Citation: Wenjiang LI, Pingli GUAN, Rui YU, Yuansheng CHENG, Xianwen WEI. C60-MoP-C nanoflowers van der Waals heterojunctions and its electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 771-781. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230289
C60-MoP-C纳米花范德瓦耳斯异质结及其电催化析氢性能
English
C60-MoP-C nanoflowers van der Waals heterojunctions and its electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance
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0. 引言
氢能是替代化石燃料的理想清洁能源。通过电解水制氢反应(HER),将可再生电能转化为氢能,这被认为是解决未来能源问题中能量转换的关键一环[1-2]。然而,由于水裂解动力学过程缓慢,商业化的电解水装置往往需要使用贵金属(如Pt和Ir等)材料作为电催化剂,其高昂的成本为电解水工业化普及带来了极大的阻碍[3-5]。因此,开发廉价且高效的非贵金属HER电催化剂是目前研究的重点。作为极具潜力的非贵金属催化剂,过渡金属磷化物(TMPs)如CoP[6-8]、Ni5P4[9-11]、Cu3P[12-14]、MoP[15-19]等,因其低廉的价格、适宜的d电子结构以及多样的化学态等优点而受到了人们的广泛关注,在HER中表现出了良好的电化学活性[20]。然而,其在导电性和稳定性方面的不足有待进一步改善。
碳材料具有比表面积大、导电性好和化学稳定性高的显著优势。大量研究表明,利用碳材料(如石墨烯、碳纳米管和多孔碳等)对磷化物进行包覆/负载可以有效提高催化剂的本征活性[21]。富勒烯(C60)作为一种典型零维(0D)碳纳米材料,具有独特的π电子共轭体系,表现出很强的吸电子性质[22]。因此,在基于C60的异质体系中,其界面处往往会发生较为显著的电子偏移现象,进而产生一些高度活跃的催化活性位点。如Choi等[23]发现将C60团簇负载在MoS2表面能有效降低析氢所需过电势,达到电流密度10 mA·cm-2所需过电位(η10)从245 mV减小至172 mV。作者认为C60与MoS2接触后会形成p-n型异质结,进一步激活MoS2惰性基面,产生更多活性位点。此外,Gao等[24]通过将C60吸附在单壁碳纳米管上构筑了一种多功能非金属催化剂,在HER、析氧反应(OER)和氧还原反应(ORR)方面表现出优良的催化活性,其全水解活性甚至比Pt-RuO2商业催化剂组合活性更优。尽管C60在HER催化剂的构筑中已经展现出了如此巨大的应用潜力,但关于使用C60对磷化物的改性研究仍然较少[25-26]。
因此,我们通过气固反应法制备了新颖的磷化钼-碳纳米花(MoP-CFs)材料,并进一步引入C60对MoP-CFs进行修饰改性。研究其HER性能发现,C60的引入能够改善MoP-CFs导电性,加快界面析氢动力学过程。C60的最优质量分数为10%,对应样品10% C60-MoP-CFs的催化活性最好,在酸性和碱性条件下达到电流密度为10 mA·cm-2时所需要的过电位分别为158和157 mV,并且能保持至少20 h的催化稳定性。
1. 实验部分
1.1 样品制备
C60(纯度大于99.99%)购买于河南濮阳市永新富勒烯科技有限公司,其他常规试剂均为商业途径获得的分析纯试剂,且使用前未经纯化处理。
1.1.1 MoP-CFs的合成
将40 mL乙醇、90 mL去离子水和0.75 mL氨水混合搅拌均匀,记为溶液A。将0.5 g多巴胺和0.31 g钼酸铵溶于10 mL去离子水中形成溶液B。随后,将B溶液缓慢加入到A溶液中,并在室温下持续搅拌24 h。离心洗涤固体沉淀,并将其置于60 ℃烘箱中干燥过夜,得到前驱体。
将所制备的前驱体与次磷酸钠以质量比1:10混合,放入瓷舟中并置于管式炉中,气体上游放置次磷酸钠,下游放置MoP-CFs前驱体。在Ar气氛下(Ar流速为标准状态下50 mL·min-1)对样品进行热处理,首先以2 ℃·min-1的速率升温至300 ℃,并保温2 h。随后,以5 ℃·min-1的速率升温到900 ℃并保温3 h。待反应降至室温后,即可获得MoP-CFs样品。
1.1.2 C60-MoP-CFs的合成
首先,将MoP-CFs粉末和C60以1 mg·mL-1的质量浓度分别超声分散于异丙醇和甲苯溶液中。随后按不同质量分数吸取不同体积的C60的甲苯溶液,缓慢滴加到一定体积的MoP-CFs异丙醇分散液中,在室温超声分散处理30 min,形成均匀混合物。真空条件下干燥以脱除溶剂,得到含不同质量分数的C60的C60-MoP-CFs样品,分别记为5% C60-MoP-CFs、10% C60-MoP-CFs、15% C60-MoP-CFs和20% C60-MoP-CFs。
1.2 实验表征仪器
使用德国Bruker D8 Advance X射线衍射仪(PXRD)对催化剂进行物相分析,工作电压40 kV,电流40 mA,Cu靶Kα射线作为辐射源,λ=0.154 06 nm,扫描范围10°~80°,扫速5 (°)·min-1。使用日本日立Hitachi S-8100场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM,加速电压0.5~10 kV)和Hitachi HT-7700透射电子显微镜(TEM,加速电压20~120 kV)观察样品的形貌。通过JEOLJEM-2100F场发射透射电子显微镜(加速电压20~200 kV)获得样品的高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)图、高角环形暗场扫描透射电镜(HAADF-STEM)图和能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)元素分布图。使用拉曼光谱仪(Raman,inVia)和红外光谱(FTIR,invenios)表征催化剂中C60的存在。样品表面元素价态通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)得到,在型号为Thermo Scientific K-Alpha带有单色Al Kα源的X射线光电子能谱仪上进行测试。
1.3 电化学测试
所有电化学测量均在CHI 660E(上海辰华仪器有限公司)电化学工作站上进行,采用标准三电极系统,工作电极为玻碳电极(GCE,3 mm),石墨棒电极作为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极。工作电极的制备是将5 mg催化剂、500 μL去离子水、490 μL无水乙醇和10 μL Nafion溶液(5%)超声分散均匀,吸取20 μL混合液滴涂于玻碳电极表面,催化剂载量为1.41 mg·cm-2。电解液为0.5 mol·L-1的H2SO4溶液或1.0 mol·L-1的KOH溶液,测试温度为室温。在进行HER活性测试之前,用循环伏安(CV)法以100 mV·s-1的扫描速率进行10圈电化学活化以达到稳定的状态。随后,使用扫速为5 mV·s-1的线性扫描伏安(LSV)法测试其电催化活性[27-28]。此外,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的测量频率为105~0.01 Hz。电化学活性面积(ECSA)通过双电层电容(Cdl)衡量,选取非法拉第区间,以20 mV·s-1为梯度,测试扫速范围20~100 mV·s-1内的CV曲线。所有相对于Ag/AgCl的电极电势E′均转换为相对于标准可逆氢电极(RHE)的电势E[29-30]:
$ E=E^{\prime}+0.197+0.059 \mathrm{pH} $ (1) 2. 结果与讨论
2.1 结构形貌表征
C60-MoP-CFs的合成步骤如图 1a所示,首先多巴胺(DA)氧化聚合,并与钼酸根离子通过静电作用共同沉淀形成前驱体。以次磷酸钠作为磷源,通过原位热解处理,使其在高温下释放出磷化氢(PH3),将钼酸根还原形成MoP。与此同时,聚多巴胺也会进一步碳化形成纳米花状的碳基底,得到磷化钼-碳纳米花结构(MoP-CFs),再利用甲苯与异丙醇可互溶的性质将C60引入,构建范德瓦耳斯异质结。图 1b为样品的PXRD图,可证明MoP-CFs材料的成功制备,其中位于27.8°、31.9°、42.9°、56.9°、64.5°、67.2°和73.8°的衍射峰与六方相MoP(PDF No.24-0771)的(001)、(100)、(101)、(110)、(111)、(102)和(201)晶面分别对应[31],并未发现其他杂质的衍射峰,说明钼酸根完全转化为MoP,样品纯度较高。
图 1
通过SEM对材料形貌进行表征,可以看出MoP-CFs呈现直径1 μm左右的花球状形貌,C60为不规则的块状结构(图 1c)。在TEM图(图 1d)中进一步观察到,由于碳纳米花基底的锚定作用,粒径范围为10~30 nm的MoP纳米颗粒均匀分布在碳基底表面,并没有团聚现象出现,这种高度分散的纳米颗粒有助于提供更多的催化活性位点。此外,在HRTEM图中还能明显观察到C60与MoP-CFs之间所产生的异质界面。图 1e中插图所示的颗粒高分辨晶格条纹间距为0.28 nm,对应于MoP的(100)晶面[32],与PXRD结果一致。在元素分布图中(图 1f)检测到Mo、P与C元素的存在,与材料组成一致,并且所有元素在材料中分布均匀。不同C60负载量样品的形貌如图 2所示,改变C60比例以及超声操作,均不会影响MoP-CFs的碳纳米花球结构,但随着C60载量的增加,明显观察到C60晶体数量的增多。
图 2
通过FTIR和Raman光谱来验证C60的存在并分析C60与MoP-CFs之间的电子传递现象。如图 3a所示,在Raman光谱400~2 000 cm-1波长范围内,MoP-CFs样品仅在1 300和1 580 cm-1处存在2个宽峰,对应碳的D带和G带Raman特征峰,并且二者强度比(ID/IG)较为接近。说明碳纳米花基底的石墨化程度并不高,可能存在较多杂质或缺陷[33]。C60中主要存在494 cm-1和1 465 cm-1处2个峰,分别归属于C60的Ag(1)和Ag(2)振动模式,其中1 465 cm-1的尖峰被广泛认为与C60的电子结构密切相关[34]。对比复合材料10% C60-MoP-CFs可以发现,二者特征峰的位置和数目基本一致,说明C60被成功引入复合材料中。从局部放大图中可以看出,相较于C60,10% C60-MoP-CFs中代表Ag(2)模式的特征峰轻微蓝移了约2 cm-1,表明C60与MoP-CFs之间存在一定的电子传递。此外,如FTIR光谱(图 3b)所示,C60样品在527、577、1 183和1 428 cm-1处出现了其Ih对称振动模式中对红外最为敏感的4个T1u振动模式特征峰,并且527和577 cm-1处的2个峰在复合材料样品中同样出现,说明C60被成功修饰到复合材料中[35]。
图 3
通过XPS分析样品修饰C60前后的元素组成及价层电子结构,结果如图 4所示。全谱中所有谱峰均可与Mo、P、C、O和N元素特征峰匹配,元素比例也与MoP化学组成接近,与前文中各表征结果一致。未修饰的MoP-CFs样品的Mo3d谱图可以拟合为3对特征峰:227.8和231.0 eV的峰对应MoP中Moδ+-P组分的Moδ+3d5/2和Moδ+3d3/2(0 < δ < 4)物种;229.9和233.1 eV处的峰归因于Mo4+3d5/2和Mo4+3d3/2;232.6和235.8 eV处对应Mo6+3d5/2和Mo6+3d3/2特征峰。后2对特征峰主要可能与亚稳态MoP表面氧化形成的氧化态钼(MoO2和MoO3)有关[32]。值得注意的是,当修饰C60后,Moδ+—P的特征峰发生一定程度的蓝移(向低结合能位置偏移约0.3 eV),表明MoP会从C60组分得到电子[36]。在P2p谱图中也能观察到类似的峰偏移现象,Pδ--Mo组分的Pδ-2p3/2和Pδ-2p1/2特征峰原位于129.1和130.0 eV处,在修饰C60后会蓝移约0.4 eV。此外,在132.5 eV处还存在P—C物种特征峰,说明部分P元素也掺杂进入碳纳米花基底中[37]。在C1s谱图中也能观察到C—P和C—N组分,这与从拉曼光谱中所得出的结论相吻合。XPS结果清楚地表明,电子会从C60向MoP发生转移。结合以往文献报道[38-39]可知,MoP和C60的功函数分别为5.19和4.6 eV,MoP功函数较大,表明其费米能级更低。因此,当二者接触形成异质界面时,高费米能级的C60的电子就会自然地向MoP转移,直到双方费米能级平齐。这种由C60修饰引起的从C60向MoP方向发生的界面电子转移现象,可以有效调控MoP电子结构,优化MoP表面活性氢吸附强度,从而增强HER性能。
图 4
2.2 电催化HER性能
为了评价C60引入对MoP-CFs催化活性的影响,实验中首先使用LSV测定了不同C60负载量的C60-MoP-CFs的电催化HER性能,选取相同测试条件下的商用Pt/C作为参照。在酸性条件下(0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4),LSV测试结果如图 5a所示。出于实际应用的考虑,实验中选取达到电流密度10 mA·cm-2(人工光合作用中光能-燃料转换效率为10%时对应的近似电流密度)时所需要的过电位(η10)作为HER活性的衡量指标[40-41]。商业Pt/C展现出最佳的催化活性,η10仅为44 mV。相较于未修饰的MoP-CFs样品,不同C60修饰比例的MoP-CFs样品的HER活性均展现出了一定程度的提高(MoP-CFs、5% C60-MoP-CFs、15% C60-MoP-CFs和20% C60-MoP-CFs的η10分别为213、177、193和202 mV),其中10% C60-MoP-CFs样品效果最佳,达到10 mA·cm-2电流密度时所需要的过电位为158 mV,减小了55 mV。从以上结果可以看出,电催化活性与C60的修饰量密切相关,过多或过少的C60都会影响材料的催化性能。酸性条件下(0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4)的各样品的Tafel斜率如图 5b所示,未修饰的MoP-CFs、5% C60-MoP-CFs、10% C60-MoP-CFs、15% C60-MoP-CFs和20% C60-MoP-CFs的Tafel斜率依次为145.84、106.48、101.12、118.56和121.52 mV·dec-1,除Pt/C外,仍是10% C60-MoP-CFs的Tafel斜率最小,说明其具有最快的动力学过程。值得注意的是,所有样品的Tafel斜率均大于40 mV·dec-1,表明此类催化剂表面的HER过程的Volmer步为决速步[1]。
图 5
考虑到磷化物通常可作为良好的两性HER电催化剂使用,实验中进一步测试了不同样品在碱性电解液(1.0 mol·L-1 KOH)中的催化活性,结果如图 5c和5d所示。与在酸性溶液中所测结果类似,C60的修饰同样可以有效改善MoP-CFs在碱性条件下的HER性能。未修饰MoP-CFs所需的过电位为208 mV,而最佳的10% C60-MoP-CFs的η10为157 mV,降低了51 mV。此外,10% C60-MoP-CFs的Tafel斜率为105.16 mV·dec-1,较未修饰MoP-CFs的201.15 mV·dec-1同样大幅降低。值得注意的是,与相同类型催化剂的催化活性对比可发现,最佳的10% C60-MoP-CFs在酸性和碱性条件下都表现出了相当可观的催化性能(表 1和2)。
表 1
Catalyst Working electrode η10/mV Tafel slope/(mV·dec-1) Ref. 10% C60-MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 158 105 This work MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 213 146 This work MoP2 NPs/Mo Mo plate 194 80 [42] MoP-C Glassy carbon 169 70 [43] MoP-RGO Glassy carbon 150 66 [18] rGO-A-MoP Glassy carbon 162 57 [44] MoP-NC Glassy carbon 131 66 [45] MoP/rGO Glassy carbon 140 72 [46] MoP/N, P-CNTs Carbon paper 117 58 [47] 表 2
Catalyst Working electrode η10/mV Tafel slope/(mV·dec-1) Ref. 10% C60-MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 157 101 This work MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 208 201 This work MoP/MoS2 Glassy carbon 101 56 [15] MoP/MoO2 Glassy carbon 173 58 [48] DR-MoP Glassy carbon 156 49 [49] MoP/Fe2P/RGO Glassy carbon 156 51 [50] Fe-MoP Glassy carbon 195 49 [51] MoP Glassy carbon 150 56 [52] MoP/NPCs Glassy carbon 205 71 [53] MoP nanoparticles Glassy carbon 246 60 [54] CoMoP Glassy carbon 215 50 [55] 为了探究C60对MoP-CFs性能提升的原因,首先通过CV曲线非法拉第区间计算双电层电容值(Cdl)。如图 5e所示,在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液中未修饰C60的MoP-CFs的Cdl为24.18 mF·cm-2,而5%~20%的C60修饰样品的Cdl分别为42.43、47.77、28.24和27.24 mF·cm-2。显然,10% C60-MoP-CFs具有最大的Cdl值,表明一定量C60的引入有助于提高材料的ECSA,有助于获得更大的催化电流密度。进一步通过ECSA对LSV结果进行ECSA归一化处理,发现10% C60-MoP-CFs同样具有最低的析氢过电位和最高的电流密度。表明C60的引入不仅增加了ECSA,而且通过其与MoP之间的电子相互作用提高了MoP本征活性[27-30]。此外,为了进一步理解C60修饰对界面电荷传输和反应动力学作用机制,测试了样品MoP-CFs和10% C60-MoP-CFs在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液不同电压的EIS图。如图 6a和6b所示,可以清晰地看到,随着测试电位的增大,析氢阻抗逐渐减小,对应于更快的界面反应动力学过程,且10% C60-MoP-CFs的电化学阻抗值明显小于MoP-CFs,表明C60的修饰有助于降低阻抗。相应的Bode相位图测试结果如图 6c和6d所示。通常,较小的相位角(φ)更有利于参与法拉第过程,而较大相位角更利于参与双电层电容过程,较高频率则可以增加法拉第电阻,加速表面反应动力学过程[56-57]。通过对比发现,10% C60-MoP-CFs具有更小的相位角以及更高的频率,表明C60的引入有助于参与法拉第过程,加快电荷迁移速率,因此,更有利于加速HER动力学过程。
图 6
实验中通过多次循环伏安法以及计时电流法(i-t)分别测试了10% C60-MoP-CFs催化剂在酸性和碱性溶液中的稳定性,0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液测试电压为-0.20 V,1.0 mol·L-1 KOH溶液测试电压为-0.21 V,测试结果如图 7所示。在酸性条件下,不论是3 000次循环还是20 h长时间测试,10% C60-MoP-CFs材料循环前后LSV测试曲线以及i-t测试过程中电流密度都未发生较大变化,表明该材料的良好酸性稳定性。然而,值得注意的是,10% C60-MoP-CFs在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH中i-t测试过程中电流密度发生部分衰减。为此,实验中通过PXRD和SEM对反应后的10% C60-MoP-CFs进行了表征。如图 7d所示,循环反应后MoP的物相结构未发生明显变化,并且其花状形貌也能基本保持稳定。此外,对比反应前后10% C60-MoP-CFs样品的Mo3d和P2p的XPS谱图(图 8)发现,反应前后MoP相关特征峰并无明显变化,说明其稳定性良好,而Mo—O和P—O组分含量有所减少,说明表面氧化物在i-t测试过程中被还原。因此,我们推测碱性条件下的电流密度部分衰减可能是由于10% C60-MoP-CFs样品发生局部溶解或少量脱落[58-59]。
图 7
图 8
3. 结论
通过气固反应合成了新颖的MoP-C纳米花,采用简单的双溶剂超声法将C60进行成功负载,制备出了不同C60比例的C60-MoP-CFs范德瓦耳斯异质结构。对于不同C60比例的C60-MoP-CFs进行HER性能研究发现,10% C60-MoP-CFs展现出最优异的电催化析氢性能。在酸性和碱性条件下,当电流密度为10 mA·cm-2时,对应的过电位分别为158和157 mV,相较于未修饰的MoP-CFs分别降低了55和51 mV,且10% C60-MoP-CFs无论是在酸性还是碱性条件下都至少具有20 h的电催化稳定性。Raman和FTIR结果表明C60能够与MoP-CFs之间产生电子耦合作用,从而影响两者的电子结构。这种电子耦合作用能改善MoP-CFs的导电性,加速界面处电子转移速率,从而有助于加快复合材料界面的析氢动力学过程。
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图 1 (a) C60-MoP-CFs的合成示意图; (b) MoP-CFs和C60-MoP-CFs的PXRD图; (c) 10% C60-MoP-CFs的SEM图; (d、e) 10% C60-MoP-CFs的TEM图(插图: HRTEM图); (f) 10% C60-MoP-CFs的HAADF-STEM图和相应的元素分布图
Figure 1 (a) Synthesis schematic of C60-MoP-CFs; (b) PXRD patterns of MoP-CFs and C60-MoP-CFs; (c) SEM image of 10% C60-MoP-CFs; (d, e) TEM images of 10% C60-MoP-CFs (inset: HRTEM image); (f) HAADF-STEM image and corresponding elemental mappings of 10% C60-MoP-CFs
图 5 Pt/C、MoP-CFs和C60-MoP-CFs在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4中的LSV极化曲线(a)和Tafel斜率图(b); Pt/C、MoP-CFs和C60-MoP-CFs在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH中的LSV极化曲线(c)和Tafel斜率图(d); 样品在酸性条件下的双电层电容图(e) 和对应ECSA归一化LSV极化曲线(f)
Figure 5 LSV polarization curves (a) and Tafel slopes (b) of Pt/C, MoP-CFs, and C60-MoP-CFs in 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4; LSV polarization curves (c) and Tafel slopes (d) of Pt/C, MoP-CFs, and C60-MoP-CFs in 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH; Double layer capacitance under acidic conditions (e) and corresponding ECSA-normalized LSV curves (f) of the samples
Δj = ja-jc.
图 7 10% C60-MoP-CFs在(a) 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4和(b) 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH中3 000圈CV前后的LSV图; (c) 10% C60-MoP-CFs在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4和1.0 mol·L-1 KOH中的i-t图; (d) 3 000圈CV后的PXRD图(插图: 稳定性测试之后的SEM图)
Figure 7 LSV curves before and after 3 000 cycles of CV for 10% C60-MoP-CFs in (a) 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 and (b) 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH, respectively; (c) i-t plots of 10% C60-MoP-CFs in 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 and 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH; (d) PXRD pattern after 3 000 cycles of CV (inset: the SEM image after stabilization test)
表 1 类似催化剂在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4中的HER活性
Table 1. HER activities of similar catalysts in 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4
Catalyst Working electrode η10/mV Tafel slope/(mV·dec-1) Ref. 10% C60-MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 158 105 This work MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 213 146 This work MoP2 NPs/Mo Mo plate 194 80 [42] MoP-C Glassy carbon 169 70 [43] MoP-RGO Glassy carbon 150 66 [18] rGO-A-MoP Glassy carbon 162 57 [44] MoP-NC Glassy carbon 131 66 [45] MoP/rGO Glassy carbon 140 72 [46] MoP/N, P-CNTs Carbon paper 117 58 [47] 表 2 类似催化剂在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH中的HER活性
Table 2. HER activities of similar catalysts in 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH
Catalyst Working electrode η10/mV Tafel slope/(mV·dec-1) Ref. 10% C60-MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 157 101 This work MoP-CFs Glassy carbon 208 201 This work MoP/MoS2 Glassy carbon 101 56 [15] MoP/MoO2 Glassy carbon 173 58 [48] DR-MoP Glassy carbon 156 49 [49] MoP/Fe2P/RGO Glassy carbon 156 51 [50] Fe-MoP Glassy carbon 195 49 [51] MoP Glassy carbon 150 56 [52] MoP/NPCs Glassy carbon 205 71 [53] MoP nanoparticles Glassy carbon 246 60 [54] CoMoP Glassy carbon 215 50 [55]
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