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2024 Volume 39 Issue 4
2024, 39(4): 1-6
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311016
Abstract:
Large-scale instruments play a crucial role in talent cultivation and research testing services in universities. A systematic training system is the fundamental guarantee for the efficient operation of the university’s large-scale instrument sharing platform, as well as an objective requirement for promoting first-class education and cultivating top talents. A systematic and standardized online training model is beneficial in enhancing the effectiveness of the training. This paper explores the construction of a network resource platform that integrates safety training and assessment, instrument usage training and assessment, instrument principles and application techniques, and interactive communication of instrument test results and cutting-edge displays. It also explores the development of a training management system and a comprehensive learning support system based on this platform, providing new insights for the construction of a large-scale instrument sharing and talent cultivation system in universities.
Large-scale instruments play a crucial role in talent cultivation and research testing services in universities. A systematic training system is the fundamental guarantee for the efficient operation of the university’s large-scale instrument sharing platform, as well as an objective requirement for promoting first-class education and cultivating top talents. A systematic and standardized online training model is beneficial in enhancing the effectiveness of the training. This paper explores the construction of a network resource platform that integrates safety training and assessment, instrument usage training and assessment, instrument principles and application techniques, and interactive communication of instrument test results and cutting-edge displays. It also explores the development of a training management system and a comprehensive learning support system based on this platform, providing new insights for the construction of a large-scale instrument sharing and talent cultivation system in universities.
2024, 39(4): 7-12
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310122
Abstract:
In addition to their primary responsibilities in teaching support, technicians at the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University) have been actively encouraged to engage in various endeavors that align with their professional expertise and personal interests. This paper aims to highlight specific approaches that have been implemented in recent years to enhance the technicians’ overall competence and foster their individualized growth. These approaches include engaging in teaching practices and reforms, advancing instrument development and enhancement, contributing to laboratory construction initiatives, as well as participating in social service activities.
In addition to their primary responsibilities in teaching support, technicians at the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University) have been actively encouraged to engage in various endeavors that align with their professional expertise and personal interests. This paper aims to highlight specific approaches that have been implemented in recent years to enhance the technicians’ overall competence and foster their individualized growth. These approaches include engaging in teaching practices and reforms, advancing instrument development and enhancement, contributing to laboratory construction initiatives, as well as participating in social service activities.
2024, 39(4): 13-18
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311010
Abstract:
Innovative talent cultivation is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-level technological selfreliance. The research training and experimental competitions of university students play a significant role in fostering innovative talents. This article combines the practical situation of the construction of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Chemistry at Sun Yat-Sen University to introduce and analyze the organization and implementation of innovative experimental projects and disciplinary competitions for undergraduate students in recent years, the problems encountered, and the achievements made. It explores how the experimental teaching center can leverage its resource advantages to better manage and organize the research training and disciplinary competitions of undergraduate students, effectively cultivating their research thinking and practical skills, and further enhancing the level of innovative talent cultivation.
Innovative talent cultivation is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-level technological selfreliance. The research training and experimental competitions of university students play a significant role in fostering innovative talents. This article combines the practical situation of the construction of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Chemistry at Sun Yat-Sen University to introduce and analyze the organization and implementation of innovative experimental projects and disciplinary competitions for undergraduate students in recent years, the problems encountered, and the achievements made. It explores how the experimental teaching center can leverage its resource advantages to better manage and organize the research training and disciplinary competitions of undergraduate students, effectively cultivating their research thinking and practical skills, and further enhancing the level of innovative talent cultivation.
2024, 39(4): 19-25
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310119
Abstract:
The extracurricular innovation laboratories serve vital expansion and valuable complement to the traditional teaching laboratory and play a crucial role in developing students’ innovative abilities. Given the variety of experiments conducted, the open management of these laboratories presents significant challenges. This paper examines the issues faced by chemical extracurricular innovation laboratories which are opening to undergraduate students and explores corresponding management approaches involving the enhancement of institutional safeguards, the clarification of safety responsibilities, the optimization of resource allocation and opening up of new management models from managerial perspective. These efforts aim to provide robust support for the cultivation of innovative talents.
The extracurricular innovation laboratories serve vital expansion and valuable complement to the traditional teaching laboratory and play a crucial role in developing students’ innovative abilities. Given the variety of experiments conducted, the open management of these laboratories presents significant challenges. This paper examines the issues faced by chemical extracurricular innovation laboratories which are opening to undergraduate students and explores corresponding management approaches involving the enhancement of institutional safeguards, the clarification of safety responsibilities, the optimization of resource allocation and opening up of new management models from managerial perspective. These efforts aim to provide robust support for the cultivation of innovative talents.
Construction and Practice of “One-Point, Two-Lines and Three-Sides” Innovative Experimental Platform
2024, 39(4): 26-32
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308023
Abstract:
Traditional chemistry laboratories with a singular function, scattered distribution, and poor shareability, lead to the inefficient utilization of lab spaces and experimental equipment. This mode is not benefit to the crossintegration of multidisciplinary knowledge, and to some extent, it affects the development of students’ comprehensive quality. Following the guiding ideology of “building high-quality platforms, focusing on practical education, cultivating innovative concepts, and cultivating innovative talents”, teaching reforms has been carried out in the integration and sharing of the chemical laboratory, improving utilization rates, opening management, and improving the quality of innovative and applied talent cultivation. After years of exploration, an innovative experimental (training) platform with the focus on improving students’ innovative practical ability, the two main lines of teaching and scientific research, and the three sides of teaching and scientific research have been established. Some results have been achieved, which will provide references for the construction of innovative experiment (training) p
Traditional chemistry laboratories with a singular function, scattered distribution, and poor shareability, lead to the inefficient utilization of lab spaces and experimental equipment. This mode is not benefit to the crossintegration of multidisciplinary knowledge, and to some extent, it affects the development of students’ comprehensive quality. Following the guiding ideology of “building high-quality platforms, focusing on practical education, cultivating innovative concepts, and cultivating innovative talents”, teaching reforms has been carried out in the integration and sharing of the chemical laboratory, improving utilization rates, opening management, and improving the quality of innovative and applied talent cultivation. After years of exploration, an innovative experimental (training) platform with the focus on improving students’ innovative practical ability, the two main lines of teaching and scientific research, and the three sides of teaching and scientific research have been established. Some results have been achieved, which will provide references for the construction of innovative experiment (training) p
2024, 39(4): 33-39
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310115
Abstract:
In order to cooperate with the new development layout: the coordinated development of five campuses in three cities， the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education of Sun Yat-Sen University has been actively promoting the overall relocation. With the strong support of the university and the school of chemistry, the center has completed the new space layout and laboratory optimization and upgrading, and comprehensively improved its comprehensive strength. The facilities and instruments have been greatly improved in two past years. Combined with the new situation and new layout of the university, a simple, efficient, and scientific management system has also been constructed. The above has promoted the sustainable development of the center and created a new development pattern of “high-quality schooling” in the center.
In order to cooperate with the new development layout: the coordinated development of five campuses in three cities， the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education of Sun Yat-Sen University has been actively promoting the overall relocation. With the strong support of the university and the school of chemistry, the center has completed the new space layout and laboratory optimization and upgrading, and comprehensively improved its comprehensive strength. The facilities and instruments have been greatly improved in two past years. Combined with the new situation and new layout of the university, a simple, efficient, and scientific management system has also been constructed. The above has promoted the sustainable development of the center and created a new development pattern of “high-quality schooling” in the center.
2024, 39(4): 40-47
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309023
Abstract:
The basic chemistry experiments not only serve to validate chemical theories and train experimental skills, but also focus on enhancing students’ analytical and problem-solving abilities. In order to cultivate outstanding students in the basic discipline, we have carried out reforms and practices in the teaching content, knowledge system, and teaching methods of the basic chemistry laboratory course, guided by the principle of individualized instruction. By constructing a student-centered and problem-oriented teaching model, we aim to systematically improve the effectiveness and impact of experimental teaching in talent cultivation.
The basic chemistry experiments not only serve to validate chemical theories and train experimental skills, but also focus on enhancing students’ analytical and problem-solving abilities. In order to cultivate outstanding students in the basic discipline, we have carried out reforms and practices in the teaching content, knowledge system, and teaching methods of the basic chemistry laboratory course, guided by the principle of individualized instruction. By constructing a student-centered and problem-oriented teaching model, we aim to systematically improve the effectiveness and impact of experimental teaching in talent cultivation.
2024, 39(4): 48-53
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309009
Abstract:
To strengthen the management of laboratory safety, a comprehensive system for undergraduate chemistry laboratory safety is constructed from three aspects: the establishment of safety regulations and rules, safety training for laboratory experiments, and optimization of experiment teaching content, as well as safety emergency training. In terms of improving experiment content, this paper focuses on introducing methods such as designing green chemistry experiments, ensuring the safety of classic experiments, and virtualizing high-risk experiments. By integrating safety management throughout the entire teaching process, not only can students’ safety awareness be effectively cultivated, but also their overall quality can be enhanced.
To strengthen the management of laboratory safety, a comprehensive system for undergraduate chemistry laboratory safety is constructed from three aspects: the establishment of safety regulations and rules, safety training for laboratory experiments, and optimization of experiment teaching content, as well as safety emergency training. In terms of improving experiment content, this paper focuses on introducing methods such as designing green chemistry experiments, ensuring the safety of classic experiments, and virtualizing high-risk experiments. By integrating safety management throughout the entire teaching process, not only can students’ safety awareness be effectively cultivated, but also their overall quality can be enhanced.
2024, 39(4): 54-61
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310130
Abstract:
There are numerous hazards present in university chemistry teaching laboratories. Improper implementation of management methods and technical measures can result in injuries to both teachers and students, consequently disrupting the normal flow of experimental teaching. The negative list management system allows for a concise and comprehensive summary of issues encountered during various experimental teaching and laboratory management processes. Proper organization and continuous improvement of the negative list is one effective approach to strengthening the safety management of chemistry teaching laboratories in universities. This article, based on an analysis of the various factors impacting current university chemistry teaching laboratories, establishes a targeted negative list. It also promotes targeted laboratory safety education and training, the implementation of effective laboratory engineering and technical safety measures, and the reinforcement of mandatory laboratory safety measures. This approach, combined with the 3E method, forms a chemistry teaching laboratory safety model. The sustained development of this model, in conjunction with the negative list management system, has yielded positive results in the management of chemistry teaching laboratories and serves as a valuable reference for the safety management of such laboratories in universities.
There are numerous hazards present in university chemistry teaching laboratories. Improper implementation of management methods and technical measures can result in injuries to both teachers and students, consequently disrupting the normal flow of experimental teaching. The negative list management system allows for a concise and comprehensive summary of issues encountered during various experimental teaching and laboratory management processes. Proper organization and continuous improvement of the negative list is one effective approach to strengthening the safety management of chemistry teaching laboratories in universities. This article, based on an analysis of the various factors impacting current university chemistry teaching laboratories, establishes a targeted negative list. It also promotes targeted laboratory safety education and training, the implementation of effective laboratory engineering and technical safety measures, and the reinforcement of mandatory laboratory safety measures. This approach, combined with the 3E method, forms a chemistry teaching laboratory safety model. The sustained development of this model, in conjunction with the negative list management system, has yielded positive results in the management of chemistry teaching laboratories and serves as a valuable reference for the safety management of such laboratories in universities.
2024, 39(4): 62-69
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310137
Abstract:
To address the issues of long reaction time, difficult reaction control, multiple impurities, and uneven particle size in the traditional barium titanate preparation experiment using the sol-gel method, an improved experiment was conducted. By replacing the experimental solvent, introducing surfactants, and incorporating low-temperature heat treatment, the reaction time was significantly reduced, resulting in the production of highly pure and ultrafine barium titanate nanoparticles with an average particle size of less than 20 nm. This improved experiment is suitable for undergraduate-level inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching in the first year.
To address the issues of long reaction time, difficult reaction control, multiple impurities, and uneven particle size in the traditional barium titanate preparation experiment using the sol-gel method, an improved experiment was conducted. By replacing the experimental solvent, introducing surfactants, and incorporating low-temperature heat treatment, the reaction time was significantly reduced, resulting in the production of highly pure and ultrafine barium titanate nanoparticles with an average particle size of less than 20 nm. This improved experiment is suitable for undergraduate-level inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching in the first year.
2024, 39(4): 70-74
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309079
Abstract:
This paper describes some of the problems in the teaching of organic chemistry laboratory, and introduces the exploration and practice of improving the teaching quality. In the decades, we have continuously innovated the teaching methods of organic chemistry laboratory from the aspects of strengthening students’ preview, strengthening teachers’ skill training, emphasizing the collective lesson preparation, strengthening the teachers’ guidance of the experimental process, and strengthening the evaluation and reflection after class.
This paper describes some of the problems in the teaching of organic chemistry laboratory, and introduces the exploration and practice of improving the teaching quality. In the decades, we have continuously innovated the teaching methods of organic chemistry laboratory from the aspects of strengthening students’ preview, strengthening teachers’ skill training, emphasizing the collective lesson preparation, strengthening the teachers’ guidance of the experimental process, and strengthening the evaluation and reflection after class.
2024, 39(4): 75-80
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311011
Abstract:
In the teaching process of laboratory course on chemical functional molecules, ideological and political elements were explored and integrated in the research experiment on synthesis and catalytic performance study of chiral Mn(III)Cl-Salen complex. Furthermore, combined with multi-link experimental teaching, such as group research and scientific reporting, the whole process of ideological and political education was implemented in the professional curriculum. This approach enriched the connotation of teaching and education, and realized the three functions of the course, including knowledge education, skill enhancement and ideological and political education.
In the teaching process of laboratory course on chemical functional molecules, ideological and political elements were explored and integrated in the research experiment on synthesis and catalytic performance study of chiral Mn(III)Cl-Salen complex. Furthermore, combined with multi-link experimental teaching, such as group research and scientific reporting, the whole process of ideological and political education was implemented in the professional curriculum. This approach enriched the connotation of teaching and education, and realized the three functions of the course, including knowledge education, skill enhancement and ideological and political education.
2024, 39(4): 81-86
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311013
Abstract:
The technology of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and ion chromatography (IC) with valve switching method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of samples containing organic compounds and inorganic anions, which simplifies the pretreatment process, eliminates the complex matrix, enriches inorganic anions, realizes the simultaneous analysis of organic compounds and inorganic anions, and improves the efficiency of chromatographic analysis. The technology of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography with valve switching method is introduced into the undergraduate instrument analysis experiment class, which deepens the students’ understanding of the special advantages of the new technology, improves the undergraduates’ ability to solve complex practical problems, widens the field and enriches the content of instrument analysis experiment. Of course, it is conducive to the cultivation of innovative and comprehensive talents.
The technology of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and ion chromatography (IC) with valve switching method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of samples containing organic compounds and inorganic anions, which simplifies the pretreatment process, eliminates the complex matrix, enriches inorganic anions, realizes the simultaneous analysis of organic compounds and inorganic anions, and improves the efficiency of chromatographic analysis. The technology of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography with valve switching method is introduced into the undergraduate instrument analysis experiment class, which deepens the students’ understanding of the special advantages of the new technology, improves the undergraduates’ ability to solve complex practical problems, widens the field and enriches the content of instrument analysis experiment. Of course, it is conducive to the cultivation of innovative and comprehensive talents.
2024, 39(4): 87-93
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310120
Abstract:
In this paper, we designed a protein immunoassay using microfluidic technology to quantitatively detect procalcitonin (PCT). The experiment involved various steps such as solution preparation, microfluidic chip assembly, standard curve drawing, testing of unknown liquid samples, and other experimental processes. By conducting these experiments, students can gain a deeper understanding of the emerging scientific research field of microfluidics. Furthermore, this training helps to foster their scientific thinking, ability to innovate, and integrate knowledge.
In this paper, we designed a protein immunoassay using microfluidic technology to quantitatively detect procalcitonin (PCT). The experiment involved various steps such as solution preparation, microfluidic chip assembly, standard curve drawing, testing of unknown liquid samples, and other experimental processes. By conducting these experiments, students can gain a deeper understanding of the emerging scientific research field of microfluidics. Furthermore, this training helps to foster their scientific thinking, ability to innovate, and integrate knowledge.
2024, 39(4): 94-99
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310031
Abstract:
As one of the important concepts in the electrochemical part in physical chemistry, the determination of ion migration number is involved in the physical chemistry experiment course in various universities. Literature research and our past teaching practices have shown that the ion migration number measured using the Hittorf method differs significantly from the literature values. In order to reduce the measurement errors and investigate the influencing factors of the test results, this experiment made improvements in three aspects: controlling the amount of solution, the sequence of solution/electricity disconnection, and the calculation of the quantity of electricity. After minimizing the errors caused by experimental operations and concentration measurement, the factors that truly influence the measurement results of ion migration number were analyzed. The experimental results indicated that when using current multiplied by time as the data source for the quantity of electricity and calculating the ion migration number using the cathodic solution, the obtained results were closer to the reference value.
As one of the important concepts in the electrochemical part in physical chemistry, the determination of ion migration number is involved in the physical chemistry experiment course in various universities. Literature research and our past teaching practices have shown that the ion migration number measured using the Hittorf method differs significantly from the literature values. In order to reduce the measurement errors and investigate the influencing factors of the test results, this experiment made improvements in three aspects: controlling the amount of solution, the sequence of solution/electricity disconnection, and the calculation of the quantity of electricity. After minimizing the errors caused by experimental operations and concentration measurement, the factors that truly influence the measurement results of ion migration number were analyzed. The experimental results indicated that when using current multiplied by time as the data source for the quantity of electricity and calculating the ion migration number using the cathodic solution, the obtained results were closer to the reference value.
2024, 39(4): 100-106
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308044
Abstract:
The rate constants in chemical reactions are highly temperature-sensitive. In kinetic experiments, the solutions are usually preheated respectively before transferring them quantitatively for reaction. This common practice often leads to temperature imbalances due to the solution’s exposure to room temperature during transfer process, causing significant initial data errors and distortion of kinetic curves. Moreover, the simultaneous operations required for quantitative transfer, initiation of timing, and solution mixing can overwhelm inexperienced students and lead to errors. Excessive reagent use during preheating can also result in waste. To address these issues, our group has developed a “trousers-shaped” kinetic reaction flask along with its supporting devices. This flask enables gradual solution transfer, preheating, and mixing, making the experimental procedure more logical and reducing both temperature-induced errors and student operation mistakes, while also saving reagents. The flask has been practically applied in our university’s physical chemistry experimental teaching, enriching the experimental content, improving students’ operational skills, and enhancing their ability to analyze and solve problems comprehensively. It also contributes to elevating students’ research literacy and the overall effectiveness of experimental teaching.
The rate constants in chemical reactions are highly temperature-sensitive. In kinetic experiments, the solutions are usually preheated respectively before transferring them quantitatively for reaction. This common practice often leads to temperature imbalances due to the solution’s exposure to room temperature during transfer process, causing significant initial data errors and distortion of kinetic curves. Moreover, the simultaneous operations required for quantitative transfer, initiation of timing, and solution mixing can overwhelm inexperienced students and lead to errors. Excessive reagent use during preheating can also result in waste. To address these issues, our group has developed a “trousers-shaped” kinetic reaction flask along with its supporting devices. This flask enables gradual solution transfer, preheating, and mixing, making the experimental procedure more logical and reducing both temperature-induced errors and student operation mistakes, while also saving reagents. The flask has been practically applied in our university’s physical chemistry experimental teaching, enriching the experimental content, improving students’ operational skills, and enhancing their ability to analyze and solve problems comprehensively. It also contributes to elevating students’ research literacy and the overall effectiveness of experimental teaching.
2024, 39(4): 107-113
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310117
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the improvement and expansion of the experiment “Determination of the Rate Constant of Ethyl Acetate Saponification Reaction” in existing Physical Chemistry Experiment textbooks. Firstly, the saponification reaction vessel is replaced with a jacket beaker to ensure the uniform concentration and constant temperature of the solution during the experiment through constant temperature water circulation and magnetic stirring. Secondly, a certain volume of 0.01 mol·L−1 sodium hydroxide solution is taken and the conductivity value is measured after reaching a constant temperature, denoted as κ0. Then, an equal molar amount of ethyl acetate is added to the reactor using a micro sampler while simultaneously recording the conductivity values at different times, denoted as κt. Thirdly, the influence of electrode constant is eliminated through data normalization, providing clear physical quantities and intuitive experimental phenomena. The improved experimental procedure reduces steps and improves the accuracy of data measurement, allowing for the measurement of the rate constant of rapid saponification reactions under high temperature conditions. Within limited class time, students can obtain the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor through division of labor, collaboration, and data sharing.
This paper focuses on the improvement and expansion of the experiment “Determination of the Rate Constant of Ethyl Acetate Saponification Reaction” in existing Physical Chemistry Experiment textbooks. Firstly, the saponification reaction vessel is replaced with a jacket beaker to ensure the uniform concentration and constant temperature of the solution during the experiment through constant temperature water circulation and magnetic stirring. Secondly, a certain volume of 0.01 mol·L−1 sodium hydroxide solution is taken and the conductivity value is measured after reaching a constant temperature, denoted as κ0. Then, an equal molar amount of ethyl acetate is added to the reactor using a micro sampler while simultaneously recording the conductivity values at different times, denoted as κt. Thirdly, the influence of electrode constant is eliminated through data normalization, providing clear physical quantities and intuitive experimental phenomena. The improved experimental procedure reduces steps and improves the accuracy of data measurement, allowing for the measurement of the rate constant of rapid saponification reactions under high temperature conditions. Within limited class time, students can obtain the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor through division of labor, collaboration, and data sharing.
2024, 39(4): 114-118
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309033
Abstract:
Based on the binary system of ionic surfactant C14TAB and water, the optical properties and phase behavior of them including isotropy/anisotropy, birefringence, and optical texture are studied by polarized light microscopy and visual observation. The structure and parameters of the lyotropic liquid crystal phase are characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the binary phase diagram is constructed. This experiment expands the research system, reduces the experimental cost, and improves the experimental accuracy based on the original comprehensive chemistry experiment. It is helpful to understand the microstructure and properties of lyotropic liquid crystals; master the principles and methods of characterization techniques; stimulate the interests of students in physical chemistry. Further, it contributes to help students expand their scientific logic and improve their experimental skills.
Based on the binary system of ionic surfactant C14TAB and water, the optical properties and phase behavior of them including isotropy/anisotropy, birefringence, and optical texture are studied by polarized light microscopy and visual observation. The structure and parameters of the lyotropic liquid crystal phase are characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the binary phase diagram is constructed. This experiment expands the research system, reduces the experimental cost, and improves the experimental accuracy based on the original comprehensive chemistry experiment. It is helpful to understand the microstructure and properties of lyotropic liquid crystals; master the principles and methods of characterization techniques; stimulate the interests of students in physical chemistry. Further, it contributes to help students expand their scientific logic and improve their experimental skills.
2024, 39(4): 119-124
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310123
Abstract:
In order to address the current issue of the disconnection and poor integration between ideological and political education and experimental teaching in physical chemistry experiment courses, we have undertaken an exploration to seamlessly integrate the ideological and political elements into the teaching process. This exploration involves cultivating teachers’ awareness and ability in integrating ideological and political education into their curriculum, revising the teaching objectives of physical chemistry experiment, optimizing the teaching content, refining the teaching methods, and improving the assessment methods. The goal is to enable students to develop a close relationship with their teachers and have faith in their teachings, while also experiencing the enriching taste of ideological and political elements in their learning journey.
In order to address the current issue of the disconnection and poor integration between ideological and political education and experimental teaching in physical chemistry experiment courses, we have undertaken an exploration to seamlessly integrate the ideological and political elements into the teaching process. This exploration involves cultivating teachers’ awareness and ability in integrating ideological and political education into their curriculum, revising the teaching objectives of physical chemistry experiment, optimizing the teaching content, refining the teaching methods, and improving the assessment methods. The goal is to enable students to develop a close relationship with their teachers and have faith in their teachings, while also experiencing the enriching taste of ideological and political elements in their learning journey.
2024, 39(4): 125-132
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311057
Abstract:
The effective integration of ideological and political education into the curriculum is the key to improving teaching quality and cultivating high-quality talent. Taking the experiment “Determining the Thermodynamic Functions of Chemical Reactions by Electromotive Force Method” as an example, we have constructed a deep exploratory laboratory inquiry combined with ideological and political education. Through the exploration of the principles and methods of electromotive force determination, as well as the derivation of thermodynamic quantities of reactions, students have not only deepened their understanding of related fundamental theoretical knowledge, enhanced their experimental skills and innovation ability to solve practical problems; they have also strengthened their patriotic sentiments and sense of responsibility.
The effective integration of ideological and political education into the curriculum is the key to improving teaching quality and cultivating high-quality talent. Taking the experiment “Determining the Thermodynamic Functions of Chemical Reactions by Electromotive Force Method” as an example, we have constructed a deep exploratory laboratory inquiry combined with ideological and political education. Through the exploration of the principles and methods of electromotive force determination, as well as the derivation of thermodynamic quantities of reactions, students have not only deepened their understanding of related fundamental theoretical knowledge, enhanced their experimental skills and innovation ability to solve practical problems; they have also strengthened their patriotic sentiments and sense of responsibility.
2024, 39(4): 133-139
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309024
Abstract:
The Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride is a classic experiment commonly performed in introductory organic chemistry courses. This article recommends a computational chemistry experiment for the Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, utilizing density functional methods in the Gaussian 16 program to investigate the reaction mechanism. The aim of this experiment is to stimulate students’ interest in organic chemistry and computational chemistry, deepen their understanding of the chemical discipline, and enhance their ability to apply knowledge in scientific research.
The Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride is a classic experiment commonly performed in introductory organic chemistry courses. This article recommends a computational chemistry experiment for the Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, utilizing density functional methods in the Gaussian 16 program to investigate the reaction mechanism. The aim of this experiment is to stimulate students’ interest in organic chemistry and computational chemistry, deepen their understanding of the chemical discipline, and enhance their ability to apply knowledge in scientific research.
2024, 39(4): 140-148
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202307022
Abstract:
This study aims to foster students’ computational thinking by integrating research project-based teaching methods. It outlines a comprehensive series of computational experiments centered on the first-principles calculations of the LiFePO4 cathode material, a prominent subject of study in lithium-ion battery research. The designed computational experiments encompass modeling of crystal structures, structure optimizations, electronic structure calculations, lithium-ion diffusion estimations, and post-experiment analyses. This approach ensures students gain a profound understanding of the foundational principles, processes, and analytical methods of first-principles calculations. Simultaneously, it bolsters both their grasp of theoretical methods and proficiency in software operations.
This study aims to foster students’ computational thinking by integrating research project-based teaching methods. It outlines a comprehensive series of computational experiments centered on the first-principles calculations of the LiFePO4 cathode material, a prominent subject of study in lithium-ion battery research. The designed computational experiments encompass modeling of crystal structures, structure optimizations, electronic structure calculations, lithium-ion diffusion estimations, and post-experiment analyses. This approach ensures students gain a profound understanding of the foundational principles, processes, and analytical methods of first-principles calculations. Simultaneously, it bolsters both their grasp of theoretical methods and proficiency in software operations.
2024, 39(4): 149-156
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310134
Abstract:
The carbon capture technology is an important way for achieving the “Double Carbon” goal. Calcium-based absorbents are more suitable for the capture of CO2 from high-temperature industrial sources. Based on the context of the “Double Carbon”, this work integrated cutting-edge carbon capture technology into instrumental analysis experimental course, and developed a designing and comprehensive experiment about “preparation, characterization and carbon-capture ability of eggshell-derived CaO”. Waste eggshells was selected as the calcium source, then pre-treatment with acetic acid yielded calcium acetate, which was calcined at high temperatures to produce CaO with good carbon capture ability. The purity, morphology, structure, and CO2capture ability of as-prepared CaO were tested using various analysis methods such as EDTA compleximetry titration, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. This experiment adopts a project-based teaching approach, which guides students to independently design experimental plans, conduct practical work, and summarize their findings. It not only enhances students’ ability to comprehensively apply professional knowledge to solve practical problems, but also cultivates their scientific research literacy and teamwork spirit.
The carbon capture technology is an important way for achieving the “Double Carbon” goal. Calcium-based absorbents are more suitable for the capture of CO2 from high-temperature industrial sources. Based on the context of the “Double Carbon”, this work integrated cutting-edge carbon capture technology into instrumental analysis experimental course, and developed a designing and comprehensive experiment about “preparation, characterization and carbon-capture ability of eggshell-derived CaO”. Waste eggshells was selected as the calcium source, then pre-treatment with acetic acid yielded calcium acetate, which was calcined at high temperatures to produce CaO with good carbon capture ability. The purity, morphology, structure, and CO2capture ability of as-prepared CaO were tested using various analysis methods such as EDTA compleximetry titration, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. This experiment adopts a project-based teaching approach, which guides students to independently design experimental plans, conduct practical work, and summarize their findings. It not only enhances students’ ability to comprehensively apply professional knowledge to solve practical problems, but also cultivates their scientific research literacy and teamwork spirit.
2024, 39(4): 157-162
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308025
Abstract:
Based on scientific research, a comprehensive chemistry experiment was designed as “Carbon nanotube/SnS2 photoanode catalyst materials were prepared using the solvothermal method”. Characterizations of the materials were conducted using SEM (Scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy), etc. Transient photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance and linear voltammetry scanning were used to analyze the water decomposition properties of the materials. This experiment enables students to master the preparation, characterization, and application of materials, fostering their scientific research literacy. Through hands-on experimentation, students can validate their learned knowledge, enhancing their problem-solving abilities. By understanding the properties and applications of the materials, the experiment also nurtures students’ awareness of energy crises and environmental protection.
Based on scientific research, a comprehensive chemistry experiment was designed as “Carbon nanotube/SnS2 photoanode catalyst materials were prepared using the solvothermal method”. Characterizations of the materials were conducted using SEM (Scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy), etc. Transient photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance and linear voltammetry scanning were used to analyze the water decomposition properties of the materials. This experiment enables students to master the preparation, characterization, and application of materials, fostering their scientific research literacy. Through hands-on experimentation, students can validate their learned knowledge, enhancing their problem-solving abilities. By understanding the properties and applications of the materials, the experiment also nurtures students’ awareness of energy crises and environmental protection.
2024, 39(4): 163-168
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308117
Abstract:
University physical chemistry experiments mainly focuse on classical foundational theory verification experiments, with a lack of independent design and comprehensive experiments. Based on the existing instruments and experimental conditions of the Center for Experimental Chemistry Education of Shandong University, a comprehensive physical chemistry experiment was designed to prepare cobalt-based metal-organic framework/copper(I) oxide micro-nano composites and study the photo-enhanced electrochemical oxygen evolution catalytic performance. This experiment involves aspects such as material synthesis, structural characterization, performance evaluation, and result analysis. It not only inspires students to discover the inherent laws between material structure and properties, but also consolidates their previous theoretical and experimental knowledge, mobilizes students’ enthusiasm and initiative in learning, and enhances their ability to solve problems and flexibly apply knowledge.
University physical chemistry experiments mainly focuse on classical foundational theory verification experiments, with a lack of independent design and comprehensive experiments. Based on the existing instruments and experimental conditions of the Center for Experimental Chemistry Education of Shandong University, a comprehensive physical chemistry experiment was designed to prepare cobalt-based metal-organic framework/copper(I) oxide micro-nano composites and study the photo-enhanced electrochemical oxygen evolution catalytic performance. This experiment involves aspects such as material synthesis, structural characterization, performance evaluation, and result analysis. It not only inspires students to discover the inherent laws between material structure and properties, but also consolidates their previous theoretical and experimental knowledge, mobilizes students’ enthusiasm and initiative in learning, and enhances their ability to solve problems and flexibly apply knowledge.
2024, 39(4): 169-177
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311028
Abstract:
To address the issue of low selectivity in the benzene to phenol preparation process, a novel exploratory experimental design is introduced. Students are guided to investigate the performance of FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite aerogels prepared via the sol-gel method in the photocatalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. The objective of this experiment is to achieve improved selectivity of benzene to phenol under mild conditions. This experiment plays a positive role in cultivating students’ innovative thinking, enhancing their innovation and practical abilities.
To address the issue of low selectivity in the benzene to phenol preparation process, a novel exploratory experimental design is introduced. Students are guided to investigate the performance of FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite aerogels prepared via the sol-gel method in the photocatalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. The objective of this experiment is to achieve improved selectivity of benzene to phenol under mild conditions. This experiment plays a positive role in cultivating students’ innovative thinking, enhancing their innovation and practical abilities.
2024, 39(4): 178-183
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311091
Abstract:
Experimental teaching is crucial for fostering the innovative capabilities of chemistry students. Through comprehensive experimental training, students can develop their problem-solving skills and cultivate a strong interest in researching photovoltaic devices, thereby instilling confidence in scientific research and nurturing their innovative abilities. The utilization of surface engineering enhances the performance of easily applicable carbon-based perovskite solar cells, facilitating interlayer hole transport and promoting contact between the perovskite and carbon interfaces, ultimately improving the efficiency of the devices. This experiment is highly practical and safe, allowing students to directly experience the conversion of light energy into electrical energy and gain a profound understanding of the operational principles of photovoltaic devices.
Experimental teaching is crucial for fostering the innovative capabilities of chemistry students. Through comprehensive experimental training, students can develop their problem-solving skills and cultivate a strong interest in researching photovoltaic devices, thereby instilling confidence in scientific research and nurturing their innovative abilities. The utilization of surface engineering enhances the performance of easily applicable carbon-based perovskite solar cells, facilitating interlayer hole transport and promoting contact between the perovskite and carbon interfaces, ultimately improving the efficiency of the devices. This experiment is highly practical and safe, allowing students to directly experience the conversion of light energy into electrical energy and gain a profound understanding of the operational principles of photovoltaic devices.
2024, 39(4): 184-191
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310094
Abstract:
This comprehensive chemistry experiment utilizes vanadium trichloride and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors to synthesize a heterostructured composite material consisting of nano-scaled vanadium nitride particles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon sheets through template-assisted heat treatment and nitridation methods. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction performance of the composite material is thoroughly examined. The experimental procedure encompasses interdisciplinary knowledge and practical skills in inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, and analytical chemistry, with a focus on cutting-edge scientific research. By stimulating students’ interest in learning and enhancing their application abilities, this experiment aims to cultivate students’ disciplinary literacy, research innovation capabilities, and sense of social responsibility.
This comprehensive chemistry experiment utilizes vanadium trichloride and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors to synthesize a heterostructured composite material consisting of nano-scaled vanadium nitride particles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon sheets through template-assisted heat treatment and nitridation methods. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction performance of the composite material is thoroughly examined. The experimental procedure encompasses interdisciplinary knowledge and practical skills in inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, and analytical chemistry, with a focus on cutting-edge scientific research. By stimulating students’ interest in learning and enhancing their application abilities, this experiment aims to cultivate students’ disciplinary literacy, research innovation capabilities, and sense of social responsibility.
2024, 39(4): 192-197
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309050
Abstract:
Aqueous zinc metal batteries have promising potentials in electrochemical energy storage due to their inherent safety and low cost. However, their practical application is hindered by side reactions during Zn deposition/ stripping. In this experiment, we report a simple heat treatment to achieve preferred orientation of the Zn(002) plane in Zn foils. Then, the effect of this change on electrochemical properties is evaluated. This experiment is closely related to the cutting-edge research topics based on crystal chemistry and electrochemistry, which would greatly inspire students’ interest in scientific research.
Aqueous zinc metal batteries have promising potentials in electrochemical energy storage due to their inherent safety and low cost. However, their practical application is hindered by side reactions during Zn deposition/ stripping. In this experiment, we report a simple heat treatment to achieve preferred orientation of the Zn(002) plane in Zn foils. Then, the effect of this change on electrochemical properties is evaluated. This experiment is closely related to the cutting-edge research topics based on crystal chemistry and electrochemistry, which would greatly inspire students’ interest in scientific research.
2024, 39(4): 198-205
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202311069
Abstract:
To facilitate the integration of education and science, a specialized experiment has been designed to address the research hotspots in the field of energy. This experiment is characterized by collaborative innovation, ensuring both safety and operability. By starting with literature search and experiment design, students are guided to explore the advancements in zinc-air fuel cells, understand their working principles, assembly techniques, and methods for performance evaluation. Through a systematic training program that simulates the scientific research process, students are encouraged to pursue excellence and seek the truth in the scientific field. This program aims to gradually develop their scientific literacy and enhance their practical skills.
To facilitate the integration of education and science, a specialized experiment has been designed to address the research hotspots in the field of energy. This experiment is characterized by collaborative innovation, ensuring both safety and operability. By starting with literature search and experiment design, students are guided to explore the advancements in zinc-air fuel cells, understand their working principles, assembly techniques, and methods for performance evaluation. Through a systematic training program that simulates the scientific research process, students are encouraged to pursue excellence and seek the truth in the scientific field. This program aims to gradually develop their scientific literacy and enhance their practical skills.
2024, 39(4): 206-212
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202308045
Abstract:
In response to the problems of lack of comprehensive and research-oriented experimental projects in traditional “Polymer Chemistry Laboratory” courses, which cannot meet the requirements for practical and innovative abilities of “emerging engineering” talents, a comprehensive experimental project on the preparation and characterization of rigid polyurethane foam materials has been developed. By using a fully water-based foaming system and adjusting the dosage of foaming agent and flame retardant, seven groups of polyurethane foam materials were prepared. Then, the apparent density, compressive strength, and oxygen index of the materials were characterized using national standard methods. The influence and reasons for different ratios of foaming agent and flame retardant on the properties of foam materials were analyzed. This experiment closely aligns with the development of the polymer industry, highlighting comprehensiveness and research-oriented nature. The teaching process integrates basic experimental skills with scientific research methods training, which helps enhance the “innovativeness, high-level thinking, and challenge” of the polymer chemistry laboratory course and support the cultivation of “emerging engineering” talents.
In response to the problems of lack of comprehensive and research-oriented experimental projects in traditional “Polymer Chemistry Laboratory” courses, which cannot meet the requirements for practical and innovative abilities of “emerging engineering” talents, a comprehensive experimental project on the preparation and characterization of rigid polyurethane foam materials has been developed. By using a fully water-based foaming system and adjusting the dosage of foaming agent and flame retardant, seven groups of polyurethane foam materials were prepared. Then, the apparent density, compressive strength, and oxygen index of the materials were characterized using national standard methods. The influence and reasons for different ratios of foaming agent and flame retardant on the properties of foam materials were analyzed. This experiment closely aligns with the development of the polymer industry, highlighting comprehensiveness and research-oriented nature. The teaching process integrates basic experimental skills with scientific research methods training, which helps enhance the “innovativeness, high-level thinking, and challenge” of the polymer chemistry laboratory course and support the cultivation of “emerging engineering” talents.
2024, 39(4): 213-220
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310126
Abstract:
The development of polymer chemistry experiment teaching for non-polymer major students of chemistry has been relatively slow, and it is urgent to keep up with the frontier of scientific research in the field and introduce advanced and practical contents. This paper summarizes our reform experience in experiment teaching over the past decade, using the preparation, solution property, optical performance, and application of thermo-sensitive polymers as an example. We demonstrate how to innovate the content of experiment teaching, experimental technology, and teaching methods, through which we design a series of polymer chemistry experiments that meet the training needs of science talents, conform to the times and scientific development, and are loved and valued by students. This approach effectively solves the contradiction between training needs and course load, allowing for the integration of these newly designed experiments into the teaching system of non-polymer major undergraduate students of chemistry, without the need for new courses, despite the limited class hours. This approach proves to be feasible and helpful in stimulating students’ interest in the field, and enhancing their ability for inquiry and innovation.
The development of polymer chemistry experiment teaching for non-polymer major students of chemistry has been relatively slow, and it is urgent to keep up with the frontier of scientific research in the field and introduce advanced and practical contents. This paper summarizes our reform experience in experiment teaching over the past decade, using the preparation, solution property, optical performance, and application of thermo-sensitive polymers as an example. We demonstrate how to innovate the content of experiment teaching, experimental technology, and teaching methods, through which we design a series of polymer chemistry experiments that meet the training needs of science talents, conform to the times and scientific development, and are loved and valued by students. This approach effectively solves the contradiction between training needs and course load, allowing for the integration of these newly designed experiments into the teaching system of non-polymer major undergraduate students of chemistry, without the need for new courses, despite the limited class hours. This approach proves to be feasible and helpful in stimulating students’ interest in the field, and enhancing their ability for inquiry and innovation.
2024, 39(4): 221-226
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310023
Abstract:
The Analytical Chemistry course focuses on quantitative analysis, emphasizing the integration of theory and practice, and the unity of knowledge and practice. To cultivate students’ innovative and logical thinking skills, this paper uses the “application of acid-base titration method” as a case study. Starting from microscopic knowledge content, it constructs the logical relationships within the theoretical system. Based on this, the teaching design is developed, focusing on clarifying the knowledge framework, deeply considering logical relationships, and reconstructing course resources. Through a project-based case teaching method, the initiative and innovation of students are stimulated, enhancing the effectiveness of teaching.
The Analytical Chemistry course focuses on quantitative analysis, emphasizing the integration of theory and practice, and the unity of knowledge and practice. To cultivate students’ innovative and logical thinking skills, this paper uses the “application of acid-base titration method” as a case study. Starting from microscopic knowledge content, it constructs the logical relationships within the theoretical system. Based on this, the teaching design is developed, focusing on clarifying the knowledge framework, deeply considering logical relationships, and reconstructing course resources. Through a project-based case teaching method, the initiative and innovation of students are stimulated, enhancing the effectiveness of teaching.
2024, 39(4): 227-237
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310052
Abstract:
General Chemistry, a foundational course for engineering students in Sino-foreign cooperative education programs, incorporates classic international textbooks to enhance its teaching quality. This approach, however, encounters challenges such as the influence of foreign culture and a potential erosion of cultural self-confidence during the teaching process. To counter this, the course emphasizes ideological and political education to deepen students’ appreciation and understanding of their own culture. This paper details how the ideological and political development of the General Chemistry course is grounded in the principle of culture confidence. It actively integrates Chinese ideological and political elements while thoughtfully combining them with international perspectives throughout the teaching process. This integration not only enriches the course’s content, but also fosters an effective ideological and political education environment, leading to significant educational outcomes.
General Chemistry, a foundational course for engineering students in Sino-foreign cooperative education programs, incorporates classic international textbooks to enhance its teaching quality. This approach, however, encounters challenges such as the influence of foreign culture and a potential erosion of cultural self-confidence during the teaching process. To counter this, the course emphasizes ideological and political education to deepen students’ appreciation and understanding of their own culture. This paper details how the ideological and political development of the General Chemistry course is grounded in the principle of culture confidence. It actively integrates Chinese ideological and political elements while thoughtfully combining them with international perspectives throughout the teaching process. This integration not only enriches the course’s content, but also fosters an effective ideological and political education environment, leading to significant educational outcomes.
2024, 39(4): 238-243
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310055
Abstract:
Organic chemistry is a fundamental course for undergraduate students majoring in clinical disciplines at our university, playing a crucial “bridge” role in their subsequent professional courses. However, organic chemistry is known for its abstract theoretical concepts and numerous knowledge points, making it challenging for students to comprehend and master. In response to the teaching issues encountered in traditional classroom settings, this paper adopts the innovative O-PIRTAS flipped classroom model, integrating the characteristics of organic chemistry education. Taking the specific topic of carboxylic acids as an example, the classroom teaching is restructured with the aim of exploring the application of this model in organic chemistry courses and subsequently improving teaching effectiveness.
Organic chemistry is a fundamental course for undergraduate students majoring in clinical disciplines at our university, playing a crucial “bridge” role in their subsequent professional courses. However, organic chemistry is known for its abstract theoretical concepts and numerous knowledge points, making it challenging for students to comprehend and master. In response to the teaching issues encountered in traditional classroom settings, this paper adopts the innovative O-PIRTAS flipped classroom model, integrating the characteristics of organic chemistry education. Taking the specific topic of carboxylic acids as an example, the classroom teaching is restructured with the aim of exploring the application of this model in organic chemistry courses and subsequently improving teaching effectiveness.
2024, 39(4): 244-250
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309056
Abstract:
Course assessment plays a crucial role in improving teaching quality and evaluating the quality of talent development in higher education institutions. However, Hanjiang Normal University, a local institution, faces challenges such as a singular assessment approach, low student engagement, and insufficient innovation in its elective courses. This paper explores the reform of the assessment model for elective courses, taking the example of the surfactant chemistry course. By adopting a three-dimensional approach involving teacher evaluation, peer-to-peer assessment, and individual contribution, and with the core concept of scientific success, the paper introduces and implements the “TGI” assessment model (Teacher Evaluation, Group-Group Mutual Evaluation, and Individual Contribution Ratio). This model breaks away from traditional assessment methods, enhancing student engagement and initiative, stimulating creativity, activating innovative thinking, and fostering comprehensive student capabilities. The “TGI” assessment model holds significant implications for improving course teaching quality and serves as a valuable reference for the evaluation of other elective courses.
Course assessment plays a crucial role in improving teaching quality and evaluating the quality of talent development in higher education institutions. However, Hanjiang Normal University, a local institution, faces challenges such as a singular assessment approach, low student engagement, and insufficient innovation in its elective courses. This paper explores the reform of the assessment model for elective courses, taking the example of the surfactant chemistry course. By adopting a three-dimensional approach involving teacher evaluation, peer-to-peer assessment, and individual contribution, and with the core concept of scientific success, the paper introduces and implements the “TGI” assessment model (Teacher Evaluation, Group-Group Mutual Evaluation, and Individual Contribution Ratio). This model breaks away from traditional assessment methods, enhancing student engagement and initiative, stimulating creativity, activating innovative thinking, and fostering comprehensive student capabilities. The “TGI” assessment model holds significant implications for improving course teaching quality and serves as a valuable reference for the evaluation of other elective courses.
2024, 39(4): 251-254
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309103
Abstract:
Aligned with the philosophy of cultivating undergraduate talents with a “solid foundation, broad knowledge, high quality, strong abilities, and a focus on innovation”, and in line with the development goals of Shaanxi Normal University and the requirements of the “double first-class” initiative, this optional general education course, “Chemistry & Social Progress”, is designed to meet the diverse needs of students. The course aims to adapt to both the demands of socio-economic development and the individual developmental needs of students, fostering the training of excellent teachers and specialists. To address the challenge of students with varying disciplinary backgrounds and levels of chemistry knowledge attending the same classes, the teaching strategy employed in this course departs from using ready-made templates or textbooks. Instead, it focuses on “thematic lectures based on popular science”, utilizing a series of instructional designs to fully leverage the functionality of classroom teaching.
Aligned with the philosophy of cultivating undergraduate talents with a “solid foundation, broad knowledge, high quality, strong abilities, and a focus on innovation”, and in line with the development goals of Shaanxi Normal University and the requirements of the “double first-class” initiative, this optional general education course, “Chemistry & Social Progress”, is designed to meet the diverse needs of students. The course aims to adapt to both the demands of socio-economic development and the individual developmental needs of students, fostering the training of excellent teachers and specialists. To address the challenge of students with varying disciplinary backgrounds and levels of chemistry knowledge attending the same classes, the teaching strategy employed in this course departs from using ready-made templates or textbooks. Instead, it focuses on “thematic lectures based on popular science”, utilizing a series of instructional designs to fully leverage the functionality of classroom teaching.
2024, 39(4): 255-260
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401017
Abstract:
In order to comprehensively promote the integration of ideology and politics into the curriculum, it is essential to implement teaching reforms. This paper proposes several measures to advance the ideological and political construction in the analytical chemistry curriculum, based on the characteristics of the discipline and the objectives of the course. These measures include enhancing teachers’ capacity for ideological education, establishing a framework for integrating ideology and politics into the curriculum, exploring the ideological elements within the analytical chemistry course, and optimizing teaching evaluations. By integrating ideological education with professional knowledge, students can not only acquire theoretical knowledge and practical skills in analytical chemistry but also cultivate a patriotic spirit centered around core values such as reform, innovation, and scientific development. This approach aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of dialectical materialism, instill a rigorous and pragmatic scientific attitude, and promote a consensus on the significance of ideological and political education within the curriculum. Ultimately, these efforts seek to achieve a harmonious integration of teaching and moral education, facilitating the development of students’ character and values.
In order to comprehensively promote the integration of ideology and politics into the curriculum, it is essential to implement teaching reforms. This paper proposes several measures to advance the ideological and political construction in the analytical chemistry curriculum, based on the characteristics of the discipline and the objectives of the course. These measures include enhancing teachers’ capacity for ideological education, establishing a framework for integrating ideology and politics into the curriculum, exploring the ideological elements within the analytical chemistry course, and optimizing teaching evaluations. By integrating ideological education with professional knowledge, students can not only acquire theoretical knowledge and practical skills in analytical chemistry but also cultivate a patriotic spirit centered around core values such as reform, innovation, and scientific development. This approach aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of dialectical materialism, instill a rigorous and pragmatic scientific attitude, and promote a consensus on the significance of ideological and political education within the curriculum. Ultimately, these efforts seek to achieve a harmonious integration of teaching and moral education, facilitating the development of students’ character and values.
2024, 39(4): 261-267
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312102
Abstract:
Solubility of inorganic substances is one of the difficulties in teaching and learning elemental chemistry. This article selects representative examples and provides a fundamental understanding of the solubility of inorganic substances by means of analyzing, comparing, and summarizing its influencing factors. And thus a cognitive model is constructed to facilitate learners’ understanding. Based on the knowledge carrier of “the solubility of inorganic substances”, this paper explores the application of the “knowledge construction” learning mode in elemental chemistry teaching.
Solubility of inorganic substances is one of the difficulties in teaching and learning elemental chemistry. This article selects representative examples and provides a fundamental understanding of the solubility of inorganic substances by means of analyzing, comparing, and summarizing its influencing factors. And thus a cognitive model is constructed to facilitate learners’ understanding. Based on the knowledge carrier of “the solubility of inorganic substances”, this paper explores the application of the “knowledge construction” learning mode in elemental chemistry teaching.
2024, 39(4): 268-279
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310016
Abstract:
Name reactions are the cornerstone of organic chemistry and constitute a vital component of organic chemistry experiments in universities. This article provides a concise overview of organic name reactions, including those named after Chinese chemists. The focus is primarily on the current status of name reactions in university organic chemistry experiments, exploring their teaching characteristics, advantages, and future trends. This article serves as a reference for domestic colleagues engaged in experimental teaching research, as well as for expanding new methods and technologies in experiments. Furthermore, it aims to enhance students’ interest in learning and foster a sense of national pride.
Name reactions are the cornerstone of organic chemistry and constitute a vital component of organic chemistry experiments in universities. This article provides a concise overview of organic name reactions, including those named after Chinese chemists. The focus is primarily on the current status of name reactions in university organic chemistry experiments, exploring their teaching characteristics, advantages, and future trends. This article serves as a reference for domestic colleagues engaged in experimental teaching research, as well as for expanding new methods and technologies in experiments. Furthermore, it aims to enhance students’ interest in learning and foster a sense of national pride.
Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Additions of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons to Aldehydes and Ketones
2024, 39(4): 280-285
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309001
Abstract:
The addition reactions of organometallics such as organolithium reagents, Grignard reagent, organocopper reagents and organoaluminum reagents to aldehydes and ketones are crucial in organic chemistry, and represent one of most classic methods for C―C bond construction. However, such organometallics are limited in their wide applications due to their poor functional group compatibility, sensitivity to water and air and difficulties in storage. As a consequence, the development of new methods with stable, readily available unsaturated hydrocarbons instead of organometallics to participate in various transformations have attracted significant attention. In this article, we primarily focus on the methodology of using unsaturated hydrocarbons converting into catalytic loading of organocopper intermediates under copper-hydride catalysis, instead of traditional stoichiometric amount of organometallics, to implement the addition reactions to aldehydes and ketones. This approach effectively overcomes the limitations associated with traditional methodologies. The introduction of these reactions can enrich and expand the content of nucleophilic addition knowledge in basic teaching processes, broaden students’ perspectives and thinking, facilitate their understanding of the current developments in the field, and stimulate their interest.
The addition reactions of organometallics such as organolithium reagents, Grignard reagent, organocopper reagents and organoaluminum reagents to aldehydes and ketones are crucial in organic chemistry, and represent one of most classic methods for C―C bond construction. However, such organometallics are limited in their wide applications due to their poor functional group compatibility, sensitivity to water and air and difficulties in storage. As a consequence, the development of new methods with stable, readily available unsaturated hydrocarbons instead of organometallics to participate in various transformations have attracted significant attention. In this article, we primarily focus on the methodology of using unsaturated hydrocarbons converting into catalytic loading of organocopper intermediates under copper-hydride catalysis, instead of traditional stoichiometric amount of organometallics, to implement the addition reactions to aldehydes and ketones. This approach effectively overcomes the limitations associated with traditional methodologies. The introduction of these reactions can enrich and expand the content of nucleophilic addition knowledge in basic teaching processes, broaden students’ perspectives and thinking, facilitate their understanding of the current developments in the field, and stimulate their interest.
2024, 39(4): 286-295
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309094
Abstract:
Conductive hydrogels amalgamate characteristics of both biomedical materials and conductive materials, finding applications in medical rehabilitation, motion monitoring, and human-machine interaction among others. To enhance the innovative awareness and experimental skills of undergraduate students majoring in flexible electronics, this experiment designs a conductive hydrogel crosslinked by nanogel materials. By exploring the initiator concentration and cross-linking mechanisms during the polymerization of co-polymeric hydrogels, the impact of material structural components on the durability and sensing performance of hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices were elucidated. Through taking part in this novel experimental design, undergraduates majored in flexible electronics can acquire key points on polymer emulsion polymerization, hydrogel synthesis, stress-strain sensing property characterization, gaining a deeper understanding of the influence of cross-linking agent structural design on material functionality. Additionally, this experiment developed a hydrogel based flexible and wearable sensing system based on hydrogel flexible electronic sensors. By integrating a smart glove capable of controlling a small car’s movement and a hydrogel controller for computer game control, we tightly merge cutting-edge research with undergraduate experimental teaching tasks. This integration is beneficial in stimulating the research interest and innovative exploration spirit among undergraduates majoring in flexible electronics, materials, and electronic information.
Conductive hydrogels amalgamate characteristics of both biomedical materials and conductive materials, finding applications in medical rehabilitation, motion monitoring, and human-machine interaction among others. To enhance the innovative awareness and experimental skills of undergraduate students majoring in flexible electronics, this experiment designs a conductive hydrogel crosslinked by nanogel materials. By exploring the initiator concentration and cross-linking mechanisms during the polymerization of co-polymeric hydrogels, the impact of material structural components on the durability and sensing performance of hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices were elucidated. Through taking part in this novel experimental design, undergraduates majored in flexible electronics can acquire key points on polymer emulsion polymerization, hydrogel synthesis, stress-strain sensing property characterization, gaining a deeper understanding of the influence of cross-linking agent structural design on material functionality. Additionally, this experiment developed a hydrogel based flexible and wearable sensing system based on hydrogel flexible electronic sensors. By integrating a smart glove capable of controlling a small car’s movement and a hydrogel controller for computer game control, we tightly merge cutting-edge research with undergraduate experimental teaching tasks. This integration is beneficial in stimulating the research interest and innovative exploration spirit among undergraduates majoring in flexible electronics, materials, and electronic information.
2024, 39(4): 296-304
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310008
Abstract:
This study presents a comprehensive chemical experiment designed around environmental issues. The C/Bi/Bi2MoO6 composites were prepared and electropolarized by applying direct current voltage. Characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, revealed that the electropolarization process does not alter the morphology and compositional structure of the materials, and effectively enhances the photocatalytic degradation activity of the composites. This experiment facilitates interdisciplinary integration, encompassing chemistry, environment, energy and materials science, offering strong operability and eco-friendliness. Through experimental improvement and instrumental characterization, the study aims to stimulate students’ enthusiasm for scientific research and cultivate innovative thinking and practical abilities.
This study presents a comprehensive chemical experiment designed around environmental issues. The C/Bi/Bi2MoO6 composites were prepared and electropolarized by applying direct current voltage. Characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, revealed that the electropolarization process does not alter the morphology and compositional structure of the materials, and effectively enhances the photocatalytic degradation activity of the composites. This experiment facilitates interdisciplinary integration, encompassing chemistry, environment, energy and materials science, offering strong operability and eco-friendliness. Through experimental improvement and instrumental characterization, the study aims to stimulate students’ enthusiasm for scientific research and cultivate innovative thinking and practical abilities.
2024, 39(4): 305-313
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309101
Abstract:
Pinacol rearrangement is an important topic in undergraduate organic chemistry courses, but students often struggle to fully understand and grasp the rearrangement mechanism, regioselectivity and group migration aptitude. In order to enhance students’ comprehension of pinacol rearrangement reactions, we design an experiment that utilizes computational chemistry methods to address organic chemistry problems. Through intuitive visuals and specific data, the experiment clearly demonstrates that substrates capable of forming stable carbocation intermediates primarily undergo stepwise rearrangement mechanisms, while those unable to form stable intermediates undergo concerted rearrangement mechanisms. The computational results validate that the regioselectivity of the reaction depends on the protonation site of the neighboring diol hydroxyl group and the group migration ability, and it unequivocally establishes the order of group migration ability as hydrogen > aromatic > alkyl. Furthermore, a rational explanation for this order is provided from a microscopic perspective.
Pinacol rearrangement is an important topic in undergraduate organic chemistry courses, but students often struggle to fully understand and grasp the rearrangement mechanism, regioselectivity and group migration aptitude. In order to enhance students’ comprehension of pinacol rearrangement reactions, we design an experiment that utilizes computational chemistry methods to address organic chemistry problems. Through intuitive visuals and specific data, the experiment clearly demonstrates that substrates capable of forming stable carbocation intermediates primarily undergo stepwise rearrangement mechanisms, while those unable to form stable intermediates undergo concerted rearrangement mechanisms. The computational results validate that the regioselectivity of the reaction depends on the protonation site of the neighboring diol hydroxyl group and the group migration ability, and it unequivocally establishes the order of group migration ability as hydrogen > aromatic > alkyl. Furthermore, a rational explanation for this order is provided from a microscopic perspective.
2024, 39(4): 314-321
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310063
Abstract:
Scientific instruments play a crucial role in both scientific research and experimental teaching, driving technological innovation. This paper presents an optimized experiment on the extraction, isolation and identification of artemisinin, designed as a seamless undergraduate-to-master’s level experimental project. The process incorporates the use of modern instrument principles to extract active compounds from Artemisia annua, measure the content of artemisinin, purify it, and analyze its structure. It provides students with hands-on experience in advanced experimental techniques related to natural products, fosters their innovation and scientific research ability.
Scientific instruments play a crucial role in both scientific research and experimental teaching, driving technological innovation. This paper presents an optimized experiment on the extraction, isolation and identification of artemisinin, designed as a seamless undergraduate-to-master’s level experimental project. The process incorporates the use of modern instrument principles to extract active compounds from Artemisia annua, measure the content of artemisinin, purify it, and analyze its structure. It provides students with hands-on experience in advanced experimental techniques related to natural products, fosters their innovation and scientific research ability.
2024, 39(4): 322-328
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202309095
Abstract:
Cinnamic acid is an important intermediate in organic synthesis and a valuable raw material in the fine chemicals industry, with a wide range of applications across various fields. The preparation of cinnamic acid is a significant component in undergraduate organic chemistry experiments. Traditionally, it is achieved through the classic Perkin reaction, using benzaldehyde and acetic anhydride as starting materials and employing potassium acetate/potassium carbonate as catalysts. This article proposes a novel approach, namely the Aldol condensation-hydrolysis method, for the synthesis of trans-cinnamic acid. In this method, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and potassium tert-butoxide are used as reactants, and the reaction proceeds through a “one-pot” process involving reflux, distillation, alkali hydrolysis, distillation again, and acidification, ultimately yielding pure trans-cinnamic acid. This method offers numerous advantages, including the use of inexpensive raw materials and reagents, low quantities required, simple equipment setup, low energy consumption, easy operation, high yield, short reaction time, and minimal environmental pollution. Therefore, it is highly recommended for undergraduate experimental teaching. Furthermore, this method not only helps students acquire a comprehensive understanding of fundamental theoretical knowledge and experimental skills but also encourages them to think innovatively in terms of convenient and efficient synthesis of organic compounds. Additionally, it fosters awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, contributing to the development of well-rounded individuals.
Cinnamic acid is an important intermediate in organic synthesis and a valuable raw material in the fine chemicals industry, with a wide range of applications across various fields. The preparation of cinnamic acid is a significant component in undergraduate organic chemistry experiments. Traditionally, it is achieved through the classic Perkin reaction, using benzaldehyde and acetic anhydride as starting materials and employing potassium acetate/potassium carbonate as catalysts. This article proposes a novel approach, namely the Aldol condensation-hydrolysis method, for the synthesis of trans-cinnamic acid. In this method, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and potassium tert-butoxide are used as reactants, and the reaction proceeds through a “one-pot” process involving reflux, distillation, alkali hydrolysis, distillation again, and acidification, ultimately yielding pure trans-cinnamic acid. This method offers numerous advantages, including the use of inexpensive raw materials and reagents, low quantities required, simple equipment setup, low energy consumption, easy operation, high yield, short reaction time, and minimal environmental pollution. Therefore, it is highly recommended for undergraduate experimental teaching. Furthermore, this method not only helps students acquire a comprehensive understanding of fundamental theoretical knowledge and experimental skills but also encourages them to think innovatively in terms of convenient and efficient synthesis of organic compounds. Additionally, it fosters awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, contributing to the development of well-rounded individuals.
2024, 39(4): 329-337
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310005
Abstract:
This article presents a comprehensive chemistry experiment that involves the synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical characterization of ferrocenylphenyl derivatives. By integrating multiple characterization methods and test approaches, this experiment helps students learn fundamental college chemistry theory, basic laboratory skills, and academic research in the field of organometallics. UV-Visible spectroscopic and electrochemical methods were utilized to study the target compounds and compare the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects on the molecular spectrum via a quantitative computation methodology. Furthermore, it stimulates the creation of green chemistry values and sustainable development mindfulness while developing students’ scientific research and comprehensive experimental skills.
This article presents a comprehensive chemistry experiment that involves the synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical characterization of ferrocenylphenyl derivatives. By integrating multiple characterization methods and test approaches, this experiment helps students learn fundamental college chemistry theory, basic laboratory skills, and academic research in the field of organometallics. UV-Visible spectroscopic and electrochemical methods were utilized to study the target compounds and compare the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effects on the molecular spectrum via a quantitative computation methodology. Furthermore, it stimulates the creation of green chemistry values and sustainable development mindfulness while developing students’ scientific research and comprehensive experimental skills.
2024, 39(4): 338-342
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310029
Abstract:
This article presents a series of molecular dynamics experiments employing the SPC/E water model, which have been incorporated into the author’s undergraduate computational materials science course. The SPC/E water model is renowned for its simplicity, efficiency, and accessibility, particularly for undergraduate students. These experiments encompass the validation of molecular dynamics algorithms, as well as the computation of radial distribution functions, specific heat capacity, and transport properties. These experimental components establish a direct link with the theoretical contents covered in the course, such as the fundamental principles of molecular dynamics, and the computation of material structure, thermodynamic properties, and dynamical properties. This design facilitates students’ comprehension of the fundamental principles of molecular dynamics. Furthermore, these experiments utilize the same model system and open-source software LAMMPS for all simulations, thereby minimizing computational resource requirements. Consequently, the teaching of molecular dynamics experiments in the context of computational chemistry and computational materials science courses is both uncomplicated and efficient.
This article presents a series of molecular dynamics experiments employing the SPC/E water model, which have been incorporated into the author’s undergraduate computational materials science course. The SPC/E water model is renowned for its simplicity, efficiency, and accessibility, particularly for undergraduate students. These experiments encompass the validation of molecular dynamics algorithms, as well as the computation of radial distribution functions, specific heat capacity, and transport properties. These experimental components establish a direct link with the theoretical contents covered in the course, such as the fundamental principles of molecular dynamics, and the computation of material structure, thermodynamic properties, and dynamical properties. This design facilitates students’ comprehension of the fundamental principles of molecular dynamics. Furthermore, these experiments utilize the same model system and open-source software LAMMPS for all simulations, thereby minimizing computational resource requirements. Consequently, the teaching of molecular dynamics experiments in the context of computational chemistry and computational materials science courses is both uncomplicated and efficient.
2024, 39(4): 343-350
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310076
Abstract:
Anisaldehyde, also known as p-anisaldehyde, is widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and perfume formulation. However, the drawbacks of traditional methods for synthesizing anisaldehyde make it challenging to adapt them for undergraduate laboratory teaching. This experiment presents a novel approach to preparing anisaldehyde by mild and metal-free conditions, utilizing visible light-induced oxidation of p-anisyl alcohol. This not only offers a new method for alcohol oxidation and aldehyde preparation but also expands students’ knowledge in the fields of photochemistry and radical chemistry, which provides a support for cultivating new engineering talents with scientific research thinking and innovation capacity.
Anisaldehyde, also known as p-anisaldehyde, is widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and perfume formulation. However, the drawbacks of traditional methods for synthesizing anisaldehyde make it challenging to adapt them for undergraduate laboratory teaching. This experiment presents a novel approach to preparing anisaldehyde by mild and metal-free conditions, utilizing visible light-induced oxidation of p-anisyl alcohol. This not only offers a new method for alcohol oxidation and aldehyde preparation but also expands students’ knowledge in the fields of photochemistry and radical chemistry, which provides a support for cultivating new engineering talents with scientific research thinking and innovation capacity.
2024, 39(4): 351-360
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310010
Abstract:
This paper presents a chemical biology experiment designed to exploit the principle of covalent binding between fluorescein isothiocyanate and protein amines. This process is aimed at achieving non-site-specific fluorescent labeling of both extracellular proteins, exemplified by bovine serum albumin, and intracellular proteins, using Escherichia coli total protein as a case study. Gel filtration chromatography is employed as a subsequent purification method, with comprehensive characterization of the labeling results performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. This experiment encompasses a range of foundational and cutting-edge laboratory skills. It is closely aligned with the commonly employed antibody fluorescence labeling techniques in scientific research, presenting a moderate level of complexity. Participation in this experiment allows students to gain a profound understanding of fundamental concepts in chemical biology, enhance their comprehensive practical skills, broaden their research perspectives and nurture scientific thinking.
This paper presents a chemical biology experiment designed to exploit the principle of covalent binding between fluorescein isothiocyanate and protein amines. This process is aimed at achieving non-site-specific fluorescent labeling of both extracellular proteins, exemplified by bovine serum albumin, and intracellular proteins, using Escherichia coli total protein as a case study. Gel filtration chromatography is employed as a subsequent purification method, with comprehensive characterization of the labeling results performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. This experiment encompasses a range of foundational and cutting-edge laboratory skills. It is closely aligned with the commonly employed antibody fluorescence labeling techniques in scientific research, presenting a moderate level of complexity. Participation in this experiment allows students to gain a profound understanding of fundamental concepts in chemical biology, enhance their comprehensive practical skills, broaden their research perspectives and nurture scientific thinking.
2024, 39(4): 361-366
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310041
Abstract:
This paper, taking the preparation and composition analysis of tetraammine copper(II) as an example, explores teaching reforms by incorporating independent design experiments to enhance students’ autonomous learning and cultivate their experimental design thinking. Independent design experiments require students to independently consult literature, design experimental plans, analyze the feasibility of the plans, and engage in comprehensive discussions and analyses after experimental exploration. This approach further nurtures students’ abilities for independent thinking and synthesis, fostering skills in literature review and experimental plan writing, thereby laying a solid foundation for future scientific research.
This paper, taking the preparation and composition analysis of tetraammine copper(II) as an example, explores teaching reforms by incorporating independent design experiments to enhance students’ autonomous learning and cultivate their experimental design thinking. Independent design experiments require students to independently consult literature, design experimental plans, analyze the feasibility of the plans, and engage in comprehensive discussions and analyses after experimental exploration. This approach further nurtures students’ abilities for independent thinking and synthesis, fostering skills in literature review and experimental plan writing, thereby laying a solid foundation for future scientific research.
2024, 39(4): 367-372
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401059
Abstract:
A stability study was conducted on the purple cabbage pigment, using purple cabbage as the raw material. The study involved a series of analyses including pH, metal ions, and various food additives, aiming to explore the optimal storage and usage conditions for the pigment. The results showed that the purple cabbage pigment is sensitive to pH, with a decrease in retention rate as pH increases. Different metal ions also have an impact on the stability of the pigment, with Fe3+ destroying its structure and reducing stability, resulting in a retention rate of only 8.68%. On the other hand, Ca2+ enhances the stability of the pigment. The addition of sucrose as an additive also improves stability, with a retention rate of 119.48% achieved using a 20 g∙L−1 sucrose aqueous solution. However, the presence of salt, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate decreases the stability of the pigment.
A stability study was conducted on the purple cabbage pigment, using purple cabbage as the raw material. The study involved a series of analyses including pH, metal ions, and various food additives, aiming to explore the optimal storage and usage conditions for the pigment. The results showed that the purple cabbage pigment is sensitive to pH, with a decrease in retention rate as pH increases. Different metal ions also have an impact on the stability of the pigment, with Fe3+ destroying its structure and reducing stability, resulting in a retention rate of only 8.68%. On the other hand, Ca2+ enhances the stability of the pigment. The addition of sucrose as an additive also improves stability, with a retention rate of 119.48% achieved using a 20 g∙L−1 sucrose aqueous solution. However, the presence of salt, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate decreases the stability of the pigment.
2024, 39(4): 373-381
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202312023
Abstract:
Colloidal gold, a marker widely embraced in commercial point-of-care testing (POCT) for immunochromatographic assays, is distinguished by its vivid color characteristics. It is environmentally benign, morphologically stable, and required no further visual modifications. This study details a straightforward process for fabricating test strips that obviate the need for sophisticated, costly equipment. Colloidal gold, synthesized by reducing the chloroauric acid with trisodium citrate, was conjugated to the nucleocapsid N protein antibody of SARS-CoV-2. With the test strip’s visible area, a competitive antibody-antigen-antibody sandwich complex forms, with the red test line serving as the basis for qualitative analysis of the virus. This detection approach is visually discernible, user-friendly, rapid (within 10 min), sensitive (detection limit of 0.5 ng∙mL−1) and cost-effective (each strip costing no more than 5 yuan). The experimental process offers students an opportunity to engage with the specific biochemical reactions triggered by antigen-antibody interactions, fostering a deep interest in exploring rapid diagnostic technologies that integrate chemistry, biology, life sciences and nanomaterials.
Colloidal gold, a marker widely embraced in commercial point-of-care testing (POCT) for immunochromatographic assays, is distinguished by its vivid color characteristics. It is environmentally benign, morphologically stable, and required no further visual modifications. This study details a straightforward process for fabricating test strips that obviate the need for sophisticated, costly equipment. Colloidal gold, synthesized by reducing the chloroauric acid with trisodium citrate, was conjugated to the nucleocapsid N protein antibody of SARS-CoV-2. With the test strip’s visible area, a competitive antibody-antigen-antibody sandwich complex forms, with the red test line serving as the basis for qualitative analysis of the virus. This detection approach is visually discernible, user-friendly, rapid (within 10 min), sensitive (detection limit of 0.5 ng∙mL−1) and cost-effective (each strip costing no more than 5 yuan). The experimental process offers students an opportunity to engage with the specific biochemical reactions triggered by antigen-antibody interactions, fostering a deep interest in exploring rapid diagnostic technologies that integrate chemistry, biology, life sciences and nanomaterials.
2024, 39(4): 382-386
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310043
Abstract:
In complexometric titration, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), commonly referred to as Y, is the titrant of choice. This system often encompasses various side reactions. This paper derives a formula at the stoichiometric point, based on the side reaction coefficient (α), for calculating the concentration of NY or ML coordination compounds with a coordination ratio of 1 : 1, where NY represents the complex of ligand Y with coexisting metal ions (Nn+), and ML denotes the complex of the target metal ions (Mn+) with other ligands (L). The formulation significantly streamlines the computation of these complex concentrations.
In complexometric titration, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), commonly referred to as Y, is the titrant of choice. This system often encompasses various side reactions. This paper derives a formula at the stoichiometric point, based on the side reaction coefficient (α), for calculating the concentration of NY or ML coordination compounds with a coordination ratio of 1 : 1, where NY represents the complex of ligand Y with coexisting metal ions (Nn+), and ML denotes the complex of the target metal ions (Mn+) with other ligands (L). The formulation significantly streamlines the computation of these complex concentrations.
2024, 39(4): 387-394
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310021
Abstract:
Acid-base equilibrium is a crucial topic in chemical education. However, current teaching practices only focus on describing acid-base dissociation and pH buffering in homogeneous solutions, without considering the influence of gas-phase components on acid-base dissociation and pH buffering in multiphase systems. To address this issue, this paper takes a typical aerosol multiphase system as an example and examines the impact of component volatility and hygroscopicity on the acid-base equilibrium in multiphase systems through the analysis of multiphase buffering theory and the effective dissociation constant pKa*. By doing so, it aims to stimulate students’ thinking and provide a new paradigm for teaching acid-base equilibrium in multiphase systems.
Acid-base equilibrium is a crucial topic in chemical education. However, current teaching practices only focus on describing acid-base dissociation and pH buffering in homogeneous solutions, without considering the influence of gas-phase components on acid-base dissociation and pH buffering in multiphase systems. To address this issue, this paper takes a typical aerosol multiphase system as an example and examines the impact of component volatility and hygroscopicity on the acid-base equilibrium in multiphase systems through the analysis of multiphase buffering theory and the effective dissociation constant pKa*. By doing so, it aims to stimulate students’ thinking and provide a new paradigm for teaching acid-base equilibrium in multiphase systems.
2024, 39(4): 395-400
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202310047
Abstract:
Two protocols, the transient method and the mathematical method, are introduced to deduce all the rate constants in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction model based on the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. The transient method focuses on analyzing the period before reaching a steady state, while the mathematical method aims to establish a relationship between the concentration of the enzyme and the substrate. By calculating all the rate constants, one can enhance their understanding and grasp of the kinetics of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Two protocols, the transient method and the mathematical method, are introduced to deduce all the rate constants in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction model based on the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. The transient method focuses on analyzing the period before reaching a steady state, while the mathematical method aims to establish a relationship between the concentration of the enzyme and the substrate. By calculating all the rate constants, one can enhance their understanding and grasp of the kinetics of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
