist in vivo[J]. Synapse, 2006,60(7):485-495. doi: 10.1002/syn.20325
66. [66]
  Tziortzi A C, Searle G E, Tzimopoulou S, Salinas C, Beaver J D, Jenkinson M, Laruelle M, Rabiner E A, Gunn R N. Imaging dopamine receptors in humans with[¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO: Dissection of D₃ signal and anatomy[J]. Neuroimage, 2011,54(1):264-277. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.044
67. [67]
  Zhang A, Zhang Y, Branfman A R, Baldessarini R J, Neumeyer J L. Advances in development of dopaminergic aporphinoids[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2007,50(2):171-181. doi: 10.1021/jm060959i
68. [68]
  Narendran R, Hwang D R, Slifstein M, Talbot P S, Erritzoe D, Huang Y Y, Cooper T B, Martinez D, Kegeles L S, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. In vivo vulnerability to competition by endogenous dopamine: Comparison of the D₂ receptor agonist radiotracer (-)-N-[¹¹C] propyl-norapomorphine ([¹¹] NPA) with the D₂ receptor antagonist radiotracer[¹¹C]raclopride[J]. Synapse, 2004,52(3):188-208. doi: 10.1002/syn.20013
69. [69]
  Joyce J N, Milian M J. Dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents[J]. Drug Discovery Today, 2005,10(13):917-925. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03491-4
70. [70]
  Rubi B, Ljubicic S, Pournourmohammadi S, Carobbio S, Armanet M, Bartley C, Maechler P. Dopamine D2-like receptors are expressed in pancreatic beta cells and mediate inhibition of insulin secretion[J]. J. Biol. Chem., 2005,280(44):36824-36832. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M505560200
71. [71]
  Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres M P, Bouthenet M L, Schwartz J C. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D₃) as a target for neuroleptics[J]. Nature, 1990,347(6289):146-151. doi: 10.1038/347146a0
72. [72]
  Chien E Y T, Liu W, Zhao Q, Katritch V, Han G W, Hanson M A, Shi L, Newman A H, Javitch J A, Cherezov V, Stevens R C. Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with a D2/D3 selective antagonist[J]. Science, 2010,330(6007):1091-1095. doi: 10.1126/science.1197410
73. [73]
  Xu J B, Hassanzadeh B, Chu W H, Tu Z D, Jones L A, Luedtke R R, Perlmutter J S, Mintun M A, Mach R H. [³H]4-(dimethylamino)-N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-1-yl) butyl) benzamide: A selective radioligand for dopamine D₃ receptors. Ⅱ. Quantitative analysis of dopamine D₃ and D₂ receptor density ratio in the caudate-putamen[J]. Synapse, 2010,64(6):449-459. doi: 10.1002/syn.20748
74. [74]
  Wang Q, Mach R H, Luedtke R R, Reichert D E. Subtype selectivity of dopamine receptor ligands: Insights from structure and ligand-based methods[J]. J. Chem. Inf. Model., 2010,50(11):1970-1985. doi: 10.1021/ci1002747
75. [75]
  Newman A H, Beuming T, Banala A K, Donthamsett P, Pongetti K, Labounty A, Levy B, Cao J J, Michino M, Luedtke R R, Javitch J A, Shi L. Molecular determinants of selectivity and efficacy at the dopamine D3 receptor[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2012,55(15):6689-6699. doi: 10.1021/jm300482h
76. [76]
  Tu Z, Li S, Cui J, Xu J, Taylor M, Ho D, Luedtke R R, Mach R H. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of fluorine-containing D3 dopamine receptor ligands[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2011,54(6):1555-1564. doi: 10.1021/jm101323b
77. [77]
  Mach R H, Tu Z D, Xu J B, Li S H, Jones L A, Taylor M, Luedtke R R, Derdeyn C P, Perlmutter J S, Mintun M A. Endogenous dopamine (DA) competes with the binding of a radiolabeled D₃ receptor partial agonist in vivo: A positron emission tomography study[J]. Synapse, 2011,65(8):724-732. doi: 10.1002/syn.20891
78. [78]
  Doot R K, Young A J, Dominguez T L, Ward C G, Li S, Helili Z, Sheffer R, Lee H, Schubert E K, Mach R H, Dubroff J G. Human blocking study to assess selectivity of [¹⁸FFTP PET for dopamine D3 receptors[J]. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2021,41(Suppl1):244-245.
79. [79]
  Prante O, Tietze R, Hocke C, Loeber S, Huebner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Synthesis, radiofluorination, and in vitro evaluation of pyrazolo[1, 5-a] pyridine-based dopamine D₄ receptor ligands: Discovery of an inverse agonist radioligand for PET[J]. J. Med. Chem., 2008,51(6):1800-1810. doi: 10.1021/jm701375u
80. [80]
  Tietze R, Loeber S, Huebner H, Gmeiner P, Kuwert T, Prante O. Discovery of a dopamine D4 selective PET ligand candidate taking advantage of a click chemistry based REM linker[J]. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008,18(3):983-988. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.026
81. [81]
  Willmann M, Ermert J, Prante O, Huebner H, Gmeiner P, Neumaier B. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of ¹⁸F-labeled dopamine D₄-receptor ligands[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2021,92:43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.004
82. [82]
  YU C C, ZENG C Y, YANG Z W. The role of dopamine D₅ receptor in blood pressure regulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Hypertension, 2007,14(2):98-100.
83. [83]
  Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Ruggieri S, Quaglia W. Dopamine D₅ receptors: A challenge to medicinal chemists[J]. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem., 2008,8(10):976-995. doi: 10.2174/138955708785740661
84. [84]
  QIAO J P, QIAO H W, WU X Y, DENG A F, ZHU L. Recent advances in PET tracers for imaging of the dopaminergic system[J]. Chemistry of Life, 2014,34(2):154-165.
85. [85]
  Kish S J, Robitaille Y, Elawar M, Clark B, Schut L, Ball M J, Young L T, Currier R, Shannak K. Striatal monoamine neurotransmitters and metabolites in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy[J]. Neurology, 1992,42(8):1573-1577. doi: 10.1212/WNL.42.8.1573
86. [86]
  Dasilva J N, Kilbourn M R, Mangner T J. Synthesis of[¹¹C] tetrabenazine, a vesicular monoamine uptake inhibitor, for PET imaging studies[J]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1993,44(4):673-676. doi: 10.1016/0969-8043(93)90130-3
87. [87]
  Kilbourn M R, Dasilva J N, Frey K A, Koeppe R A, Kuhl D E. In vivo imaging of vesicular monoamine transporters in human brain using[¹¹C] tetrabenazine and positron emission tomography[J]. J. Neurochem., 1993,60(6):2315-2318. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03521.x
88. [88]
  Dasilva J N, Carey J E, Sherman P S, Pisani T J, Kilbourn M R. Characterization of ¹¹C tetrabenazine as an in-vivo radioligand for the vesicular monoamine transporter[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1994,21(2):151-156. doi: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)90003-5
89. [89]
  Schwartz D E, Bruderer H, Rieder J, Brossi A. Metabolic studies of tetrabenazine, a psychotropic drug in animals and man[J]. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1966,15(5):645-655. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(66)90031-1
90. [90]
  Frey K A, Koeppe R A, Kilbourn M R, Vanderborght T M, Albin R L, Gilman S, Kuhl D E. Presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles in Parkinson's disease and normal aging[J]. Ann. Neurol., 1996,40(6):873-884. doi: 10.1002/ana.410400609
91. [91]
  Bohnen N I, Albin R L, Koeppe R A, Wernette K A, Kilbourn M R, Minoshima S, Frey K A. Positron emission tomography of monoami-nergic vesicular binding in aging and Parkinson disease[J]. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2006,26(9):1198-1212. doi: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600276
92. [92]
  Johanson C E, Frey K A, Lundahl L H, Keenan P, Lockhart N, Roll J, Galloway G P, Koeppe R A, Kilbourn M R, Robbins T, Schuster C R. Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent metham-phetamine abusers[J]. Psychopharmacology, 2006,185(3):327-338. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0330-6
93. [93]
  Boileau I, Mccluskey T, Tong J, Furukawa Y, Houle S, Kish S J. Rapid recovery of vesicular dopamine levels in methamphetamine users in early abstinence[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2016,41(4):1179-1187. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.267
94. [94]
  Kilbourn M R, Koeppe R A. Classics in neuroimaging: Radioligands for the vesicular monoamine transporter 2[J]. ACS Chem. Neurosci., 2019,10(1):25-29. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00429
95. [95]
  Kilbourn M R, Frey K A, Borght T V, Sherman P S. Effects of dopaminergic drug treatments on in vivo radioligand binding to brain vesicular monoamine transporters[J]. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1996,23(4):467-471. doi: 10.1016/0969-8051(96)00023-6
96. [96]
  Lee C S, Schulzer M, De La Fuente-Fernández R, Mak E, Kuramoto L, Sossi V, Ruth T J, Calne D B, Stoessl A J. Lack of regional selectivity during the progression of parkinson disease: Implications for pathogenesis[J]. Arch. Neurol., 2004,61(12):1920-1925.
97. [97]
  Alexander P K, Lie Y, Jones G, Sivaratnam C, Bozinvski S, Mulligan R S, Young K, Villemagne V L, Rowe C C. Management impact of imaging brain vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in clinically uncertain parkinsonian syndrome with ¹⁸F-AV133 and PET[J]. J. Nucl. Med., 2017,58(11):1815-1820. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.189019
1. [1]
  Donghui PAN , Yuping XU , Xinyu WANG , Lizhen WANG , Junjie YAN , Dongjian SHI , Min YANG , Mingqing CHEN . Preparation and in vivo tracing of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled PM_2.5 mimetic particles for positron emission tomography imaging. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 669-676. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230468
2. [2]
  Tiantian MA , Sumei LI , Chengyu ZHANG , Lu XU , Yiyan BAI , Yunlong FU , Wenjuan JI , Haiying YANG . Methyl-functionalized Cd-based metal-organic framework for highly sensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 725-735. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230351
3. [3]
  Jing SU , Bingrong LI , Yiyan BAI , Wenjuan JI , Haiying YANG , Zhefeng Fan . Highly sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor based on a highly stable In-based metal-organic framework with amino-enriched pores. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1337-1346. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230414
4. [4]
  Yonghui ZHOU , Rujun HUANG , Dongchao YAO , Aiwei ZHANG , Yuhang SUN , Zhujun CHEN , Baisong ZHU , Youxuan ZHENG . Synthesis and photoelectric properties of fluorescence materials with electron donor-acceptor structures based on quinoxaline and pyridinopyrazine, carbazole, and diphenylamine derivatives. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 701-712. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230373
5. [5]
  Di WU , Ruimeng SHI , Zhaoyang WANG , Yuehua SHI , Fan YANG , Leyong ZENG . Construction of pH/photothermal dual-responsive delivery nanosystem for combination therapy of drug-resistant bladder cancer cell. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1679-1688. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240135
6. [6]
  Jiakun BAI , Ting XU , Lu ZHANG , Jiang PENG , Yuqiang LI , Junhui JIA . A red-emitting fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for selective detection of hypochlorous acid. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(6): 1095-1104. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240002
7. [7]
  Jin CHANG . Supercapacitor performance and first-principles calculation study of Co-doping Ni(OH)₂. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1697-1707. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240108
8. [8]
  Jie ZHAO , Sen LIU , Qikang YIN , Xiaoqing LU , Zhaojie WANG . Theoretical calculation of selective adsorption and separation of CO₂ by alkali metal modified naphthalene/naphthalenediyne. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 515-522. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230385
9. [9]
  Peiran ZHAO , Yuqian LIU , Cheng HE , Chunying DUAN . A functionalized Eu³⁺ metal-organic framework for selective fluorescent detection of pyrene. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 713-724. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230355
10. [10]
  Xin XIONG , Qian CHEN , Quan XIE . First principles study of the photoelectric properties and magnetism of La and Yb doped AlN. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1519-1527. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240064
11. [11]
  Jiaqi AN , Yunle LIU , Jianxuan SHANG , Yan GUO , Ce LIU , Fanlong ZENG , Anyang LI , Wenyuan WANG . Reactivity of extremely bulky silylaminogermylene chloride and bonding analysis of a cubic tetragermylene. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1511-1518. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240072
12. [12]
  Wenlong LI , Xinyu JIA , Jie LING , Mengdan MA , Anning ZHOU . Photothermal catalytic CO₂ hydrogenation over a Mg-doped In₂O_3-x catalyst. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 919-929. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230421
13. [13]
  Kun WANG , Wenrui LIU , Peng JIANG , Yuhang SONG , Lihua CHEN , Zhao DENG . Hierarchical hollow structured BiOBr-Pt catalysts for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1270-1278. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240037
14. [14]
  Juntao Yan , Liang Wei . 2D S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2312024-. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202312024
15. [15]
  Zhanggui DUAN , Yi PEI , Shanshan ZHENG , Zhaoyang WANG , Yongguang WANG , Junjie WANG , Yang HU , Chunxin LÜ , Wei ZHONG . Preparation of UiO-66-NH₂ supported copper catalyst and its catalytic activity on alcohol oxidation. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 496-506. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230317
16. [16]
  Wen YANG , Didi WANG , Ziyi HUANG , Yaping ZHOU , Yanyan FENG . La promoted hydrotalcite derived Ni-based catalysts: In situ preparation and CO₂ methanation performance. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 561-570. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230276
17. [17]
  Juan WANG , Zhongqiu WANG , Qin SHANG , Guohong WANG , Jinmao LI . NiS and Pt as dual co-catalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production activity of BaTiO₃ nanofibers. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(9): 1719-1730. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240102
18. [18]
  Ruolin CHENG , Haoran WANG , Jing REN , Yingying MA , Huagen LIANG . Efficient photocatalytic CO₂ cycloaddition over W₁₈O₄₉/NH₂-UiO-66 composite catalyst. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 523-532. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230349
19. [19]
  Yi YANG , Shuang WANG , Wendan WANG , Limiao CHEN . Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction performance of Z-scheme Ag-Cu₂O/BiVO₄ photocatalyst. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 895-906. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230434
20. [20]
  Bing LIU , Huang ZHANG , Hongliang HAN , Changwen HU , Yinglei ZHANG . Visible light degradation of methylene blue from water by triangle Au@TiO₂ mesoporous catalyst. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 941-952. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230398

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(5)
Abstract views(810)
HTML views(57)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142