2024 Volume 39 Issue 11
2024, 39(11): 1-8
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402013
Abstract:
To address the increasing demand for skilled talents and to foster integration into the development of the “Four New” areas, a blended teaching model that harmoniously combines theoretical knowledge with practical application to promote innovation has been established, thereby enhancing the synergy between teaching and mentoring. Specifically designed to suit the unique needs of the inorganic chemistry curriculum, this method intricately weaves education in innovation and entrepreneurship with conventional academic instruction through a variety of strategies. These strategies encompass the redesign of course content, the creation of a comprehensive resource repository, the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies characterized by “one interconnectivity, three integrations, and two reflections”, the implementation of a holistic “trinity” assessment and evaluation system, and the initiation of pioneering innovative practice activities. This pedagogical model empowers students to not only grasp professional knowledge but also significantly enhances their scientific knowledge, innovative thinking, and research capabilities, making a substantial contribution to the “Four New” construction initiative.
To address the increasing demand for skilled talents and to foster integration into the development of the “Four New” areas, a blended teaching model that harmoniously combines theoretical knowledge with practical application to promote innovation has been established, thereby enhancing the synergy between teaching and mentoring. Specifically designed to suit the unique needs of the inorganic chemistry curriculum, this method intricately weaves education in innovation and entrepreneurship with conventional academic instruction through a variety of strategies. These strategies encompass the redesign of course content, the creation of a comprehensive resource repository, the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies characterized by “one interconnectivity, three integrations, and two reflections”, the implementation of a holistic “trinity” assessment and evaluation system, and the initiation of pioneering innovative practice activities. This pedagogical model empowers students to not only grasp professional knowledge but also significantly enhances their scientific knowledge, innovative thinking, and research capabilities, making a substantial contribution to the “Four New” construction initiative.
2024, 39(11): 9-14
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402003
Abstract:
Ideological and political education is a crucial component in talent development, and specialized courses serve as important platforms for implementing this education. This paper focuses on the unique characteristics of the physical chemistry course in traditional Chinese medicine universities and uses the phase diagram of water in the phase equilibrium chapter as an example to explain the design and implementation of ideological and political education in teaching. It explores approaches and methods to effectively integrate ideological and political elements with professional knowledge, aiming to provide valuable insights for incorporating ideological and political education into the teaching of physical chemistry.
Ideological and political education is a crucial component in talent development, and specialized courses serve as important platforms for implementing this education. This paper focuses on the unique characteristics of the physical chemistry course in traditional Chinese medicine universities and uses the phase diagram of water in the phase equilibrium chapter as an example to explain the design and implementation of ideological and political education in teaching. It explores approaches and methods to effectively integrate ideological and political elements with professional knowledge, aiming to provide valuable insights for incorporating ideological and political education into the teaching of physical chemistry.
2024, 39(11): 15-19
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402054
Abstract:
Physical chemistry is an important yet difficult course for students to study in chemistry, chemical engineering and relevant major. As more and more young teachers are beginning to teach physical chemistry course in university. It is an important and urgent issue for them to promote their teaching level. In this paper, I present my own experience and advice on teaching physical chemistry such as paying great attention to exercises and experiments and linking theory with practice, in order to provide some useful suggestions for young teachers.
Physical chemistry is an important yet difficult course for students to study in chemistry, chemical engineering and relevant major. As more and more young teachers are beginning to teach physical chemistry course in university. It is an important and urgent issue for them to promote their teaching level. In this paper, I present my own experience and advice on teaching physical chemistry such as paying great attention to exercises and experiments and linking theory with practice, in order to provide some useful suggestions for young teachers.
2024, 39(11): 20-27
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402023
Abstract:
This paper explores the ideological and political elements, including scientific spirit, scientific ethics, and patriotic sentiment, present in interface physical chemistry from three dimensions of knowledge system, application expansion, and scientists’ contributions. Using the topic of “Additional Pressure on Curved Surface” as a practical example, teaching practices are implemented by integrating ideological and political elements throughout different stages of the course, employing a variety of blended methods such as online and offline activities, pre-class, in-class, and post-class assignments, and involving both teachers and students. This model provides a reference for integrating ideological and political education into science and engineering courses, particularly in the field of physical chemistry.
This paper explores the ideological and political elements, including scientific spirit, scientific ethics, and patriotic sentiment, present in interface physical chemistry from three dimensions of knowledge system, application expansion, and scientists’ contributions. Using the topic of “Additional Pressure on Curved Surface” as a practical example, teaching practices are implemented by integrating ideological and political elements throughout different stages of the course, employing a variety of blended methods such as online and offline activities, pre-class, in-class, and post-class assignments, and involving both teachers and students. This model provides a reference for integrating ideological and political education into science and engineering courses, particularly in the field of physical chemistry.
2024, 39(11): 28-37
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402019
Abstract:
Addressing the current challenges in physical chemistry experimental teaching, we have developed a meticulous eight-component teaching framework guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept. This framework breaks down the traditional three-step experimental teaching model of “pre-course preparation, classroom experiment, and post-course report” into eight distinct teaching segments, namely “course introduction, pre-course preparation, classroom flipping, course experiment, lab report, post-course enhancement, performance evaluation, and course discussion”. Through this segmentation, we have established an online-offline blended teaching system of “one concept + eight links” for physical chemistry experiments. The aim of this system is to drive effective teaching and learning by integrating knowledge dissemination, skill development, and critical thinking into each segment, fostering students’ independent thinking and autonomous learning abilities, enhancing their comprehensive innovative skills, and providing a reference for similar universities’ experimental teaching reforms.
Addressing the current challenges in physical chemistry experimental teaching, we have developed a meticulous eight-component teaching framework guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept. This framework breaks down the traditional three-step experimental teaching model of “pre-course preparation, classroom experiment, and post-course report” into eight distinct teaching segments, namely “course introduction, pre-course preparation, classroom flipping, course experiment, lab report, post-course enhancement, performance evaluation, and course discussion”. Through this segmentation, we have established an online-offline blended teaching system of “one concept + eight links” for physical chemistry experiments. The aim of this system is to drive effective teaching and learning by integrating knowledge dissemination, skill development, and critical thinking into each segment, fostering students’ independent thinking and autonomous learning abilities, enhancing their comprehensive innovative skills, and providing a reference for similar universities’ experimental teaching reforms.
2024, 39(11): 38-43
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402066
Abstract:
The cultivation of innovative talents is the eternal theme of higher education. This article introduces our efforts in building the education systems to cultivate innovative chemical talents by strengthening the functions of academic research and promoting the integration of science and education. Specifically, we integrate academic research into the undergraduate training process by optimizing the curriculum structure, constructing practice system for scientific research and building a strong mentor team for the undergraduates. With these reforms, we hope to enhance the students’ critical thinking and practical innovation ability and cultivate outstanding chemistry talents.
The cultivation of innovative talents is the eternal theme of higher education. This article introduces our efforts in building the education systems to cultivate innovative chemical talents by strengthening the functions of academic research and promoting the integration of science and education. Specifically, we integrate academic research into the undergraduate training process by optimizing the curriculum structure, constructing practice system for scientific research and building a strong mentor team for the undergraduates. With these reforms, we hope to enhance the students’ critical thinking and practical innovation ability and cultivate outstanding chemistry talents.
2024, 39(11): 44-51
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402059
Abstract:
Chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as abstract, making it challenging to integrate ideological cultivation into the curriculum. In this paper, we present our practice of seamlessly integrating ideological elements into the teaching of “chemical reaction heat” and share our experiences in achieving the holistic development of students’ knowledge, skills, and qualities.
Chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as abstract, making it challenging to integrate ideological cultivation into the curriculum. In this paper, we present our practice of seamlessly integrating ideological elements into the teaching of “chemical reaction heat” and share our experiences in achieving the holistic development of students’ knowledge, skills, and qualities.
2024, 39(11): 52-56
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402015
Abstract:
In the context of the new era, how to cultivate the college students’ employability and enhance their core competitiveness in employment is a major issue that urgently needs to be addressed in university employment work. This paper analyzes the current situation of ability cultivation and employment for undergraduate students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities. Combining practical experience, it explores two aspects: ideological guidance and ability cultivation. It investigates the concepts of industry-education integration (I), engineering education certification (E), science-education integration (S), and the integration of course ideology and morality (M). This study explores the "IESM" talent training system aimed at enhancing the core competitiveness of employment for students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities, providing a reference for the talent training system in this field.
In the context of the new era, how to cultivate the college students’ employability and enhance their core competitiveness in employment is a major issue that urgently needs to be addressed in university employment work. This paper analyzes the current situation of ability cultivation and employment for undergraduate students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities. Combining practical experience, it explores two aspects: ideological guidance and ability cultivation. It investigates the concepts of industry-education integration (I), engineering education certification (E), science-education integration (S), and the integration of course ideology and morality (M). This study explores the "IESM" talent training system aimed at enhancing the core competitiveness of employment for students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities, providing a reference for the talent training system in this field.
2024, 39(11): 57-64
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403095
Abstract:
Focusing on the reform of analytical chemistry theory and laboratory teaching, this study integrated interdisciplinary knowledge from chemistry and related disciplines, and utilized the CiteSpace tool to conduct an in-depth analysis of the literatures on analytical chemistry teaching reform in China. Through visual analysis, the key reform hotspots in experimental teaching, such as the integration of flipped classrooms, Internet plus, MOOCs, and other modern educational technologies, were identified. The cutting-edge teaching trends such as the integration of curriculum ideology and politics, informatization of teaching, and new engineering concepts were also explored, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the reform of analytical chemistry teaching.
Focusing on the reform of analytical chemistry theory and laboratory teaching, this study integrated interdisciplinary knowledge from chemistry and related disciplines, and utilized the CiteSpace tool to conduct an in-depth analysis of the literatures on analytical chemistry teaching reform in China. Through visual analysis, the key reform hotspots in experimental teaching, such as the integration of flipped classrooms, Internet plus, MOOCs, and other modern educational technologies, were identified. The cutting-edge teaching trends such as the integration of curriculum ideology and politics, informatization of teaching, and new engineering concepts were also explored, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the reform of analytical chemistry teaching.
2024, 39(11): 65-71
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403072
Abstract:
This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence technology into the construction of chemistry courses, highlighting its practical applications in chemical research. It outlines the teaching objectives, curriculum design, and syllabus for AI-enhanced chemistry courses, along with implementation strategies and case studies. Additionally, the paper introduces the development of an AI+chemical engineering virtual simulation platform. The establishment of these courses aims to significantly enhance chemical education and research in China.
This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence technology into the construction of chemistry courses, highlighting its practical applications in chemical research. It outlines the teaching objectives, curriculum design, and syllabus for AI-enhanced chemistry courses, along with implementation strategies and case studies. Additionally, the paper introduces the development of an AI+chemical engineering virtual simulation platform. The establishment of these courses aims to significantly enhance chemical education and research in China.
2024, 39(11): 72-78
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403105
Abstract:
Science and education cooperation is an important direction of teaching reform and development, which is beneficial for cultivating talents combined with innovative spirit and practical ability. Organic chemistry is a basic course of pharmacy-related majors that emphasizes both theory and practice in Chinese medicine colleges. With the rapid development of theoretical knowledge and experimental technology of organic chemistry, it is imperative to introduce the concept of science and education collaboration into the teaching of this course. Taking the teaching of nucleophilic substitution mechanism SN2/SN1 of alkyl halides as an example, the teaching process is redesigned to integrate professional quality and scientific research frontier. The purpose is to improve the quality of classroom teaching, enhance students’ professional identity, as well as cultivate scientific spirit and patriotism.
Science and education cooperation is an important direction of teaching reform and development, which is beneficial for cultivating talents combined with innovative spirit and practical ability. Organic chemistry is a basic course of pharmacy-related majors that emphasizes both theory and practice in Chinese medicine colleges. With the rapid development of theoretical knowledge and experimental technology of organic chemistry, it is imperative to introduce the concept of science and education collaboration into the teaching of this course. Taking the teaching of nucleophilic substitution mechanism SN2/SN1 of alkyl halides as an example, the teaching process is redesigned to integrate professional quality and scientific research frontier. The purpose is to improve the quality of classroom teaching, enhance students’ professional identity, as well as cultivate scientific spirit and patriotism.
2024, 39(11): 79-86
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403048
Abstract:
To advance the reform and innovation of physical chemistry and experimental teaching methods, this study explores the application of reverse teaching practices, focusing on chemical reaction kinetics. Utilizing the Understanding by Design (UbD) framework, the course design incorporates pre-setting learning objectives, establishing an evaluation system, and creating structured teaching segments to achieve efficient instruction. This reverse teaching practice not only enhances students’ self-directed learning and abilities in political thought, inquiry, and innovation but also aids in the construction of their knowledge systems. Additionally, it facilitates the transfer of knowledge, skills, principles, and attitudes, offering a novel approach to talent cultivation in higher education.
To advance the reform and innovation of physical chemistry and experimental teaching methods, this study explores the application of reverse teaching practices, focusing on chemical reaction kinetics. Utilizing the Understanding by Design (UbD) framework, the course design incorporates pre-setting learning objectives, establishing an evaluation system, and creating structured teaching segments to achieve efficient instruction. This reverse teaching practice not only enhances students’ self-directed learning and abilities in political thought, inquiry, and innovation but also aids in the construction of their knowledge systems. Additionally, it facilitates the transfer of knowledge, skills, principles, and attitudes, offering a novel approach to talent cultivation in higher education.
2024, 39(11): 87-95
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403001
Abstract:
Guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept, student-centered teaching in the instrumental analysis course integrates ideological and political education into teaching practice, thereby returning the ideological and political education of the course to its original source. Taking the introduction chapter as an example, ideological and political education is integrated into the pre-class, in-class, and post-class teaching stages, closely combining teaching and learning, as well as in-class and out-of-class activities. The scientific spirit and scientific thinking are comprehensively implemented throughout the entire teaching process, making students the main body of ideological and political learning and practice in the curriculum, and constructing a learning and ideological and political closed loop. Based on the consistency between the OBE concept and the goal of ideological and political education, we aim to achieve the teaching goal of integrating knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and value shaping, thus improving the teaching effectiveness and quality of the curriculum.
Guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept, student-centered teaching in the instrumental analysis course integrates ideological and political education into teaching practice, thereby returning the ideological and political education of the course to its original source. Taking the introduction chapter as an example, ideological and political education is integrated into the pre-class, in-class, and post-class teaching stages, closely combining teaching and learning, as well as in-class and out-of-class activities. The scientific spirit and scientific thinking are comprehensively implemented throughout the entire teaching process, making students the main body of ideological and political learning and practice in the curriculum, and constructing a learning and ideological and political closed loop. Based on the consistency between the OBE concept and the goal of ideological and political education, we aim to achieve the teaching goal of integrating knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and value shaping, thus improving the teaching effectiveness and quality of the curriculum.
2024, 39(11): 96-107
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403006
Abstract:
The teaching content of Carbon Group Elements has been reconstructed based on the principles of integrating ‘structure-property-application-preparation’ and the organic integration of ‘professionalism-competence-quality'. This has been achieved by perfecting the teaching content, incorporating the frontiers of the discipline, restoring the history of chemistry, integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum, setting open-ended reflection questions, and introducing online teaching. The reconstructed course embodies “high level, innovation and challenge”, realizing the comprehensive educative function of the Inorganic Chemistry course.
The teaching content of Carbon Group Elements has been reconstructed based on the principles of integrating ‘structure-property-application-preparation’ and the organic integration of ‘professionalism-competence-quality'. This has been achieved by perfecting the teaching content, incorporating the frontiers of the discipline, restoring the history of chemistry, integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum, setting open-ended reflection questions, and introducing online teaching. The reconstructed course embodies “high level, innovation and challenge”, realizing the comprehensive educative function of the Inorganic Chemistry course.
2024, 39(11): 108-116
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403030
Abstract:
Chemical industry serves as both a foundational and pillar sector of the national economy, with chemical process development and design playing a crucial role in chemical production. This process is essential for restructuring industries, optimizing industrial layouts, enhancing independent innovation capabilities, and advancing circular economy. This paper proposes an innovative teaching model based on “Just-in-Time” approach, focusing on dynamically and precisely aligning with industrial needs. The green catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaric acid is presented as a case study to reform the teaching of “Chemical Process Development and Design” course. Additionally, a dynamic adjustment mechanism has been developed to align university chemical engineering curricula more closely with industry demands, aiming to provide references for the school-enterprise collaborative education.
Chemical industry serves as both a foundational and pillar sector of the national economy, with chemical process development and design playing a crucial role in chemical production. This process is essential for restructuring industries, optimizing industrial layouts, enhancing independent innovation capabilities, and advancing circular economy. This paper proposes an innovative teaching model based on “Just-in-Time” approach, focusing on dynamically and precisely aligning with industrial needs. The green catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaric acid is presented as a case study to reform the teaching of “Chemical Process Development and Design” course. Additionally, a dynamic adjustment mechanism has been developed to align university chemical engineering curricula more closely with industry demands, aiming to provide references for the school-enterprise collaborative education.
2024, 39(11): 117-130
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403065
Abstract:
The top-notch teaching content requires the integration of “knowledge, ability, and quality”. As the main chapter of “Inorganic Chemistry”, the teaching content of “Fundamentals of Coordination Chemistry” should break through the long-standing rigid framework and build a new curriculum design that reflects the combination of “professionalism, ability, and quality”. A new curriculum design should be built to reflect the scientific and accurate fundamental concepts, the ability to apply knowledge, and the improvement of scientific literacy at a high level, innovation, and challenge. It is proposed to change the chapter title to “Fundamentals and Applications of Coordination Compounds” and expand the contents into 6 modules. The reconstruction of teaching content should keep pace with the times while ensuring the basic knowledge structure, highlighting the latest theories, research results, frontiers, and practical achievements in the development of coordination chemistry. At the same time, it should highlight the “alignment and joint development of professionalism and ideological education” and fully play the role of the course in nurturing people, promoting the students’ academic development from all aspects of professionalism, ability, and quality.
The top-notch teaching content requires the integration of “knowledge, ability, and quality”. As the main chapter of “Inorganic Chemistry”, the teaching content of “Fundamentals of Coordination Chemistry” should break through the long-standing rigid framework and build a new curriculum design that reflects the combination of “professionalism, ability, and quality”. A new curriculum design should be built to reflect the scientific and accurate fundamental concepts, the ability to apply knowledge, and the improvement of scientific literacy at a high level, innovation, and challenge. It is proposed to change the chapter title to “Fundamentals and Applications of Coordination Compounds” and expand the contents into 6 modules. The reconstruction of teaching content should keep pace with the times while ensuring the basic knowledge structure, highlighting the latest theories, research results, frontiers, and practical achievements in the development of coordination chemistry. At the same time, it should highlight the “alignment and joint development of professionalism and ideological education” and fully play the role of the course in nurturing people, promoting the students’ academic development from all aspects of professionalism, ability, and quality.
2024, 39(11): 131-135
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402018
Abstract:
Radical philicity and polar effects are key concepts underpinning radical reactivity and selectivity. In general, the radical species can be divided into two classes, namely, electrophilic and nucleophilic, on the basis of its reactivity, atom electronegativity, and stability of the resulting species through electron gain or loss. In this article we aim to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity from different carbon-centered and heteroatom-centered radicals and we accompany our discussion with representative synthetic examples.
Radical philicity and polar effects are key concepts underpinning radical reactivity and selectivity. In general, the radical species can be divided into two classes, namely, electrophilic and nucleophilic, on the basis of its reactivity, atom electronegativity, and stability of the resulting species through electron gain or loss. In this article we aim to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity from different carbon-centered and heteroatom-centered radicals and we accompany our discussion with representative synthetic examples.
2024, 39(11): 136-145
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401083
Abstract:
Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are ubiquitous in nature. They often exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, chemists have been studying on the preparation of them for a long time as well as developing various methods for their derivatization. Recently, the direct oxidation of nonaromatic cyclicsubstrates to prepare selectively substituted aromatics has been one of research focuses. In which, the functionalized aromatics could be obtained via C—C, C—N, C—S and C—Se bonds formation without the directing groups in one step. This paper reviews the recent progress in the construction of functional quinoline and indole by this method, and proposes future development prospects in this field.
Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are ubiquitous in nature. They often exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, chemists have been studying on the preparation of them for a long time as well as developing various methods for their derivatization. Recently, the direct oxidation of nonaromatic cyclicsubstrates to prepare selectively substituted aromatics has been one of research focuses. In which, the functionalized aromatics could be obtained via C—C, C—N, C—S and C—Se bonds formation without the directing groups in one step. This paper reviews the recent progress in the construction of functional quinoline and indole by this method, and proposes future development prospects in this field.
2024, 39(11): 146-157
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403087
Abstract:
The 1,2-difunctionalization of olefins via radical pathways is a crucial method in organic synthesis for the direct formation of C—X (X = C, N, O, etc.) bonds from olefins. This approach offers several advantages, including high regioselectivity, step economy, and atom economy, making it compatible with the principles of green chemistry. The development of simple and efficient methods for constructing carbon-oxygen bonds is a significant area of interest in organic chemistry due to the prevalence of organic functional compounds containing these bonds. This review summarizes the recent progress in constructing carbon-oxygen bonds concurrently with carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-halogen bonds. Additionally, the article discusses the future directions for research in this field.
The 1,2-difunctionalization of olefins via radical pathways is a crucial method in organic synthesis for the direct formation of C—X (X = C, N, O, etc.) bonds from olefins. This approach offers several advantages, including high regioselectivity, step economy, and atom economy, making it compatible with the principles of green chemistry. The development of simple and efficient methods for constructing carbon-oxygen bonds is a significant area of interest in organic chemistry due to the prevalence of organic functional compounds containing these bonds. This review summarizes the recent progress in constructing carbon-oxygen bonds concurrently with carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-halogen bonds. Additionally, the article discusses the future directions for research in this field.
2024, 39(11): 158-173
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403106
Abstract:
Axially chiral compounds possess unique chiral structures and have significant applications across diverse fields such as asymmetric catalysis, pharmaceuticals, optoelectronic materials, and natural products. In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds. Beyond the conventional C—C and C—N axial chiral compounds, notable breakthroughs have been realized in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds featuring N—N, C—S, C—O, and C—B axes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the asymmetric synthesis of various axially chiral compounds and discusses future directions in this research area.
Axially chiral compounds possess unique chiral structures and have significant applications across diverse fields such as asymmetric catalysis, pharmaceuticals, optoelectronic materials, and natural products. In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds. Beyond the conventional C—C and C—N axial chiral compounds, notable breakthroughs have been realized in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds featuring N—N, C—S, C—O, and C—B axes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the asymmetric synthesis of various axially chiral compounds and discusses future directions in this research area.
2024, 39(11): 174-181
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402064
Abstract:
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, which are easily generated during the transportation and storage of food, medicinal materials, and other products. These toxins have high carcinogenic effects on humans and animals, making them a global safety hazard. Researchers have long been developing various effective strategies to degrade aflatoxins in food and medicinal materials, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Among these, optical radiation elimination method has garnered significant attention due to their simple operation, low cost, high elimination efficiency, and non-destructive nature. This paper reviews the application of modern optical methods in the removal of aflatoxins, including ultraviolet, infrared, pulsed strong light, photocatalysis, plasma techniques, providing a reference for the development of efficient, convenient, safe, and controllable aflatoxins removal methods.
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, which are easily generated during the transportation and storage of food, medicinal materials, and other products. These toxins have high carcinogenic effects on humans and animals, making them a global safety hazard. Researchers have long been developing various effective strategies to degrade aflatoxins in food and medicinal materials, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Among these, optical radiation elimination method has garnered significant attention due to their simple operation, low cost, high elimination efficiency, and non-destructive nature. This paper reviews the application of modern optical methods in the removal of aflatoxins, including ultraviolet, infrared, pulsed strong light, photocatalysis, plasma techniques, providing a reference for the development of efficient, convenient, safe, and controllable aflatoxins removal methods.
2024, 39(11): 182-188
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404113
Abstract:
“Can a cell be artificially synthesized?” This question stands among the 125 major scientific inquiries highlighted by the journal Science in 2021. To unravel the mysteries of the origin of life and address the fundamental scientific challenges, scientists have developed artificial cells as biomimetic materials mimicking the structure and functions of biological cells. Delving into artificial cells not only aids in understanding cellular mechanisms but also bridges the gap between non-living and living systems, offering insights and foundations for research into the origin of life and related fields. Phospholipid vesicles, particularly widely applied as artificial cells, hold vast potential in biomedical applications. This article, inspired by the classic tale of “Journey to the West”, narrates how phospholipid vesicles, aided by the Monkey King’s keen vision, combat cancer cells. It details the design, preparation, functionalities, and therapeutic applications of phospholipid-vesicle-based artificial cells, aiming to enhance readers’ understanding and stimulate further exploration of this transformative technology.
“Can a cell be artificially synthesized?” This question stands among the 125 major scientific inquiries highlighted by the journal Science in 2021. To unravel the mysteries of the origin of life and address the fundamental scientific challenges, scientists have developed artificial cells as biomimetic materials mimicking the structure and functions of biological cells. Delving into artificial cells not only aids in understanding cellular mechanisms but also bridges the gap between non-living and living systems, offering insights and foundations for research into the origin of life and related fields. Phospholipid vesicles, particularly widely applied as artificial cells, hold vast potential in biomedical applications. This article, inspired by the classic tale of “Journey to the West”, narrates how phospholipid vesicles, aided by the Monkey King’s keen vision, combat cancer cells. It details the design, preparation, functionalities, and therapeutic applications of phospholipid-vesicle-based artificial cells, aiming to enhance readers’ understanding and stimulate further exploration of this transformative technology.
2024, 39(11): 189-195
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404094
Abstract:
Vitriols, such as potassium alum, green vitriol, and blue vitriol, have been used in various aspects of human life and chemical practices for centuries. This article guides readers through a story exploring the diverse roles of these substances in water purification, food processing, sterilization, dyeing, acid production, and medicine. It highlights the chemical reactions involved and the potential hazards of improper use. Through this exploration, readers will gain an understanding of vitriols and their significant impact on society, illustrating the close relationship between chemistry and everyday life.
Vitriols, such as potassium alum, green vitriol, and blue vitriol, have been used in various aspects of human life and chemical practices for centuries. This article guides readers through a story exploring the diverse roles of these substances in water purification, food processing, sterilization, dyeing, acid production, and medicine. It highlights the chemical reactions involved and the potential hazards of improper use. Through this exploration, readers will gain an understanding of vitriols and their significant impact on society, illustrating the close relationship between chemistry and everyday life.
2024, 39(11): 196-203
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401022
Abstract:
Photochemical synthesis technology has gained attention in the field of synthetic chemistry due to its mild reaction conditions, simple equipment, and utilization of light energy. However, photochemical synthesis experiments are rarely incorporated into undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory courses. Fluorine-containing nitrogen heterocycles are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules, serving as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Based on our team’s recent research achievements, a comprehensive experiment for the photochemical synthesis of difluoropyrroles has been designed. This experiment encompasses the preparation of substrates and products, structural characterization, and analysis of photochemical synthesis. It aims to enhance students’ skills in organic synthesis and structural analysis, while also sparking their interest in organic chemistry experiments. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in cultivating students’ innovative consciousness and promoting the concept of “green synthesis” by incorporating scientific research outcomes into organic chemistry laboratory teaching.
Photochemical synthesis technology has gained attention in the field of synthetic chemistry due to its mild reaction conditions, simple equipment, and utilization of light energy. However, photochemical synthesis experiments are rarely incorporated into undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory courses. Fluorine-containing nitrogen heterocycles are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules, serving as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Based on our team’s recent research achievements, a comprehensive experiment for the photochemical synthesis of difluoropyrroles has been designed. This experiment encompasses the preparation of substrates and products, structural characterization, and analysis of photochemical synthesis. It aims to enhance students’ skills in organic synthesis and structural analysis, while also sparking their interest in organic chemistry experiments. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in cultivating students’ innovative consciousness and promoting the concept of “green synthesis” by incorporating scientific research outcomes into organic chemistry laboratory teaching.
2024, 39(11): 204-209
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401009
Abstract:
Electrochemical synthesis is a green, efficient, and sustainable organic synthesis scheme, but its application in undergraduate basic experiments has not been effectively promoted. Sulfoxide compounds are commonly found in functional organic compounds and are also widely used in natural drugs or materials. The research on the synthesis methods of sulfoxide compounds has always been a hot topic in the field of organic synthesis, but traditional methods have many shortcomings. We have developed an electrochemical scheme for selectively oxidizing sulfides to sulfoxides, where sodium chloride plays a dual role: (1) as an electrolyte; (2) as a redox mediator.
Electrochemical synthesis is a green, efficient, and sustainable organic synthesis scheme, but its application in undergraduate basic experiments has not been effectively promoted. Sulfoxide compounds are commonly found in functional organic compounds and are also widely used in natural drugs or materials. The research on the synthesis methods of sulfoxide compounds has always been a hot topic in the field of organic synthesis, but traditional methods have many shortcomings. We have developed an electrochemical scheme for selectively oxidizing sulfides to sulfoxides, where sodium chloride plays a dual role: (1) as an electrolyte; (2) as a redox mediator.
2024, 39(11): 210-216
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401076
Abstract:
This study focuses on the design of a teaching experiment of synthesizing safinamide methanesulfonate, a drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Starting from 4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzaldehyde, the microwave synthesis technique was employed in a reductive amination strategy to rapidly and efficiently obtain the target product through three consecutive reactions. The product’s structure and purity were confirmed through NMR, melting point, and specific rotation analysis. This experiment not only enhances students’ organic synthesis skills but also emphasizes the integration of knowledge across disciplines.
This study focuses on the design of a teaching experiment of synthesizing safinamide methanesulfonate, a drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Starting from 4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzaldehyde, the microwave synthesis technique was employed in a reductive amination strategy to rapidly and efficiently obtain the target product through three consecutive reactions. The product’s structure and purity were confirmed through NMR, melting point, and specific rotation analysis. This experiment not only enhances students’ organic synthesis skills but also emphasizes the integration of knowledge across disciplines.
2024, 39(11): 217-224
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401085
Abstract:
In this experiment, we prepared, characterized, and utilized PtBi supported on carbon cloth as a self-supporting electrode for electro-oxidation applications. The aim was to promote the integration of science and education and foster the development of innovative talents. Through this experiment, students can gain a better understanding of electrochemical devices and energy conversion in Physical Chemistry, as well as catalyst performance evaluation criteria. It also aims to stimulate students’ interest in scientific research and equip them with essential laboratory skills such as the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical testing of nanomaterials. This experiment aims to enhance students’ scientific literacy and improve their ability to analyze performance data, comprehend electro-oxidation reaction processes, and understand electrode processes using electrochemical and kinetic concepts.
In this experiment, we prepared, characterized, and utilized PtBi supported on carbon cloth as a self-supporting electrode for electro-oxidation applications. The aim was to promote the integration of science and education and foster the development of innovative talents. Through this experiment, students can gain a better understanding of electrochemical devices and energy conversion in Physical Chemistry, as well as catalyst performance evaluation criteria. It also aims to stimulate students’ interest in scientific research and equip them with essential laboratory skills such as the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical testing of nanomaterials. This experiment aims to enhance students’ scientific literacy and improve their ability to analyze performance data, comprehend electro-oxidation reaction processes, and understand electrode processes using electrochemical and kinetic concepts.
2024, 39(11): 225-231
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401088
Abstract:
The substitution of heteroaromatics by nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals is known as the Minisci reaction. In this study, efficient synthesis of 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)butan-2-one was achieved through radical alkylation between 1-methylcyclopropan-1-ol and benzo[d]thiazole under silver-catalyzed and aqueous conditions. This method offers advantages such as simple operation procedures, mild reaction conditions, and excellent atom-economy. Undergraduates have successfully validated this reaction, making it a suitable candidate for a teaching experiment that effectively supplements knowledge in radical chemistry.
The substitution of heteroaromatics by nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals is known as the Minisci reaction. In this study, efficient synthesis of 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)butan-2-one was achieved through radical alkylation between 1-methylcyclopropan-1-ol and benzo[d]thiazole under silver-catalyzed and aqueous conditions. This method offers advantages such as simple operation procedures, mild reaction conditions, and excellent atom-economy. Undergraduates have successfully validated this reaction, making it a suitable candidate for a teaching experiment that effectively supplements knowledge in radical chemistry.
2024, 39(11): 232-240
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402057
Abstract:
Research and innovation training is a compulsory course for undergraduate students in science and engineering disciplines, offering a comprehensive application of theoretical knowledge in scientific research. It plays a crucial role in developing students’ abilities to bridge theory and practice, design research projects, and independently analyze and solve problems. This study applies the synthesis of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts to research and innovation training, guiding students through the entire process of project design, including research background, project proposal, experimental methodology, and result analysis. By conducting this research, students have demonstrated significant improvements in their comprehensive application abilities, problem-solving skills, and independent research capabilities, achieving the desired objectives. Moreover, the study has identified the optimal process conditions and promotion mechanism of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts, establishing a theoretical foundation for industrial production. This integration of teaching and scientific research serves as a mutually beneficial approach and deserves wider adoption in research and innovation training.
Research and innovation training is a compulsory course for undergraduate students in science and engineering disciplines, offering a comprehensive application of theoretical knowledge in scientific research. It plays a crucial role in developing students’ abilities to bridge theory and practice, design research projects, and independently analyze and solve problems. This study applies the synthesis of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts to research and innovation training, guiding students through the entire process of project design, including research background, project proposal, experimental methodology, and result analysis. By conducting this research, students have demonstrated significant improvements in their comprehensive application abilities, problem-solving skills, and independent research capabilities, achieving the desired objectives. Moreover, the study has identified the optimal process conditions and promotion mechanism of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts, establishing a theoretical foundation for industrial production. This integration of teaching and scientific research serves as a mutually beneficial approach and deserves wider adoption in research and innovation training.
2024, 39(11): 241-250
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403017
Abstract:
Natural products chemistry experiment courses are vital practical part built upon theoretical foundations. However, these verification-focused experiments lack depth and hinder the development of students’ comprehensive abilities. To address this issue, we proposed integrating new scientific research findings into the design of comprehensive experiments, incorporating the concept of “double carbon”, and enhancing the depth of the course. In this experiment, we introduced cutting-edge research on photodynamic antimicrobial food packaging films with high fluorescence intensity into natural product chemistry experiments. Specifically, we incorporated berberine hydrochloride, a naturally occurring aggregation-induced emission agent, with phytic acid to create a salt that was added to the food packaging film, resulting in a photodynamic antimicrobial film with strong fluorescence. This experiment combined the fields of natural product chemistry, aggregation-induced emission, and food microbiology, and encouraged students to become familiar with the research process of theory-experiment-characterization-analysis. Through this integration, students could enrich their comprehensive knowledge, strengthen their practical skills, and foster their innovation consciousness, thus contributing to the cultivation of top talents in the field of forest chemical industry.
Natural products chemistry experiment courses are vital practical part built upon theoretical foundations. However, these verification-focused experiments lack depth and hinder the development of students’ comprehensive abilities. To address this issue, we proposed integrating new scientific research findings into the design of comprehensive experiments, incorporating the concept of “double carbon”, and enhancing the depth of the course. In this experiment, we introduced cutting-edge research on photodynamic antimicrobial food packaging films with high fluorescence intensity into natural product chemistry experiments. Specifically, we incorporated berberine hydrochloride, a naturally occurring aggregation-induced emission agent, with phytic acid to create a salt that was added to the food packaging film, resulting in a photodynamic antimicrobial film with strong fluorescence. This experiment combined the fields of natural product chemistry, aggregation-induced emission, and food microbiology, and encouraged students to become familiar with the research process of theory-experiment-characterization-analysis. Through this integration, students could enrich their comprehensive knowledge, strengthen their practical skills, and foster their innovation consciousness, thus contributing to the cultivation of top talents in the field of forest chemical industry.
2024, 39(11): 251-258
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401084
Abstract:
Absorbent hydrogel is currently a focal point in scientific research due to its excellent water absorption and retention properties. It is widely utilized in various fields such as medical, hygiene, agriculture, and environmental protection for applications including dressings, diapers, moisturizers, and plant cultivation substrates. This experiment employs acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers to prepare an innovative hydrogel towel via photo-initiated free radical polymerization. The resulting hydrogel towel exhibits superior mechanical properties, including easy folding and cutting, along with traditional hydrogel’s high water absorbency. Additionally, the experiment incorporates scanning electron microscopy for characterization, providing students with practical experience in instrumental analysis relevant to undergraduate comprehensive chemical laboratories. Furthermore, the creation of vibrant, colorful transparent hydrogels through dye adsorption experiments not only enhances the visual appeal of the project but also serves to ignite students’ interest and passion for chemistry.
Absorbent hydrogel is currently a focal point in scientific research due to its excellent water absorption and retention properties. It is widely utilized in various fields such as medical, hygiene, agriculture, and environmental protection for applications including dressings, diapers, moisturizers, and plant cultivation substrates. This experiment employs acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers to prepare an innovative hydrogel towel via photo-initiated free radical polymerization. The resulting hydrogel towel exhibits superior mechanical properties, including easy folding and cutting, along with traditional hydrogel’s high water absorbency. Additionally, the experiment incorporates scanning electron microscopy for characterization, providing students with practical experience in instrumental analysis relevant to undergraduate comprehensive chemical laboratories. Furthermore, the creation of vibrant, colorful transparent hydrogels through dye adsorption experiments not only enhances the visual appeal of the project but also serves to ignite students’ interest and passion for chemistry.
2024, 39(11): 259-268
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402056
Abstract:
For the organic chemistry extraction experiments in some universities, the aqueous phenol solution (5 wt%) is normally extracted by ethyl acetate. However, phenol has moderate toxicity and corrosiveness, and it volatilizes easily during experimental operations such as extraction, organic phase drying and distillation solvent recovery. To promote greener laboratory practices and reduce the exposure to toxic compounds for both students and experimental mentors, as well as the environmental impact of phenol, the p-hydroxyacetophenone is selected to replace phenol for the lab course in the present work. The p-hydroxyacetophenone is a natural compound, which is widely used as additive in skincare cosmetics. The saturated aqueous solution of p-hydroxyacetophenone is prepared and extracted by the ethyl acetate or dichloromethane. The process of demulsify during the extraction process has been introduced and showed. Furthermore, the extraction efficiencies of these two solvents are compared.
For the organic chemistry extraction experiments in some universities, the aqueous phenol solution (5 wt%) is normally extracted by ethyl acetate. However, phenol has moderate toxicity and corrosiveness, and it volatilizes easily during experimental operations such as extraction, organic phase drying and distillation solvent recovery. To promote greener laboratory practices and reduce the exposure to toxic compounds for both students and experimental mentors, as well as the environmental impact of phenol, the p-hydroxyacetophenone is selected to replace phenol for the lab course in the present work. The p-hydroxyacetophenone is a natural compound, which is widely used as additive in skincare cosmetics. The saturated aqueous solution of p-hydroxyacetophenone is prepared and extracted by the ethyl acetate or dichloromethane. The process of demulsify during the extraction process has been introduced and showed. Furthermore, the extraction efficiencies of these two solvents are compared.
2024, 39(11): 269-277
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403044
Abstract:
The electrolysis of water is a crucial technology for extraterrestrial in situ resource utilization in the aerospace sector. Scientific research with unique university characteristics plays a vital role in fostering talent development. Adhering to the principle of integrating science and education, this study combines aerospace-focused scientific research with undergraduate teaching to design a research-oriented experimental course. The approach involves using a two-step method of hydrothermal oxidation and high-temperature phosphidation to fabricate nickel foam self-supported bimetallic phosphide electrodes with ultra-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic surfaces suitable for the microgravity environment of aerospace space. The performance of hydrogen production from electrolyzed water is investigated. Additionally, relevant thermodynamic concepts from undergraduate physical chemistry courses are incorporated to engage students actively, encourage independent exploration, facilitate the construction of knowledge on extraterrestrial water electrolysis, and uphold the spirit of aerospace patriotism.
The electrolysis of water is a crucial technology for extraterrestrial in situ resource utilization in the aerospace sector. Scientific research with unique university characteristics plays a vital role in fostering talent development. Adhering to the principle of integrating science and education, this study combines aerospace-focused scientific research with undergraduate teaching to design a research-oriented experimental course. The approach involves using a two-step method of hydrothermal oxidation and high-temperature phosphidation to fabricate nickel foam self-supported bimetallic phosphide electrodes with ultra-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic surfaces suitable for the microgravity environment of aerospace space. The performance of hydrogen production from electrolyzed water is investigated. Additionally, relevant thermodynamic concepts from undergraduate physical chemistry courses are incorporated to engage students actively, encourage independent exploration, facilitate the construction of knowledge on extraterrestrial water electrolysis, and uphold the spirit of aerospace patriotism.
2024, 39(11): 278-285
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403082
Abstract:
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-σ rearrangement of allyl ethers or aryl allyl ethers under thermal conditions, leading to the formation of γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones or ortho-para-allylphenols. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) within the Gaussian 16 software to perform a quantitative analysis of the Claisen rearrangement of allyl phenyl ether under heating conditions. Through the practice of this experiment, our aim is to deepen students’ understanding of the transition state structure of the Claisen rearrangement reaction, promote the application of computational chemistry tools to solve chemical problems, and enhance students’ practical and innovative abilities in learning and scientific research.
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-σ rearrangement of allyl ethers or aryl allyl ethers under thermal conditions, leading to the formation of γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones or ortho-para-allylphenols. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) within the Gaussian 16 software to perform a quantitative analysis of the Claisen rearrangement of allyl phenyl ether under heating conditions. Through the practice of this experiment, our aim is to deepen students’ understanding of the transition state structure of the Claisen rearrangement reaction, promote the application of computational chemistry tools to solve chemical problems, and enhance students’ practical and innovative abilities in learning and scientific research.
2024, 39(11): 286-295
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403094
Abstract:
In the context of emerging engineering education, chemistry courses emphasize not only the development of students’ solid foundational skills in chemistry but also the integration of multidisciplinary knowledge to foster an innovative scientific spirit. “The Preparation of Benzocaine” is a classic undergraduate experiment in comprehensive organic chemistry. However, the original reaction procedure involves the generation of substantial waste acid during esterification, a cumbersome and time-consuming reduction step, and lacks engagement. To enhance efficiency, environmental friendliness, expansiveness and exploratory nature of the experiment, cutting-edge scientific advancements have been integrated into the preparation reaction. In the improved experiment, a deep eutectic solvent is utilized as a catalyst in the esterification reaction, which is recyclable and environmentally friendly. For the reduction step, tetrahydroxydiboron serves as the reducing agent and 4,4’-bipyridine as the catalyst, enabling the reaction to take place at room temperature with a noticeable color change, thereby making it engaging. This improved experiment not only stimulates students’ interest in learning, but also improves students’ scientific research literacy, and cultivates students’ green chemistry concept, independent thinking, and problem-solving skills.
In the context of emerging engineering education, chemistry courses emphasize not only the development of students’ solid foundational skills in chemistry but also the integration of multidisciplinary knowledge to foster an innovative scientific spirit. “The Preparation of Benzocaine” is a classic undergraduate experiment in comprehensive organic chemistry. However, the original reaction procedure involves the generation of substantial waste acid during esterification, a cumbersome and time-consuming reduction step, and lacks engagement. To enhance efficiency, environmental friendliness, expansiveness and exploratory nature of the experiment, cutting-edge scientific advancements have been integrated into the preparation reaction. In the improved experiment, a deep eutectic solvent is utilized as a catalyst in the esterification reaction, which is recyclable and environmentally friendly. For the reduction step, tetrahydroxydiboron serves as the reducing agent and 4,4’-bipyridine as the catalyst, enabling the reaction to take place at room temperature with a noticeable color change, thereby making it engaging. This improved experiment not only stimulates students’ interest in learning, but also improves students’ scientific research literacy, and cultivates students’ green chemistry concept, independent thinking, and problem-solving skills.
2024, 39(11): 296-303
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402017
Abstract:
This experiment aims to analyze halogenated quinone compounds in environmental water samples using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five types of halogenated quinone compounds were used as analytes, and a cationic covalent organic framework material was employed as the solid-phase adsorbent to concentrate the target compounds from the water samples. Subsequently, the enriched compounds were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis by using LC-MS/MS. The experiment systematically examined the impact of various parameters on the experimental results, including the amount of the adsorbent, enrichment time, elution time, types of elution solvent, acidity of the elution solvent, and elution volume. A novel approach based on dSPE was developed. The method exhibited favorable linearity (with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9924) in the range of 0.1-100 ng·L-1, with detection limits ranging from 0.03-0.65 ng·L-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of halogenated quinone compounds in tap water samples. This experiment helps students understand fundamental sample preparation techniques and enhances their practical skills, research capabilities, and problem-solving abilities.
This experiment aims to analyze halogenated quinone compounds in environmental water samples using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five types of halogenated quinone compounds were used as analytes, and a cationic covalent organic framework material was employed as the solid-phase adsorbent to concentrate the target compounds from the water samples. Subsequently, the enriched compounds were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis by using LC-MS/MS. The experiment systematically examined the impact of various parameters on the experimental results, including the amount of the adsorbent, enrichment time, elution time, types of elution solvent, acidity of the elution solvent, and elution volume. A novel approach based on dSPE was developed. The method exhibited favorable linearity (with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9924) in the range of 0.1-100 ng·L-1, with detection limits ranging from 0.03-0.65 ng·L-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of halogenated quinone compounds in tap water samples. This experiment helps students understand fundamental sample preparation techniques and enhances their practical skills, research capabilities, and problem-solving abilities.
2024, 39(11): 304-312
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402047
Abstract:
The teaching content, requirements and evaluation of Raman spectrum experiment are reformed, exploring multi-level teaching to meet the needs of social development for applied and innovative talents. Specifically, the teaching practice divides Raman spectroscopy experiment into basic experimental teaching and advanced project-based teaching. The basic experiments utilize a three-stage teaching approach——online virtual, offline laboratory, and spectral simulation calculation——creating a unique teaching mode that combines virtual and actual operation, and coordinates experimental and simulation calculations. The project-based exploratory experiments employ Raman spectroscopy to deeply analyze material structures, forming a deep learning mode of “applying what you learn and learning what you use”. The multi-level teaching mode revolutionizes traditional experimental teaching, significantly improves teaching effectiveness and enriches the course with “high-level, innovation and challenging” characteristics.
The teaching content, requirements and evaluation of Raman spectrum experiment are reformed, exploring multi-level teaching to meet the needs of social development for applied and innovative talents. Specifically, the teaching practice divides Raman spectroscopy experiment into basic experimental teaching and advanced project-based teaching. The basic experiments utilize a three-stage teaching approach——online virtual, offline laboratory, and spectral simulation calculation——creating a unique teaching mode that combines virtual and actual operation, and coordinates experimental and simulation calculations. The project-based exploratory experiments employ Raman spectroscopy to deeply analyze material structures, forming a deep learning mode of “applying what you learn and learning what you use”. The multi-level teaching mode revolutionizes traditional experimental teaching, significantly improves teaching effectiveness and enriches the course with “high-level, innovation and challenging” characteristics.
2024, 39(11): 313-318
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403060
Abstract:
A comprehensive chemistry experiment is recommended. In this experiment, the pretreatment, controllable catalytic degradation, analytical characterization of thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin and gel swelling were mainly included. The students could not only gain the knowledge on the waste plastic pollution, but also get the basic principles and methods of controllable catalysis and gel preparation. The experiment enables students to experience the theory applying to practice and making waste profitable, which helps to enhance students’ interest in chemical experiments and cultivate their comprehensive innovation ability.
A comprehensive chemistry experiment is recommended. In this experiment, the pretreatment, controllable catalytic degradation, analytical characterization of thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin and gel swelling were mainly included. The students could not only gain the knowledge on the waste plastic pollution, but also get the basic principles and methods of controllable catalysis and gel preparation. The experiment enables students to experience the theory applying to practice and making waste profitable, which helps to enhance students’ interest in chemical experiments and cultivate their comprehensive innovation ability.
2024, 39(11): 319-326
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403031
Abstract:
This experiment aims to design novel stationary phases for efficient separation of various analytes and apply them in teaching experiments. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were coated onto silica microspheres to synthesize core-shell structured composites (SiO2@COF), which were then employed as a mixed-mode stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thanks to the excellent properties of the covalent organic framework, the alkylbenzenes, anilines, phenols, sulfonamides, nucleosides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were well separated on the SiO2@COF packed column. In addition, the SiO2@COFETTA-Td stationary phase was successfully applied in the separation of phthalates, antiepileptic drugs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5, further demonstrating its potential for the separation and analysis of complex biological samples. Through this experiment, students can master the operation of HPLC, deepen and consolidate their understanding of chromatography, grasp the principles of core-shell stationary phase separation, and improve their scientific thinking and innovation abilities.
This experiment aims to design novel stationary phases for efficient separation of various analytes and apply them in teaching experiments. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were coated onto silica microspheres to synthesize core-shell structured composites (SiO2@COF), which were then employed as a mixed-mode stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thanks to the excellent properties of the covalent organic framework, the alkylbenzenes, anilines, phenols, sulfonamides, nucleosides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were well separated on the SiO2@COF packed column. In addition, the SiO2@COFETTA-Td stationary phase was successfully applied in the separation of phthalates, antiepileptic drugs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5, further demonstrating its potential for the separation and analysis of complex biological samples. Through this experiment, students can master the operation of HPLC, deepen and consolidate their understanding of chromatography, grasp the principles of core-shell stationary phase separation, and improve their scientific thinking and innovation abilities.
2024, 39(11): 327-334
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403066
Abstract:
This study aims to develop an innovative open-ended exploratory experiment that integrates research into undergraduate laboratory teaching by utilizing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) technology for disease biomarker screening and identification. In this experiment, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) was chosen as the organic matrix, and an initial investigation examined the effect of different sampling methods on experimental results. The suitability of the matrix was further validated using five different small metabolic molecules. Specific serum metabolic fingerprints (SMPs) were then extracted from healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular diseases. By applying multivariate statistical analysis to large-scale data, a MALDI-MS platform was developed for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, successfully distinguishing between healthy individuals and patients. The goal of this approach is to create an open and exploratory platform that combines experimental teaching with scientific research, enabling students to learn and master the principles, operations, and data analysis techniques of MALDI-MS while enhancing their research innovation capabilities and comprehensive thinking skills.
This study aims to develop an innovative open-ended exploratory experiment that integrates research into undergraduate laboratory teaching by utilizing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) technology for disease biomarker screening and identification. In this experiment, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) was chosen as the organic matrix, and an initial investigation examined the effect of different sampling methods on experimental results. The suitability of the matrix was further validated using five different small metabolic molecules. Specific serum metabolic fingerprints (SMPs) were then extracted from healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular diseases. By applying multivariate statistical analysis to large-scale data, a MALDI-MS platform was developed for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, successfully distinguishing between healthy individuals and patients. The goal of this approach is to create an open and exploratory platform that combines experimental teaching with scientific research, enabling students to learn and master the principles, operations, and data analysis techniques of MALDI-MS while enhancing their research innovation capabilities and comprehensive thinking skills.
2024, 39(11): 335-341
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403084
Abstract:
This new experimental design aims to develop an environmental protection concept based on the recycling of waste batteries, integrating inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry and analytical chemistry experiment system. It merges nickel-metal hydride battery recycling, secondary energy storage application with nickel ion analysis and detection, deepening students' understanding of basic chemistry experiment principles and expanding innovative thinking. In terms of secondary energy storage, cobalt-containing nickel hydroxide from nickel-metal hydride battery recycling solution and commercial activated carbon were selected as positive and negative electrode materials, respectively. The energy storage capacity of the device was verified by assembling the button cell. Chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate the performance of the button device at different current densities and different sweep rates. Meanwhile, multiple sets of button cells in series are used to light small bulbs to verify their practical application. In the aspect of nickel ion detection, spectrophotometry is used to quantitatively detect nickel ion content. Through the joint design and analysis of experiments, students can realize the potential application prospects of new energy technologies and fully understand the recycling of energy-storage devices and detection analyses, and thus cultivate innovation and environmental awareness.
This new experimental design aims to develop an environmental protection concept based on the recycling of waste batteries, integrating inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry and analytical chemistry experiment system. It merges nickel-metal hydride battery recycling, secondary energy storage application with nickel ion analysis and detection, deepening students' understanding of basic chemistry experiment principles and expanding innovative thinking. In terms of secondary energy storage, cobalt-containing nickel hydroxide from nickel-metal hydride battery recycling solution and commercial activated carbon were selected as positive and negative electrode materials, respectively. The energy storage capacity of the device was verified by assembling the button cell. Chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate the performance of the button device at different current densities and different sweep rates. Meanwhile, multiple sets of button cells in series are used to light small bulbs to verify their practical application. In the aspect of nickel ion detection, spectrophotometry is used to quantitatively detect nickel ion content. Through the joint design and analysis of experiments, students can realize the potential application prospects of new energy technologies and fully understand the recycling of energy-storage devices and detection analyses, and thus cultivate innovation and environmental awareness.
2024, 39(11): 342-349
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404141
Abstract:
Cancer has become one of the most significant threats to humans, and the development of novel phototherapeutic agents for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of cancer is crucial. This article introduces a new design and teaching practice of a polymer chemistry comprehensive experiment, which involves the preparation process and related performance testing of a novel conjugated polymer based second near-infrared phototheranostic probe. This experiment includes the synthesis of conjugated polymers, preparation of water-soluble nanoparticles, determination of absorption and emission spectra, analysis of photothermal and photodynamic properties as well as second near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and study of the phototoxicity to cancer cells. This experiment has strong scientific and cutting-edge content, which can improve students' experimental operation skills, guide them to apply their learned knowledge for independent thinking, and inspire students' innovation and scientific research thinking.
Cancer has become one of the most significant threats to humans, and the development of novel phototherapeutic agents for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of cancer is crucial. This article introduces a new design and teaching practice of a polymer chemistry comprehensive experiment, which involves the preparation process and related performance testing of a novel conjugated polymer based second near-infrared phototheranostic probe. This experiment includes the synthesis of conjugated polymers, preparation of water-soluble nanoparticles, determination of absorption and emission spectra, analysis of photothermal and photodynamic properties as well as second near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and study of the phototoxicity to cancer cells. This experiment has strong scientific and cutting-edge content, which can improve students' experimental operation skills, guide them to apply their learned knowledge for independent thinking, and inspire students' innovation and scientific research thinking.
2024, 39(11): 350-358
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408036
Abstract:
The integration of scientific research and education in chemistry laboratory teaching is instrumental in advancing educational reforms. By organically combining foundational instruction with research, this approach enhances talent development through practical application. Using the organic oxidation reaction on a Ni(OH)2 electrode as a case study, this course comprises five instructional modules: preparation and characterization of the Ni(OH)2 electrode, investigation of its organic oxidation characteristics, in situ electrochemical determination of the catalytic active center, analysis of charge transfer mechanisms at the electrochemical interface, and first-principles studies of the thermodynamics of organic oxidation. This curriculum spans from macroscopic to microscopic descriptions of electrochemical reaction mechanisms and their in situ characterization techniques. The objective is to deepen students' understanding of relevant electrochemical theories while fostering their scientific research skills and innovative thinking through hands-on experimental learning.
The integration of scientific research and education in chemistry laboratory teaching is instrumental in advancing educational reforms. By organically combining foundational instruction with research, this approach enhances talent development through practical application. Using the organic oxidation reaction on a Ni(OH)2 electrode as a case study, this course comprises five instructional modules: preparation and characterization of the Ni(OH)2 electrode, investigation of its organic oxidation characteristics, in situ electrochemical determination of the catalytic active center, analysis of charge transfer mechanisms at the electrochemical interface, and first-principles studies of the thermodynamics of organic oxidation. This curriculum spans from macroscopic to microscopic descriptions of electrochemical reaction mechanisms and their in situ characterization techniques. The objective is to deepen students' understanding of relevant electrochemical theories while fostering their scientific research skills and innovative thinking through hands-on experimental learning.
2024, 39(11): 359-364
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401075
Abstract:
With the framework of general chemistry, this study proposes integrating the reverse thinking methodology into the curriculum to elucidate the concepts of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of dilute solutions. This innovative pedagogical approach aims to foster a culture of critical questioning, analytical skills, self-motivation for autonomous learning, creativity, and exploration among university students.
With the framework of general chemistry, this study proposes integrating the reverse thinking methodology into the curriculum to elucidate the concepts of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of dilute solutions. This innovative pedagogical approach aims to foster a culture of critical questioning, analytical skills, self-motivation for autonomous learning, creativity, and exploration among university students.
2024, 39(11): 365-373
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401086
Abstract:
Starting from the Charge Balance Equation (CBE), this paper derives the inverse function V= g([H+]) for the titration curve, and directly employs this inverse function to calculate the endpoint error. Based on the characteristics of the CBE formula, the CBE forms of all acid-base systems are unified, and the straightforward correlation between the titration curve and the endpoint error provides learners with a new perspective to understand the connotation of acid-base equilibrium.
Starting from the Charge Balance Equation (CBE), this paper derives the inverse function V= g([H+]) for the titration curve, and directly employs this inverse function to calculate the endpoint error. Based on the characteristics of the CBE formula, the CBE forms of all acid-base systems are unified, and the straightforward correlation between the titration curve and the endpoint error provides learners with a new perspective to understand the connotation of acid-base equilibrium.
2024, 39(11): 374-377
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402049
Abstract:
Ethane, hydrazine, and hydrogen peroxide are three structurally similar substances composed of the elements from the same period with hydrogen, respectively. However, their stability significantly decreases in a sequential manner, and their stable conformations are also dissimilar. These differences have not been explained adequately in the current textbooks. This article provides a possible explanation for the variation in stability among these substances by analyzing their n-σ* hyperconjugation. Additionally, it elucidates the absence of anti-conformation in hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. The hyperconjugation theory is extended to illustrate and to discuss stability and stable conformation of inorganic compounds.
Ethane, hydrazine, and hydrogen peroxide are three structurally similar substances composed of the elements from the same period with hydrogen, respectively. However, their stability significantly decreases in a sequential manner, and their stable conformations are also dissimilar. These differences have not been explained adequately in the current textbooks. This article provides a possible explanation for the variation in stability among these substances by analyzing their n-σ* hyperconjugation. Additionally, it elucidates the absence of anti-conformation in hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. The hyperconjugation theory is extended to illustrate and to discuss stability and stable conformation of inorganic compounds.
2024, 39(11): 378-383
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402016
Abstract:
This paper takes the experiment of “preparation of manganese carbonate” as an example, and applies the teaching mode of problem-based leaning (“PBL”) in the inorganic chemistry laboratory course. Through the design of a series of problems, students are guided to engage in independent learning, cooperative communication, problem analysis and experimental verification, thereby achieving an organic integration of knowledge transfer and value guidance. The application of “PBL” teaching mode in inorganic chemistry experimental education not only provides valuable exploration and attempt for the reform and innovation of the teaching, but also provides an excellent platform for the integration of course ideology and politics.
This paper takes the experiment of “preparation of manganese carbonate” as an example, and applies the teaching mode of problem-based leaning (“PBL”) in the inorganic chemistry laboratory course. Through the design of a series of problems, students are guided to engage in independent learning, cooperative communication, problem analysis and experimental verification, thereby achieving an organic integration of knowledge transfer and value guidance. The application of “PBL” teaching mode in inorganic chemistry experimental education not only provides valuable exploration and attempt for the reform and innovation of the teaching, but also provides an excellent platform for the integration of course ideology and politics.
2024, 39(11): 384-387
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402039
Abstract:
Endpoint error is an important topic in analytical chemistry education. Based on the theory of precipitation-dissolution equilibrium and the definition of endpoint error, a general formula for calculating the endpoint error in the Mohr method has been derived. The application of this formula in directly calculating the endpoint error, determining the titration jump range, and determining the minimum required amount of indicator is introduced, and the calculated results are consistent with the literature values. The construction of this formula further improves the new methodological system for calculating endpoint errors, which will effectively promote the development of first-class courses in analytical chemistry.
Endpoint error is an important topic in analytical chemistry education. Based on the theory of precipitation-dissolution equilibrium and the definition of endpoint error, a general formula for calculating the endpoint error in the Mohr method has been derived. The application of this formula in directly calculating the endpoint error, determining the titration jump range, and determining the minimum required amount of indicator is introduced, and the calculated results are consistent with the literature values. The construction of this formula further improves the new methodological system for calculating endpoint errors, which will effectively promote the development of first-class courses in analytical chemistry.
2024, 39(11): 388-396
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403054
Abstract:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is an important tool for chemists to analyze compound structures and purity, especially in organic chemistry research, where it is widely applied. This article introduces an interactive NMR spectrum analysis practice website. By practicing the analysis of real NMR spectra, students can gradually develop an understanding of NMR spectroscopy techniques and learn how to interpret the spectra encountered in their studies and work. Learning and practicing NMR spectrum analysis skills during undergraduate studies will help students smoothly conduct future research work. With the practice website introduced in this article, students can easily choose practice questions of appropriate difficulty level to enhance their learning.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is an important tool for chemists to analyze compound structures and purity, especially in organic chemistry research, where it is widely applied. This article introduces an interactive NMR spectrum analysis practice website. By practicing the analysis of real NMR spectra, students can gradually develop an understanding of NMR spectroscopy techniques and learn how to interpret the spectra encountered in their studies and work. Learning and practicing NMR spectrum analysis skills during undergraduate studies will help students smoothly conduct future research work. With the practice website introduced in this article, students can easily choose practice questions of appropriate difficulty level to enhance their learning.
2024, 39(11): 397-405
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401050
Abstract:
Using university chemistry as a case study, this paper compares the differences in curriculum design between China and the UK, analyzes the similarities and disparities in chemistry education, and aims to advance the scientific evolution of chemistry education curriculum design in China. While chemistry majors in China and the UK share similar professional course content, they are delivered to students through different approaches. The varying training objectives and teaching methodologies offer insights for reforming chemistry curriculum in Chinese higher education. This research serves as a reference for curriculum reforms aimed at fostering innovative talents in China and provides guidance for cultivating outstanding scientists from a university education perspective.
Using university chemistry as a case study, this paper compares the differences in curriculum design between China and the UK, analyzes the similarities and disparities in chemistry education, and aims to advance the scientific evolution of chemistry education curriculum design in China. While chemistry majors in China and the UK share similar professional course content, they are delivered to students through different approaches. The varying training objectives and teaching methodologies offer insights for reforming chemistry curriculum in Chinese higher education. This research serves as a reference for curriculum reforms aimed at fostering innovative talents in China and provides guidance for cultivating outstanding scientists from a university education perspective.
2024, 39(11): 406-416
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403009
Abstract:
From the viewpoint of students’ problem-solving skills, this paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of organic questions 9 and 10 in the 37th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary). This analysis can help students build their logical thinking skills, which will further improve their learning efficiency in solving organic questions. Meanwhile, by deep understanding of the reaction mechanism, students can experience the scientific thoughts behind the topic and feel the charm and fun of organic chemistry.
From the viewpoint of students’ problem-solving skills, this paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of organic questions 9 and 10 in the 37th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary). This analysis can help students build their logical thinking skills, which will further improve their learning efficiency in solving organic questions. Meanwhile, by deep understanding of the reaction mechanism, students can experience the scientific thoughts behind the topic and feel the charm and fun of organic chemistry.