Citation: Xueting Cao, Shuangshuang Cha, Ming Gong. Interfacial Electrical Double Layer in Electrocatalytic Reactions: Fundamentals, Characterizations and Applications[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2025, 41(5): 100041. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2024.100041 shu

Interfacial Electrical Double Layer in Electrocatalytic Reactions: Fundamentals, Characterizations and Applications

Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China

Corresponding author: Ming Gong, gongm@fudan.edu.cn
Received Date: 25 October 2024
Revised Date: 18 November 2024
Accepted Date: 19 November 2024

Fund Project: the National Natural Science Foundation of China 22172036the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 20720220011

The interfacial electrical double layer (EDL) is the interfacial space filled with a complex and dynamic reaction network forming by catalyst's surface atoms, reactants, intermediates, products, solvent molecules, ions, and other components. EDL has a profound impact on electrocatalytic reactions, affecting both the thermodynamics and kinetics of these processes. Manipulating the composition and structure of the EDL microenvironment sets an additional level of tuning toward the electrocatalysis, to the traditional catalyst optimization. It resembles the delicate manipulation of the environment around the active sites by protein scaffold in enzymes. However, the rational optimization of the EDL demands a deep understanding about its structure and dynamics. Problem lies in the complexities of interfacial EDL, which includes complicated multi-body interactions, few molecular-level characterization techniques, and scarce EDL modification strategies. In this tutorial, we delve into the intricacies of the interfacial EDL in electrocatalytic reactions, and seek to provide those who are new to this field a thorough summary of the theory, characterization, history, recent progresses within the regime of EDL for electrocatalysis. We begin by discussing the theoretical models that describe the structure and properties of EDL, including 4 classical EDL models, their applications in electrocatalytic analysis and modifications, and relevant calculation modulation methods. These models are arranged in the chronical order, such that a historical summary of how the EDL theory evolves from simple models to complicated details is provided. We then provide an overview of cutting-edge techniques in electrochemical measurement methods, in situ spectroscopic characterization techniques and scanning probe microscopy methods. Specifically, we aim to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, with an emphasis on their capability of probing the EDL region. The summary table can provide junior students a quick overview and a useful tool for selecting the appropriate techniques toward addressing the EDL properties for electrocatalysis. Furthermore, by combining the theory and characterization techniques, we list several pivotal studies from the past five years emphasizing on the "electrode side interfacial modification" approach and "solution side interfacial modification" approach, toward modulating the EDL to optimize the electrocatalytic properties. These examples not only show the recent progresses in this field and offer fundamental details about how researchers in this field address the problems from the aspect of EDL. With these combined theory, characterization and research samples, we hope that the new-comings can gain interest to this field, sense the enormous opportunities and understand the general principles of EDL toward electrocatalysis.
- Electrocatalysis,
- Electrical double layer,
- Electrode/electrolyte interface,
- Theoretical model,
- In situ characterization technique
1. [1]
  Shao, Y. Y.; Markovic, N. M. Nano Energy 2016, 29, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.025 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.025
2. [2]
  Steinmann, S. N.; Seh, Z. W. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6 (4), 289. doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00303-1 doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00303-1
3. [3]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Reddy, A. K. N.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M. Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 771–775.
4. [4]
  Xu, Y. F.; Yang, H.; Chang, X. X.; Xu, B. J. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2023, 39, 2210025. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202210025
5. [5]
  Elliott, J. D.; Papaderakis, A. A.; Dryfe, R. A. W.; Carbone, P. J. Mater. Chem. C 2022, 10 (41), 15225. doi: 10.1039/D2TC01631A doi: 10.1039/D2TC01631A
6. [6]
  Ivanov, V. D. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2024, 28, 2487. doi: 10.1007/s10008-024-05850-5 doi: 10.1007/s10008-024-05850-5
7. [7]
  Gouy, G. J. Physique 1910, 9, 457. doi: 10.1051/jphystap:019100090045700 doi: 10.1051/jphystap:019100090045700
8. [8]
  Chapman, D. L. Phil. Mag. 1913, 25, 475. doi: 10.1080/14786440408634187 doi: 10.1080/14786440408634187
9. [9]
  Stern, H. O. Z. Electrochem. 1924, 30, 508. doi: 10.1002/bbpc.192400182 doi: 10.1002/bbpc.192400182
10. [10]
  Grahame, D. C. Chem. Rev. 1947, 41 (3), 441. doi: 10.1021/cr60130a002 doi: 10.1021/cr60130a002
11. [11]
  Hou, J. J.; Xu, B. J.; Lu, Q. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15 (1), 1926. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46318-4 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46318-4
12. [12]
  Boettcher, S. W.; Surendranath, Y. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4 (1), 4. doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-00570-1 doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-00570-1
13. [13]
  Lyu, D. Y.; Xu, J. C.; Wang, Z. Y. Front. Chem. 2023, 11, 1231886. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1231886 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1231886
14. [14]
  Fawcett, W. R. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2011, 15 (7–8), 1347. doi: 10.1007/s10008-011-1337-4 doi: 10.1007/s10008-011-1337-4
15. [15]
  Timmer, B.; Sluyters-Rehbach, M.; Sluyters, J. H. Surf. Sci. 1969, 18 (1), 44. doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(69)90266-0 doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(69)90266-0
16. [16]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Reddy, A. K. N.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M. Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 933–959, 1190–1201.
17. [17]
  Chen, S.; Liu, Y.; Chen, J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (15), 5372. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00087K doi: 10.1039/C4CS00087K
18. [18]
  Wu, J. X.; Wang, R.; Kang, Y. K.; Li, J. L.; Hao, Y. M.; Li, Y. F.; Liu, Z. P.; Gong, M. Angew Chem. Int, Ed. 2024, 63 (22), e202403466. doi: 10.1002/anie.202403466 doi: 10.1002/anie.202403466
19. [19]
  Bikerman J. J. Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1942, 33 (220), 384. doi: 10.1080/14786444208520813 doi: 10.1080/14786444208520813
20. [20]
  Webb, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1926, 48 (10), 2589. doi: 10.1021/ja01421a013 doi: 10.1021/ja01421a013
21. [21]
  Conway, B. E.; Bockris, J. O'. M.; Ammar, I. A. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1951, 47, 756. doi: 10.1039/tf9514700756 doi: 10.1039/tf9514700756
22. [22]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Devanathan, M. A. V.; Müller, K.; Butler, J. A. V. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1963, 274 (1356), 55. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1963.0114 doi: 10.1098/rspa.1963.0114
23. [23]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Reddy, A. K. N.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M. Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 895–919.
24. [24]
  Li, P.; Jiang, Y. L.; Hu, Y. C.; Men, Y. N.; Liu, Y. W.; Cai, W. B.; Chen, S. L. Nat. Catal. 2022, 5 (10), 900. doi: 10.1038/s41929-022-00846-8 doi: 10.1038/s41929-022-00846-8
25. [25]
  Gonella, G.; Backus, E. H. G.; Nagata, Y.; Bonthuis, D. J.; Loche, P.; Schlaich, A.; Netz, R. R.; Kühnle, A.; McCrum, I. T.; Koper, M. T. M.; et al. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2021, 5 (7), 466. doi: 10.1038/s41570-021-00293-2 doi: 10.1038/s41570-021-00293-2
26. [26]
  Wang, Q.; Qu, Z. G.; Tian, D. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 2402974. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202402974 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202402974
27. [27]
  Zhang, L. L.; Li, C. K.; Huang, J. J. Electrochem. 2022, 28 (2), 2108471. doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.210847
28. [28]
  Horng, T. L.; Tsai, P. H.; Lin, T. C. Comput. Math. Biophys. 2017, 5 (1), 142. doi: 10.1515/mlbmb-2017-0010 doi: 10.1515/mlbmb-2017-0010
29. [29]
  Blum, L. Mol. Phys. 1975, 30 (5), 1529. doi: 10.1080/00268977500103051 doi: 10.1080/00268977500103051
30. [30]
  Outhwaite, C. W.; Bhuiyan, L. B.; Levine, S. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 1980, 76, 1388. doi: 10.1039/F29807601388 doi: 10.1039/F29807601388
31. [31]
  Lück, J.; Latz, A. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20 (44), 27804. doi: 10.1039/C8CP05113E doi: 10.1039/C8CP05113E
32. [32]
  Drude, P. Ann. Phys. 1900, 306, 566. doi: 10.1002/andp.19003060312 doi: 10.1002/andp.19003060312
33. [33]
  Schmickler, W.; Henderson, D. J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 80 (7), 3381. doi: 10.1063/1.447092 doi: 10.1063/1.447092
34. [34]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Reddy, A. K. N.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M. Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 919–968.
35. [35]
  Petrii, O. A. Electrochim. Acta 1996, 41 (14), 2307. doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00060-6 doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00060-6
36. [36]
  Wang, Z. Y.; Chen, J.; Ni, C. W.; Nie, W.; Li, D. F.; Ta, N.; Zhang, D. Y.; Sun, Y. M.; Sun, F. S.; Li, Q.; et al. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2023, 10 (9), nwad166. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad166 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad166
37. [37]
  Chmiola, J.; Yushin, G.; Gogotsi, Y.; Portet, C.; Simon, P.; Taberna, P. L. Science 2006, 313 (5794), 1760. doi: 10.1126/science.1132195 doi: 10.1126/science.1132195
38. [38]
  Schmickler, W. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2020, 24 (9), 2175. doi: 10.1007/s10008-020-04597-z doi: 10.1007/s10008-020-04597-z
39. [39]
  Fang, Y. H.; Liu, Z. P. Chin. J. Catal. 2019, 40 (s1), 90.
40. [40]
  Fang, Y. H.; Liu, Z. P. J. Electrochem. 2020, 26 (1), 32. doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.181243
41. [41]
  Nørskov, J. K.; Rossmeisl, J.; Logadottir, A.; Lindqvist, L.; Kitchin, J. R.; Bligaard, T.; Jónsson, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108 (46), 17886. doi: 10.1021/jp047349j doi: 10.1021/jp047349j
42. [42]
  Masood, Z.; Ge, Q. F. J. Phys. Chem. C 2023, 127 (48), 23170. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03796 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03796
43. [43]
  Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126 (8), 3820. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10870 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10870
44. [44]
  Hu, X.; Chen, S.; Chen, L.; Tian, Y.; Yao, S.; Lu, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144 (39), 18144. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c08743 doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c08743
45. [45]
  Chan, K.; Nørskov, J. K. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6 (14), 2663. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01043 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01043
46. [46]
  Jaugstetter, M.; Blanc, N.; Kratz, M.; Tschulik, K. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51 (7), 2491. doi: 10.1039/D1CS00789K doi: 10.1039/D1CS00789K
47. [47]
  Zhang, D.; Li, Hao. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 13742. doi: 10.1039/D4TA02285H doi: 10.1039/D4TA02285H
48. [48]
  Li, P.; Jiao. Y. Z.; Huang, J.; Chen, S. L. JACS Au 2023, 3 (10), 2640. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00410 doi: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00410
49. [49]
  Hu, X.; Yao, S.; Chen, L. T.; Zhang, X.; Jiao, M. G.; Lu, Z. Y; Zhou, Z. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 23515. doi: 10.1039/D1TA07791K doi: 10.1039/D1TA07791K
50. [50]
  Agrawal, A.; Choudhary, A. APL Mater. 2016, 4 (5), 053208. doi: 10.1063/1.4946894 doi: 10.1063/1.4946894
51. [51]
  Huang, S. D.; Shang, C.; Kang, P. L.; Zhang, X. J.; Liu, Z. P. WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2019, 9, e1415. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1415 doi: 10.1002/wcms.1415
52. [52]
  Naserifar, S.; Chen, Y. L.; Kwon, S.; Xiao, H.; Goddard, W. A. Matter 2021, 4 (1), 195. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.010 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.010
53. [53]
  Schlüter, N.; Novák, P.; Schröder, D. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12 (21), 2200708. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202200708 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202200708
54. [54]
  Bard, A. J.; Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2001; pp. 156–417.
55. [55]
  Zhang, J. Q. Electrochemical Measurement Technology, 1st ed.; Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, 2010; pp. 73–300.
56. [56]
  Scholz, F. ChemTexts 2015, 1 (4), 17. doi: 10.1007/s40828-015-0016-y doi: 10.1007/s40828-015-0016-y
57. [57]
  Bockris, J. O'. M.; Reddy, A. K. N.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M. Modern Electrochemistry 2A: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 2000; pp. 859–869.
58. [58]
  Beck, T. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73 (2), 466. doi: 10.1021/j100722a045 doi: 10.1021/j100722a045
59. [59]
  Fredlein, R. A.; Damjanovic, A.; Bockris, J. O'. M. Surf. Sci. 1971, 25 (2), 261. doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(71)90246-9 doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(71)90246-9
60. [60]
  Hamm, U. W.; Kramer, D.; Zhai, R. S.; Kolb, D. M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 414 (1), 85. doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)01006-6 doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)01006-6
61. [61]
  Bond, A. M.; Duffy, N. W.; Guo, S. X.; Zhang, J.; Elton, D. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77 (9), 186 A. doi: 10.1021/ac053370k doi: 10.1021/ac053370k
62. [62]
  Lucio, A. J.; Shaw, S. K.; Zhang, J.; Bond, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122 (22), 11777. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00272 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00272
63. [63]
  Ojha, K.; Arulmozhi, N.; Aranzales, D.; Koper, M. T. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59 (2), 711. doi: 10.1002/anie.201911929 doi: 10.1002/anie.201911929
64. [64]
  Lertanantawong, B.; O'Mullane, A. P.; Surareungchai, W.; Somasundrum, M.; Burke, L. D.; Bond, A. M. Langmuir 2008, 24 (6), 2856. doi: 10.1021/la702454k doi: 10.1021/la702454k
65. [65]
  Lucio, A. J.; Shaw, S. K.; Zhang, J.; Bond, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121 (22), 12136. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b00287 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b00287
66. [66]
  Pettit, C. M.; Goonetilleke, P. C.; Roy, D. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2006, 589 (2), 219. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.012 doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.012
67. [67]
  Bard, A. J.; Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2001; pp. 537–544.
68. [68]
  Tymoczko, J.; Colic, V.; Bandarenka, A. S.; Schuhmann, W. Surf. Sci. 2015, 631, 81. doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2014.04.014 doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2014.04.014
69. [69]
  Yun, C.; Hwang, S. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2021, 16 (3), 210355. doi: 10.20964/2021.03.50 doi: 10.20964/2021.03.50
70. [70]
  Bandarenka, A. S. Analyst 2013, 138 (19), 5540. doi: 10.1039/C3AN00791J doi: 10.1039/C3AN00791J
71. [71]
  Yang, Y.; Xiong, Y.; Zeng, R.; Lu, X.; Krumov, M.; Huang, X.; Xu, W.; Wang, H.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Brock, Joel. D.; et al. ACS Catal. 2021, 11 (3), 1136. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04789 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04789
72. [72]
  Ji, Y.; Yin, Z. W.; Yang, Z.; Deng, Y. P.; Chen, H.; Lin, C.; Yang, L.; Yang, K.; Zhang, M.; Xiao, Q.; et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50 (19), 10743. doi: 10.1039/D1CS00629K doi: 10.1039/D1CS00629K
73. [73]
  Łukaszewski, M.; Siwek, H.; Czerwiński, A. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2010, 14 (7), 1279. doi: 10.1007/s10008-009-0926-y doi: 10.1007/s10008-009-0926-y
74. [74]
  Bockris, J. O.; Gamboa-Aldeco, M.; Szklarczyk, M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 339 (1), 355. doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80463-E doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80463-E
75. [75]
  Su, H. S.; Chang, X. X.; Xu, B. J. Chinese J. Catal. 2022, 43 (11), 2757. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64157-3 doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64157-3
76. [76]
  Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Liang, Z. X.; Chen, J. G. G. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 234, 329. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.052 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.04.052
77. [77]
  Zhu, S. Q; Jiang, B.; Cai, W. B.; Shao, M. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (44), 15664. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b10462 doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b10462
78. [78]
  Sun, Q.; Oliveira, N. J.; Kwon, S.; Tyukhtenko, S.; Guo, J. J.; Myrthil, N.; Lopez, S. A.; Kendrick, I.; Mukerjee, S.; Ma, L.; et al. Nat. Energy 2023, 8 (8), 859. doi: 10.1038/s41560-023-01302-y doi: 10.1038/s41560-023-01302-y
79. [79]
  Wu, J. X.; Li, J. L.; Li, Y. F.; Ma, X. Y.; Zhang, W. Y.; Hao, Y. M.; Cai, W. B.; Liu, Z. P.; Gong, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61 (11), e202113362. doi: 10.1002/anie.202113362 doi: 10.1002/anie.202113362
80. [80]
  Yang, K. L.; Kas, R.; Smith, W. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141 (40), 15891. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b07000. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b07000
81. [81]
  Wang, H.; Jiang, B.; Zhao, T. T.; Jiang, K.; Yang, Y. Y.; Zhang, J. W.; Xie, Z. X.; Cai, W. B. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 2033. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03108 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03108
82. [82]
  Liu, T.; Chen, Y. X.; Hao, Y. M.; Wu, J. X.; Wang, R.; Gu, L. M.; Yang, X. J.; Yang, Q.; Lian, C.; Liu, H. L.; Gong, M. Chem 2022, 8 (10), 2700. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.012 doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.012
83. [83]
  Li, J. F.; Huang, Y. F.; Ding, Y.; Yang, Z. L.; Li, S. B.; Zhou, X. S.; Fan, F. R.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, Z. Y.; Wu, D. Y.; et al. Nature 2010, 464 (7287), 392. doi: 10.1038/nature08907 doi: 10.1038/nature08907
84. [84]
  Cho, K. H.; Park, S.; Seo, H.; Choi, S.; Lee, M. Y.; Ko, C.; Nam, K. T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 4673. doi: 10.1002/anie.202014551 doi: 10.1002/anie.202014551
85. [85]
  Hao, Y. M.; Li, Y. F.; Wu, J. X.; Meng, L. S.; Wang, J. L.; Jia, C. L.; Liu, T.; Yang, X. J.; Liu, Z. P.; Gong, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 1493. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c11307 doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c11307
86. [86]
  Moysiadou, A.; Lee, S.; Hsu, C. S.; Chen, H. M.; Hu, X. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 11901. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c04867 doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c04867
87. [87]
  Xu, Z. Z.; Liang, Z. B.; Guo, W. H.; Zou, R. Q. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 2021, 436, 213824. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213824 doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213824
88. [88]
  Wang, Y. H.; Zheng, S.; Yang, W. M.; Zhou, R. Y.; He, Q. F.; Radjenovic, P.; Dong, J. C.; Li, S.; Zheng, J.; Yang, Z. L.; et al. Nature 2021, 600 (7887), 81. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04068-z doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04068-z
89. [89]
  Bhattacharyya, D.; E. Videla, P.; Cattaneo, M.; S. Batista, V.; Lian, T.; P. Kubiak, C. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12 (30), 10131. doi: 10.1039/D1SC01876K doi: 10.1039/D1SC01876K
90. [90]
  Chang, X. X.; Xiong, H. C.; Xu, Y. F.; Zhao, Y. R.; Xu, B. J. Catal. Sci. Technol. , 2021, 11, 6825. doi: 10.1039/D1CY01090E doi: 10.1039/D1CY01090E
91. [91]
  Yang, L. J.; Zhang, W. K.; Bian, H. T.; Ma, G. Biointerphases 2022, 17 (5), 051201. doi: 10.1116/6.0002007 doi: 10.1116/6.0002007
92. [92]
  Zhang, N. N.; Zou, Y. Q.; Tao, L.; Chen, W.; Zhou, L.; Liu, Z. J.; Zhou, B.; Huang, G.; Lin, H. Z.; Wang, S. Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58 (44), 15895. doi: 10.1002/anie.201908722 doi: 10.1002/anie.201908722
93. [93]
  Ge, A.; Rudshteyn, B.; Videla, P. E.; Miller, C. J.; Kubiak, C. P.; Batista, V. S.; Lian, T. Q. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52 (5), 1289. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00001 doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00001
94. [94]
  Bhattacharyya, D.; Videla, P. E.; Palasz, J. M.; Tangen, I.; Meng, J. H.; Kubiak, C. P.; Batista, V. S.; Lian, T. Q. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144 (31), 14330. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c05563 doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c05563
95. [95]
  Xu, P. T.; von Rueden, A. D.; Schimmenti, R.; Mavrikakis, M.; Suntivich, J. Nat. Mater. 2023, 22 (4), 503. doi: 10.1038/s41563-023-01474-8 doi: 10.1038/s41563-023-01474-8
96. [96]
  Harlow, G. S.; Lundgren, E.; Escudero-Escribano, M. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2020, 23, 162. doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.005 doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.005
97. [97]
  Hung, S. F. Pure Appl. Chem. 2020, 92 (5), 733. doi: 10.1515/pac-2019-1006 doi: 10.1515/pac-2019-1006
98. [98]
  Favaro, M.; Jeong, B.; Ross, P. N.; Yano, J.; Hussain, Z.; Liu, Z.; Crumlin, E. J. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 (1), 12695. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12695 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12695
99. [99]
  Wang, Y. Q.; Skaanvik, S. A.; Xiong, X. Y.; Wang, S. Y.; Dong, M. D. Matter 2021, 4 (11), 3483. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.09.024 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.09.024
100. [100]
  Santos, C. S.; Jaato, B. N.; Sanjuán, I.; Schuhmann, W.; Andronescu, C. Chem. Rev. 2023, 123 (8), 4972. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766
101. [101]
  Liang, Y. C.; Pfisterer, J. H. K.; McLaughlin, D.; Csoklich, C.; Seidl, L.; Bandarenka, A. S.; Schneider, O. Small Methods 2019, 3 (8), 1800387. doi: 10.1002/smtd.201800387 doi: 10.1002/smtd.201800387
102. [102]
  Bae, S. E.; Stewart, K. L.; Gewirth, A. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129 (33), 10171. doi: 10.1021/ja071330n doi: 10.1021/ja071330n
103. [103]
  Tong, L.; Yu, Z.; Gao, Y. J.; Li, X. C.; Zheng, J. F.; Shao, Y.; Wang, Y. H.; Zhou, X. S. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14 (1), 3397. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39206-w doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39206-w
104. [104]
  Polcari, D.; Dauphin-Ducharme, P.; Mauzeroll, J. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116 (22), 13234. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067
105. [105]
  Barman, K.; Askarova, G.; Jia, R.; Hu, G. X.; Mirkin, M. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145 (10), 5786. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c12775 doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c12775
106. [106]
  Monteiro, M. C. O.; Jacobse, L.; Touzalin, T.; Koper, M. T. M. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92 (2), 2237. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04952 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04952
107. [107]
  Kim, D.; Yu, S.; Zheng, F.; Roh, I.; Li, Y. F.; Louisia, S.; Qi, Z. Y.; Somorjai, G. A.; Frei, H.; Wang, L. W. W.; et al. Nat. Energy 2020, 5 (12), 1032. doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-00730-4 doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-00730-4
108. [108]
  Wu, Q. B.; Liang, J. W.; Xiao, M. J.; Long, C.; Li, L.; Zeng, Z. H.; Mavrič, A.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, J.; Liang, H. W.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14 (1), 997. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36718-3 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36718-3
109. [109]
  Lim, C. Y. J.; Yilmaz, M.; Arce-Ramos, J. M.; Handoko, A. D.; Teh, W. J.; Zheng, Y.; Khoo, Z. H. J.; Lin, M.; Isaacs, M.; Tam, T. L. D.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14 (1), 335. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35912-7 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35912-7
110. [110]
  Wang, T.; Zhang, Y. R.; Huang, B. T.; Cai, B.; Rao, R. R.; Giordano, L.; Sun, S. G.; Shao-Horn, Y. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4 (9), 753. doi: 10.1038/s41929-021-00668-0 doi: 10.1038/s41929-021-00668-0
111. [111]
  Huang, W. Z.; Li, J. T.; Liao, X. B.; Lu, R. H.; Ling, C. H.; Liu, X.; Meng, J. S.; Qu, L. B.; Lin, M. T.; Hong, X. F.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34 (18), 2200270. doi: 10.1002/adma.202200270 doi: 10.1002/adma.202200270
112. [112]
  Li, F. W.; Li, Y. G. C.; Wang, Z. Y.; Li, J.; Nam, D. H.; Lum, Y.; Luo, M. C.; Wang, X.; Ozden, A.; Hung, S. F.; et al. Nat. Catal. 2020, 3 (1), 75. doi: 10.1038/s41929-019-0383-7 doi: 10.1038/s41929-019-0383-7
113. [113]
  Omura, J.; Yano, H.; Watanabe, M.; Uchida, H. Langmuir 2011, 27 (10), 6464. doi: 10.1021/la200694a doi: 10.1021/la200694a
114. [114]
  Monteiro, M. C. O.; Dattila, F.; Hagedoorn, B.; García-Muelas, R.; López, N.; Koper, M. T. M. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4 (8), 654. doi: 10.1038/s41929-021-00655-5 doi: 10.1038/s41929-021-00655-5
115. [115]
  Monteiro, M. C. O.; Dattila, F.; López, N.; Koper, M. T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144 (4), 1589. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c10171 doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c10171
116. [116]
  Ringe, S.; Clark, E. L.; Resasco, J.; Walton, A.; Seger, B.; Bell, A. T.; Chan, K. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12 (10), 3001. doi: 10.1039/C9EE01341E doi: 10.1039/C9EE01341E
117. [117]
  Resasco, J.; Chen, L. D.; Clark, E.; Tsai, C.; Hahn, C.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Chan, K.; Bell, A. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (32), 11277. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b06765 doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b06765
118. [118]
  Malkani, A. S.; Li, J.; Oliveira, N. J.; He, M.; Chang, X.; Xu, B.; Lu, Q. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6 (45), eabd2569. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2569 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2569
119. [119]
  Zhao, Y.; Xu, J. P.; Huang, K.; Ge, W. X.; Liu, Z.; Lian, C.; Liu, H. L.; Jiang, H. L.; Li, C. Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145 (11), 6516. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c00565 doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c00565
120. [120]
  Nam, D. H.; De Luna, P.; Rosas-Hernández, A.; Thevenon, A.; Li, F.; Agapie, T.; Peters, J. C.; Shekhah, O.; Eddaoudi, M.; Sargent, E. H. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19 (3), 266. doi: 10.1038/s41563-020-0610-2 doi: 10.1038/s41563-020-0610-2
1. [1]
  Xiting Zhou , Zhipeng Han , Xinlei Zhang , Shixuan Zhu , Cheng Che , Liang Xu , Zhenyu Sun , Leiduan Hao , Zhiyu Yang . Dual Modulation via Ag-Doped CuO Catalyst and Iodide-Containing Electrolyte for Enhanced Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction to Multi-Carbon Products: A Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(7): 336-344. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412070
2. [2]
  Meifeng Zhu , Jin Cheng , Kai Huang , Cheng Lian , Shouhong Xu , Honglai Liu . Classical Density Functional Theory for Understanding Electrochemical Interface. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(3): 148-152. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405166
3. [3]
  Shicheng Yan . Experimental Teaching Design for the Integration of Scientific Research and Teaching: A Case Study on Organic Electrooxidation. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(11): 350-358. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408036
4. [4]
  Jiajie Li , Xiaocong Ma , Jufang Zheng , Qiang Wan , Xiaoshun Zhou , Yahao Wang . Recent Advances in In-Situ Raman Spectroscopy for Investigating Electrocatalytic Organic Reaction Mechanisms. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(4): 261-276. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406117
5. [5]
  Xin Feng , Kexin Guo , Chunguang Jia , Bowen Liu , Suqin Ci , Junxiang Chen , Zhenhai Wen . Hydrogen Generation Coupling with High-Selectivity Electrocatalytic Glycerol Valorization into Formate in an Acid-Alkali Dual-Electrolyte Flow Electrolyzer. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(5): 2303050-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303050
6. [6]
  Qing Li , Guangxun Zhang , Yuxia Xu , Yangyang Sun , Huan Pang . P-Regulated Hierarchical Structure Ni₂P Assemblies toward Efficient Electrochemical Urea Oxidation. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(9): 2308045-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202308045
7. [7]
  Tao Wang , Qin Dong , Cunpu Li , Zidong Wei . Sulfur Cathode Electrocatalysis in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: A Comprehensive Understanding. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(2): 2303061-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303061
8. [8]
  Tongtong Zhao , Yan Wang , Shiyue Qin , Liang Xu , Zhenhua Li . New Experiment Development: Upgrading and Regeneration of Discarded PET Plastic through Electrocatalysis. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(3): 308-315. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309003
9. [9]
  Jianchun Wang , Ruyu Xie . The Fantastical Dance of Miss Electron: Contra-Thermodynamic Electrocatalytic Reactions. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(4): 331-339. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406082
10. [10]
  Xinyi Zhang , Kai Ren , Yanning Liu , Zhenyi Gu , Zhixiong Huang , Shuohang Zheng , Xiaotong Wang , Jinzhi Guo , Igor V. Zatovsky , Junming Cao , Xinglong Wu . Progress on Entropy Production Engineering for Electrochemical Catalysis. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(7): 2307057-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307057
11. [11]
  Anqun LAI , Qiaoyu WU , Qingqing LIANG , Qiyong LI , Guowen DONG , Yongjie DING , Jia′nan CHEN , Qing YAN , Zhonghua PAN , Wangchuan XIAO . Electrocatalytic water oxidation properties of Nd-Co polynuclear complexes. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(12): 2527-2535. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250151
12. [12]
  Fangfang WANG , Jiaqi CHEN , Weiyin SUN . CuBi@Cu-MOF composite catalysts for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to HCOOH. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(1): 97-104. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240350
13. [13]
  Ye Wang , Ruixiang Ge , Xiang Liu , Jing Li , Haohong Duan . An Anion Leaching Strategy towards Metal Oxyhydroxides Synthesis for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glycerol. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(7): 2307019-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307019
14. [14]
  Hailian Cheng , Shuaiqiang Jia , Chunjun Chen , Haihong Wu , Buxing Han . Electrocatalytic CO₂ Conversion: A Key to Unlocking a Low-Carbon Future. University Chemistry, 2026, 41(2): 1-13. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202502023
15. [15]
  Jinyi Sun , Lin Ma , Yanjie Xi , Jing Wang . Preparation and Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Performance Study of Vanadium Nitride@Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Composite Nanomaterials: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment. University Chemistry, 2024, 39(4): 184-191. doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310094
16. [16]
  Yan Kong , Wei Wei , Lekai Xu , Chen Chen . Electrochemical Synthesis of Organonitrogen Compounds from N-integrated CO₂ Reduction Reaction. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(8): 2307049-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307049
17. [17]
  Xinlong XU , Chunxue JING , Yuzhen CHEN . Bimetallic MOF-74 and derivatives: Fabrication and efficient electrocatalytic biomass conversion. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(8): 1545-1554. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250046
18. [18]
  Dingwen CHEN , Siheng YANG , Haiyan FU , Hua CHEN , Xueli ZHENG , Weichao XUE , Jiaqi XU , Ruixiang LI . NiOOH-mediated synthesis of gold nanoaggregates for electrocatalytic performance for selective oxidation of glycerol to glycolate. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(11): 2317-2326. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250053
19. [19]
  Yucai Zhang , Jun Jiang . Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Ethylene. University Chemistry, 2026, 41(2): 190-196. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503006
20. [20]
  Lu Zhuoran , Li Shengkai , Lu Yuxuan , Wang Shuangyin , Zou Yuqin . Cleavage of C―C Bonds for Biomass Upgrading on Transition Metal Electrocatalysts. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(4): 2306003-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202306003

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(3)
Abstract views(263)
HTML views(31)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142