Citation: Yu Chen, Jian Yao, Ming-Ke Xu, Zhi-Guo Jiang, Hao-Bin Zhang. Electrically Conductive and Flame Retardant Graphene/Brominated Polystyrene/Maleic Anhydride Grafted High Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Satisfactory Mechanical Properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, ;2019, 37(5): 509-517. doi: 10.1007/s10118-019-2220-5 shu

Electrically Conductive and Flame Retardant Graphene/Brominated Polystyrene/Maleic Anhydride Grafted High Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Satisfactory Mechanical Properties

Yu Chen ^1,2 ,
Jian Yao ² ,
Ming-Ke Xu ² ,
Zhi-Guo Jiang ^2,, ,
Hao-Bin Zhang ^2,,

a.
National Key Laboratory of Advanced Composites, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China
b.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China

Corresponding author: Zhi-Guo Jiang, jiangking@vip.sina.com Hao-Bin Zhang, zhanghaobin@mail.buct.edu.cn
Received Date: 28 November 2018
Revised Date: 28 December 2018
Available Online: 31 January 2019

Electrically conductive and flame-retardant maleic anhydride grafted high-density polyethylene (MA-HDPE) nanocomposites with satisfactory mechanical properties are fabricated by melt compounding MA-HDPE with polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified reduced graphene oxide (PEI@RGO) as the conductive nanofiller and brominated polystyrene (BPS) as the flame retardant. The modification with PEI significantly improves the interfacial compatibility and dispersion of the RGO sheets in the MA-HDPE matrix, leading to electrically conductive nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, the addition of 25 wt% of BPS makes the nanocomposite flame-retardant with a UL-94 V-0 rating. Thus, the multifunctional RGO/MA-HDPE nanocomposites with good electrical, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties would have potential applications in construction and pipeline fields.
- Polymer nanocomposites,
- High density polyethylene,
- Graphene,
- Electrical conductivity,
- Flame retardancy
1. [1]
  Laoutid, F.; Bonnaud, L.; Alexandre, M.; Lopez-Cuesta, J. M.; Dubois, P. New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: From fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mat. Sci. Eng. R. 2009, 63, 100-125. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.002
2. [2]
  Zhang, M.; Zhang, C.; Du, Z. J.; Li, H. Q.; Zou, W. Preparation of antistatic polystyrene superfine powder with polystyrene modified carbon nanotubes as antistatic agent. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2017, 138, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.11.010
3. [3]
  Raspolli Galletti, A. M.; Antonetti, C.; Marracci, M.; Piccinelli, F.; Tellini, B. Novel microwave-synthesis of Cu nanoparticles in the absence of any stabilizing agent and their antibacterial and antistatic applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013, 280, 610-618. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.05.035
4. [4]
  Tang, W. H.; Liu, B. B.; Liu, Z. W.; Tang, J.; Yuan, H. L. Processing-dependent high impact polystyrene/styrene- butadiene-styrene tri-block copolymer/carbon black antistatic composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 123, 1032-1039. doi: 10.1002/app.34559
5. [5]
  Xue, B.; Feng, T. T.; Zhou, S. T.; Bao, J. J. High electrical conductive polymethylmethacrylate/graphite composites obtained via a novel pickering emulsion route. J. Polym. Res. 2014, 21, 373. doi: 10.1007/s10965-014-0373-z
6. [6]
  Zhang, W.; Blackburn, R. S.; Dehghani-Sanij, A. A. Effect of carbon black concentration on electrical conductivity of epoxy resin-carbon black-silica nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2007, 42, 7861-7865. doi: 10.1007/s10853-007-1670-2
7. [7]
  Wu, Y.; Liao, L. D.; Pan, H. C.; He, L.; Lin, C. T.; Tan, M. C. Fabrication and interfacial characteristics of surface modified Ag nanoparticle based conductive composites. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 29702-29712. doi: 10.1039/C7RA04657J
8. [8]
  Guadagno, L.; Raimondo, M.; Vertuccio, L.; Naddeo, C.; Barra, G.; Longo, P.; Lamberti, P.; Spinelli, G.; Nobile, M. R. Morphological, rheological and electrical properties of composites filled with carbon nanotubes functionalized with 1-pyrenebutyric acid. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2018, 147, 12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.036
9. [9]
  Lee, C.; Wei, X. D.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 2008, 321, 385-388. doi: 10.1126/science.1157996
10. [10]
  Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191. doi: 10.1038/nmat1849
11. [11]
  Fim, F. C.; Basso, N. R. S.; Graebin, A. P.; Azambuja, D. S.; Galland, G. B. Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of polyethylene-graphene nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 128, 2630-2637. doi: 10.1002/app.v128.5
12. [12]
  Drzal, L. T.; Jiang, X. Reduction in percolation threshold of injection molded high-density polyethylene/exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets composites by solid state ball milling and solid state shear pulverization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 124, 525-535. doi: 10.1002/app.34891
13. [13]
  Shi, G.; Araby, S.; Gibson, C. T.; Meng, Q. S.; Zhu, S. M.; Ma, J. Graphene platelets and their polymer composites: Fabrication, structure, properties, and applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1706705. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v28.19
14. [14]
  Pang, H.; Zhong, G. J.; Xu, J. Z.; Yan, D. X.; Ji, X.; Li, Z. M.; Chen, C. Non-isothermal crystallization of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing a high weight fraction of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2012, 30, 879-892. doi: 10.1007/s10118-012-1170-y
15. [15]
  Tang, G. Q.; Jiang, Z. G.; Li, X. F.; Zhang, H. B.; Yu, Z. Z. Simultaneous functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide with polyetheramine and its electrically conductive epoxy nanocomposites. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2014, 32, 975-985. doi: 10.1007/s10118-014-1488-8
16. [16]
  Yan, D. X.; Xu, L.; Chen, C.; Tang, J. H.; Ji, X.; Li, Z. M. Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites containing graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes. Polym. Int. 2012, 61, 1107-1114. doi: 10.1002/pi.v61.7
17. [17]
  Lonkar, S. P.; Deshmukh, Y. S.; Abdala, A. A. Recent advances in chemical modifications of graphene. Nano Res. 2014, 8, 1039-1074.
18. [18]
  Quiles-Díaz, S.; Enrique-Jimenez, P.; Papageorgiou, D. G.; Ania, F.; Flores, A.; Kinloch, I. A.; Gómez-Fatou, M. A.; Young, R. J.; Salavagione, H. J. Influence of the chemical functionalization of graphene on the properties of polypropylene-based nanocomposites. Compos. Part A-Appl. S. 2017, 100, 31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.019
19. [19]
  He, Z. X.; Zhang, B. Q.; Zhang, H. B.; Zhi, X.; Hu, Q. H.; Gui, C. X.; Yu, Z. Z. Improved rheological and electrical properties of graphene/polystyrene nanocomposites modified with styrene maleic anhydride copolymer. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 102, 176-182. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.08.004
20. [20]
  Araby, S.; Li, J. H.; Shi, G.; Ma, Z.; Ma, J. Graphene for flame-retarding elastomeric composite foams having strong interface. Compos. Part A-Appl. S. 2017, 101, 254-264. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.06.022
21. [21]
  Song, H. P.; Liu, J. Q.; Xue, F. B.; Cheng, F. Q. The application of ultra-fine fly ash in the seal coating for the wall of underground coal mine. Adv. Powder Technol. 2016, 27, 1645-1650. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.05.028
22. [22]
  Li, S. Z.; Wang, J. K.; Li, Y. Y.; Wu, G. H.; Wang, Y. M.; Wang, W. Q.; Guo, J. H. Preparation and applications of the tertiary copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44126.
23. [23]
  Yu, F. L.; Xu, F. J.; Song, Y. M.; Fang, Y. Q.; Zhang, Z. J.; Wang, Q. W.; Wang, F. Q. Expandable graphite's versatility and synergy with carbon black and ammonium polyphosphate in improving antistatic and fire-retardant properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites. Polym. Composite. 2017, 38, 767-773. doi: 10.1002/pc.23636
24. [24]
  Li, Q.; Chen, Y. Q.; Song, X. P.; Xie, Y. P.; Hou, Q.; Shi, G. Synthesis of phosphorus-containing flame-retardant antistatic copolymers and their applications in polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41677.
25. [25]
  Xu, J.; Xiao, J.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Wang, X. L.; Chen, X. D.; Yang, X. S.; Zhang, W.; Yang, L. Modified polyaniline and its effects on the microstructure and antistatic properties of PP/PANI-APP/CPP composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40732.
26. [26]
  Dasari, A.; Yu, Z. Z.; Cai, G. P.; Mai, Y. W. Recent developments in the fire retardancy of polymeric materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013, 38, 1357-1387. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.006
27. [27]
  Xiao, W. D.; He, P. X.; He, B. Q.; Zhang, F. M. Study on the flame-retarding mechanism of brominated polystyrene waste in cured epoxy resin. J. Fire Sci. 2003, 21, 319-329. doi: 10.1177/0734904103021004006
28. [28]
  Li, A.; Yang, D. D.; Li, H. N.; Jiang, C. L.; Liang, J. Z. Flame-retardant and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam/MRP/Mg(OH)₂/GF/HGB composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46551. doi: 10.1002/app.v135.31
29. [29]
  Yang, W.; Tawiah, B.; Yu, C.; Qian, Y. F.; Wang, L. L.; Yuen, A. C. Y.; Zhu, S. E.; Hu, E. Z.; Chen, T. B. Y.; Yu, B.; Lu, H. D.; Yeoh, G. H.; Wang, X.; Song, L.; Hu, Y. Manufacturing, mechanical and flame retardant properties of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites based on calcium magnesium phytate and carbon nanotubes. Compos. Part A-Appl. S. 2018, 110, 227-236. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.04.027
30. [30]
  Chen, X.; Wang, J.; Huo, S. Q.; Yang, S.; Zhang, B.; Cai, H. P. Preparation of flame-retardant cyanate ester resin combined with phosphorus-containing maleimide. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2018, 132, 1617-1628. doi: 10.1007/s10973-018-6979-3
31. [31]
  Shen, Y.; Zhang, H. B.; Zhang, H.; Ren, W.; Dasari, A.; Tang, G. S.; Yu, Z. Z. Structural evolution of functionalized graphene sheets during solvothermal reduction. Carbon 2013, 56, 132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.088
32. [32]
  Quan, Y.; Liu, Q. F.; Zhang, S. L.; Zhang, S. Comparison of the morphology, chemical composition and microstructure of cryptocrystalline graphite and carbon black. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 445, 335-341. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.182
33. [33]
  Cuong, T. V.; Pham, V. H.; Tran, Q. T.; Hahn, S. H.; Chung, J. S.; Shin, E. W.; Kim, E. J. Photoluminescence and raman studies of graphene thin films prepared by reduction of graphene oxide. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64, 399-401. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.11.029
34. [34]
  Ramakrishnan, M. C.; Thangavelu, R. R. Synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 678, 56-60. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.678
35. [35]
  Prashantha, K.; Soulestin, J.; Lacrampe, M. F.; Krawczak, P. Present status and key challenges of carbon nanotubes reinforced polyolefins: A review on nanocomposites manufacturing and performance issues. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2009, 17, 205-245. doi: 10.1177/096739110901700402
36. [36]
  Tripathi, S. N.; Rao, G. S. S.; Mathur, A. B.; Jasra, R. Polyolefin/graphene nanocomposites: A review. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 23615-23632. doi: 10.1039/C6RA28392F
37. [37]
  Rafiee, M. A.; Rafiee, J.; Wang, Z.; Song, H. H.; Yu, Z. Z.; Koratkar, N. Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3884-3890. doi: 10.1021/nn9010472
38. [38]
  Jia, J. J.; Sun, X. Y.; Lin, X. Y.; Shen, X.; Mai, Y. W.; Kim, J. K. Exceptional electrical conductivity and fracture resistance of 3D interconnected graphene foam/epoxy composites. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5774-5783. doi: 10.1021/nn500590g
39. [39]
  Kaynak, C.; Isitman, N. A. Synergistic fire retardancy of colemanite, a natural hydrated calcium borate, in high-impact polystyrene containing brominated epoxy and antimony oxide. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2011, 96, 798-807. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.02.011
40. [40]
  Ran, S.; Guo, Z. H.; Han, L. G.; Fang, Z. P. Effect of Friedel-Crafts reaction on the thermal stability and flammability of high-density polyethylene/brominated polystyrene/graphene nanoplatelet composites. Polym. Int. 2014, 63, 1835-1841. doi: 10.1002/pi.2014.63.issue-10
41. [41]
  Basu, B.; Jain, D.; Kumar, N.; Choudhury, P.; Bose, A.; Bose, S.; Bose, P. Processing, tensile, and fracture properties of injection molded Hdpe-Al2O3-HAp hybrid composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 121, 2500-2511. doi: 10.1002/app.v121.5
42. [42]
  Yurddaskal M, Nil M, Ozturk Y, Celik E. Synergetic effect of antimony trioxide on the flame retardant and mechanical properties of polymer composites for consumer electronics applications. J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 2017, 29, 4557-4563.
43. [43]
  Subasinghe, A.; Somashekar, A. A.; Bhattacharyya, D. Effects of wool fibre and other additives on the flammability and mechanical performance of polypropylene/kenaf composites. Compos. Part B-Eng. 2018, 136, 168-176. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.034
1. [1]
  Jiahao Xie , Jin Liu , Bin Liu , Xin Meng , Zhuang Cai , Xiaoqin Xu , Cheng Wang , Shijie You , Jinlong Zou . Yolk shell-structured pyrite-type cobalt sulfide grafted by nitrogen-doped carbon-needles with enhanced electrical conductivity for oxygen electrocatalysis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109236-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109236
2. [2]
  Chaozheng He , Pei Shi , Donglin Pang , Zhanying Zhang , Long Lin , Yingchun Ding . First-principles study of the relationship between the formation of single atom catalysts and lattice thermal conductivity. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(6): 109116-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109116
3. [3]
  Cheng Guo , Xiaoxiao Zhang , Xiujuan Hong , Yiqiu Hu , Lingna Mao , Kezhi Jiang . Graphene as adsorbent for highly efficient extraction of modified nucleosides in urine prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108867-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108867
4. [4]
  Sanmei Wang , Yong Zhou , Hengxin Fang , Chunyang Nie , Chang Q Sun , Biao Wang . Constant-potential simulation of electrocatalytic N₂ reduction over atomic metal-N-graphene catalysts. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(3): 110476-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110476
5. [5]
  Sanmei Wang , Dengxin Yan , Wenhua Zhang , Liangbing Wang . Graphene-supported isolated platinum atoms and platinum dimers for CO₂ hydrogenation: Catalytic activity and selectivity variations. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 110611-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110611
6. [6]
  Wenjing Xiong , Yulin Xu , Fangzhou Zhao , Baokai Xia , Hongqiang Wang , Wei Liu , Sheng Chen , Yongzhi Zhang . Graphene architecture interpenetrated with mesoporous carbon nanosheets promotes fast and stable potassium storage. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 109738-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109738
7. [7]
  Caili Yang , Tao Long , Ruotong Li , Chunyang Wu , Yuan-Li Ding . Pseudocapacitance dominated Li₃VO₄ encapsulated in N-doped graphene via 2D nanospace confined synthesis for superior lithium ion capacitors. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(2): 109675-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109675
8. [8]
  Jie Zhou , Chuanxiang Zhang , Changchun Hu , Shuo Li , Yuan Liu , Zhu Chen , Song Li , Hui Chen , Rokayya Sami , Yan Deng . Electrochemical aptasensor based on black phosphorus-porous graphene nanocomposites for high-performance detection of Hg²⁺. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109561-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109561
9. [9]
  Wenhao Feng , Chunli Liu , Zheng Liu , Huan Pang . In-situ growth of N-doped graphene-like carbon/MOF nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitor. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 109552-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109552
10. [10]
  Qiang Cao , Xue-Feng Cheng , Jia Wang , Chang Zhou , Liu-Jun Yang , Guan Wang , Dong-Yun Chen , Jing-Hui He , Jian-Mei Lu . Graphene from microwave-initiated upcycling of waste polyethylene for electrocatalytic reduction of chloramphenicol. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108759-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108759
11. [11]
  Qiangwei Wang , Huijiao Liu , Mengjie Wang , Haojie Zhang , Jianda Xie , Xuanwei Hu , Shiming Zhou , Weitai Wu . Observation of high ionic conductivity of polyelectrolyte microgels in salt-free solutions. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108743-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108743
12. [12]
  Jieqiong Qin , Zhi Yang , Jiaxin Ma , Liangzhu Zhang , Feifei Xing , Hongtao Zhang , Shuxia Tian , Shuanghao Zheng , Zhong-Shuai Wu . Interfacial assembly of 2D polydopamine/graphene heterostructures with well-defined mesopore and tunable thickness for high-energy planar micro-supercapacitors. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 108845-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108845
13. [13]
  Zhihong LUO , Yan SHI , Jinyu AN , Deyi ZHENG , Long LI , Quansheng OUYANG , Bin SHI , Jiaojing SHAO . Two-dimensional silica-modified polyethylene oxide solid polymer electrolyte to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(5): 1005-1014. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230444
14. [14]
  Ya Song , Mingxia Zhou , Zhu Chen , Huali Nie , Jiao-Jing Shao , Guangmin Zhou . Integrated interconnected porous and lamellar structures realized fast ion/electron conductivity in high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(6): 109200-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109200
15. [15]
  Tao Long , Peng Chen , Bin Feng , Caili Yang , Kairong Wang , Yulei Wang , Can Chen , Yaping Wang , Ruotong Li , Meng Wu , Minhuan Lan , Wei Kong Pang , Jian-Fang Wu , Yuan-Li Ding . Reinforced concrete-like Na_3.5V_1.5Mn_0.5(PO₄)₃@graphene hybrids with hierarchical porosity as durable and high-rate sodium-ion battery cathode. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 109267-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109267
16. [16]
  Qingyun Hu , Wei Wang , Junyuan Lu , He Zhu , Qi Liu , Yang Ren , Hong Wang , Jian Hui . High-throughput screening of high energy density LiMn_1-xFe_xPO₄ via active learning. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(2): 110344-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110344
17. [17]
  Yunfei Shen , Long Chen . Gradient imprinted Zn metal anodes assist dendrites-free at high current density/capacity. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(10): 100321-100321. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100321
18. [18]
  Zhilong Xie , Guohui Zhang , Ya Meng , Yefei Tong , Jian Deng , Honghui Li , Qingqing Ma , Shisong Han , Wenjun Ni . A natural nano-platform: Advances in drug delivery system with recombinant high-density lipoprotein. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109584-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109584
19. [19]
  Mengyuan Li , Xitong Ren , Yanmei Gao , Mengyao Mu , Shiping Zhu , Shufang Tian , Minghua Lu . Constructing bifunctional magnetic porous poly(divinylbenzene) polymer for high-efficient removal and sensitive detection of bisphenols. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 109699-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109699
20. [20]
  Tian Cao , Xuyin Ding , Qiwen Peng , Min Zhang , Guoyue Shi . Intelligent laser-induced graphene sensor for multiplex probing catechol isomers. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109238-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109238

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(821)
HTML views(8)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142