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2023 Volume 38 Issue 5
2023, 38(5): 1-5
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206034
Abstract:
Since the implementation of the national first-class specialty “double ten thousand plan”, Departmen of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology has found a professional talent-training model in line with its own development orientation through effective exploring and practicing, which could significantly improve the professional construction effect. In this paper, based on idea of “Student-Centered, Outcome-Based Education, Continuous Quality Improvement” of engineering education professional certification of the ministry of education, methods and main achievements for strengthening the construction of first-class specialty, such as moral values establishment, design of talent training scheme, construction of quality guarantee system, organization and implementation of talent training mode, have been discussed, which would serve as a good reference for first-class major in local engineering colleges.
Since the implementation of the national first-class specialty “double ten thousand plan”, Departmen of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology has found a professional talent-training model in line with its own development orientation through effective exploring and practicing, which could significantly improve the professional construction effect. In this paper, based on idea of “Student-Centered, Outcome-Based Education, Continuous Quality Improvement” of engineering education professional certification of the ministry of education, methods and main achievements for strengthening the construction of first-class specialty, such as moral values establishment, design of talent training scheme, construction of quality guarantee system, organization and implementation of talent training mode, have been discussed, which would serve as a good reference for first-class major in local engineering colleges.
2023, 38(5): 6-12
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206057
Abstract:
Since there is an urgent need for public health talent in our country, a “four-in-one” blended teaching model was constructed based on the concepts of outcome-based education to solve some of the problems existing in the current teaching of analytical chemistry. The developed four-in-one blended teaching model is a product of combining face-to-face teaching, rain classroom, mind mapping, and Microsoft Excel. Students were asked to preview the class and participate in the classroom, resulting in productive interactions with teachers. Additionally, students could reconstruct the course contents themselves after class. Students were also encouraged to use their spare time to study independently. Knowledge teaching, valuable guidance, and ability training were merged into the new teaching model; thus, the fundamental tasks of morality and talent cultivation was achieved.
Since there is an urgent need for public health talent in our country, a “four-in-one” blended teaching model was constructed based on the concepts of outcome-based education to solve some of the problems existing in the current teaching of analytical chemistry. The developed four-in-one blended teaching model is a product of combining face-to-face teaching, rain classroom, mind mapping, and Microsoft Excel. Students were asked to preview the class and participate in the classroom, resulting in productive interactions with teachers. Additionally, students could reconstruct the course contents themselves after class. Students were also encouraged to use their spare time to study independently. Knowledge teaching, valuable guidance, and ability training were merged into the new teaching model; thus, the fundamental tasks of morality and talent cultivation was achieved.
2023, 38(5): 13-20
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207077
Abstract:
In the course of instrumental analysis, the blended teaching mode is designed, consisting of front analysis, the learning process online before class, online and offline linkage, classroom teaching offline, guidance after class, and learning evaluations. Taking the “Gas chromatography method” as an example, the practical applications of the blended teaching mode in the instrumental analysis course are fully studied, based on the comprehensive analysis of the learning conditions, the detailed collation of teaching contents, the designation of online and offline teaching processes, and the implementation of multi-dimensional learning evaluations. The advantages and problems in the applications of the blended teaching mode are discussed according to teaching reflection.
In the course of instrumental analysis, the blended teaching mode is designed, consisting of front analysis, the learning process online before class, online and offline linkage, classroom teaching offline, guidance after class, and learning evaluations. Taking the “Gas chromatography method” as an example, the practical applications of the blended teaching mode in the instrumental analysis course are fully studied, based on the comprehensive analysis of the learning conditions, the detailed collation of teaching contents, the designation of online and offline teaching processes, and the implementation of multi-dimensional learning evaluations. The advantages and problems in the applications of the blended teaching mode are discussed according to teaching reflection.
2023, 38(5): 21-25
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207046
Abstract:
Practice and innovation are the two key points in talent cultivation. Based on the talent cultivation objectives of Liaocheng University, an applied local university, and the results of the analysis of the current delivery of comprehensive organic chemistry experiments, we explored the progress of teaching reform in our college. We aimed to reform the process in order to stimulate students’ participation in chemical science exploration. Moreover, to improve the quality of teaching, we organized innovative experimentation, based on our teachers’ scientific research direction, to convert research achievements into practical teaching. These experiments could help to inspire students to explore science more dynamically and strengthen their scientific research thinking ability.
Practice and innovation are the two key points in talent cultivation. Based on the talent cultivation objectives of Liaocheng University, an applied local university, and the results of the analysis of the current delivery of comprehensive organic chemistry experiments, we explored the progress of teaching reform in our college. We aimed to reform the process in order to stimulate students’ participation in chemical science exploration. Moreover, to improve the quality of teaching, we organized innovative experimentation, based on our teachers’ scientific research direction, to convert research achievements into practical teaching. These experiments could help to inspire students to explore science more dynamically and strengthen their scientific research thinking ability.
2023, 38(5): 26-30
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207151
Abstract:
Analytical chemistry is one of the four basic courses in chemistry, which usually includes two courses: analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis. Since the establishment of the department in 1983, our university has opened the experimental course of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) for chemistry majors. By selecting teaching contents, designing progressive courses and adopting multi-dimensional teaching mode as the main reform direction, we have built a first-class undergraduate course of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) experiment for the first-class undergraduate students majoring in chemistry and applied chemistry.
Analytical chemistry is one of the four basic courses in chemistry, which usually includes two courses: analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis. Since the establishment of the department in 1983, our university has opened the experimental course of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) for chemistry majors. By selecting teaching contents, designing progressive courses and adopting multi-dimensional teaching mode as the main reform direction, we have built a first-class undergraduate course of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) experiment for the first-class undergraduate students majoring in chemistry and applied chemistry.
2023, 38(5): 31-36
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207065
Abstract:
Based on the years of experiences in teaching Professional English course, the authors provide an in-depth analysis of the fundamental issues existing in teaching of the Professional English for chemistry and chemical engineering in colleges. It is proposed that the primary task is to emphasize the teaching of the Professional English at multiple levels in order to fundamentally address the frustrating performance of the teaching. The constructions of the textbooks and the teaching staffs, the optimization of the teaching methods should be included. Teaching should be conducted with the students as center to stimulate the students’ motivation and potentiality. Studying of professional knowledge should be made attractive. Emphasis should be put on the understanding of the Professional English rather than the translation, and the cultivating of the English thinking. The final goal is to address both the manifestation and root cause, and facilitate the teaching of the Professional English.
Based on the years of experiences in teaching Professional English course, the authors provide an in-depth analysis of the fundamental issues existing in teaching of the Professional English for chemistry and chemical engineering in colleges. It is proposed that the primary task is to emphasize the teaching of the Professional English at multiple levels in order to fundamentally address the frustrating performance of the teaching. The constructions of the textbooks and the teaching staffs, the optimization of the teaching methods should be included. Teaching should be conducted with the students as center to stimulate the students’ motivation and potentiality. Studying of professional knowledge should be made attractive. Emphasis should be put on the understanding of the Professional English rather than the translation, and the cultivating of the English thinking. The final goal is to address both the manifestation and root cause, and facilitate the teaching of the Professional English.
2023, 38(5): 37-41
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206095
Abstract:
This paper introduces the experience, results and enlightenment of the exploration and practice of cultivating the reflective ability of students of normal university in the professional courses in the past three years. Taking the teaching of organic chemistry as a practical example, the following measures were taken to explore and practice: revising the curriculum syllabus, and clarifying the requirements for cultivating reflective ability; teaching by words and deeds, and consciously reflecting on teaching; carrying out the training of four reflective learning methods and skills, e.g., writing reflective reports.
This paper introduces the experience, results and enlightenment of the exploration and practice of cultivating the reflective ability of students of normal university in the professional courses in the past three years. Taking the teaching of organic chemistry as a practical example, the following measures were taken to explore and practice: revising the curriculum syllabus, and clarifying the requirements for cultivating reflective ability; teaching by words and deeds, and consciously reflecting on teaching; carrying out the training of four reflective learning methods and skills, e.g., writing reflective reports.
2023, 38(5): 42-48
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206063
Abstract:
Inorganic and analytical chemistry experiment is a basic course offered by our university for the natural science platform students. Combined with the modular curriculum design, it aims to teach the basic theoretical knowledge and professional laboratory skills for students through the training of basic experiments to the improvement of comprehensive experiments. Then we deeply excavate the ideological and political elements of “learning for application” in the curriculum. Through the “problem-based learning” model, we combine the ideological and political education in the highly interactive laboratory teaching to realize the knowledge transfer and the ideological and political guidance.
Inorganic and analytical chemistry experiment is a basic course offered by our university for the natural science platform students. Combined with the modular curriculum design, it aims to teach the basic theoretical knowledge and professional laboratory skills for students through the training of basic experiments to the improvement of comprehensive experiments. Then we deeply excavate the ideological and political elements of “learning for application” in the curriculum. Through the “problem-based learning” model, we combine the ideological and political education in the highly interactive laboratory teaching to realize the knowledge transfer and the ideological and political guidance.
2023, 38(5): 49-53
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208114
Abstract:
Taking the course of “Separation technology in the pharmaceutical analysis” as an example, this paper discusses the “spreading excellent culture” of the ten principles of teachers’ professional behavior in the new era from the aspects of optimizing the teaching contents, multi-learning, improvement of teachers’ quality and ability and teaching assessment.
Taking the course of “Separation technology in the pharmaceutical analysis” as an example, this paper discusses the “spreading excellent culture” of the ten principles of teachers’ professional behavior in the new era from the aspects of optimizing the teaching contents, multi-learning, improvement of teachers’ quality and ability and teaching assessment.
2023, 38(5): 54-60
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202209035
Abstract:
The final exam is a very important part of the course teaching quality evaluation. Therefore, we analyzed the final examination paper of analytical chemistry 1 in our university. Then, we discussed the problems existing in the course, and formed the strategic thinking on the curriculum reform. Furthermore, we analyzed the elements of paper generation and quality assurance of the final exam.
The final exam is a very important part of the course teaching quality evaluation. Therefore, we analyzed the final examination paper of analytical chemistry 1 in our university. Then, we discussed the problems existing in the course, and formed the strategic thinking on the curriculum reform. Furthermore, we analyzed the elements of paper generation and quality assurance of the final exam.
2023, 38(5): 61-66
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207020
Abstract:
Taking chemistry experiments as the carrier, the courses of General Chemical Laboratory have built a curricular case library covering six ideological and political elements including patriotism, cultural confidence, scientific spirit, scientific ethics, social responsibility, chemistry and life. They have lively incorporated ideological and moral education into the teaching process from four aspects: Chinese characteristics, Zhejiang University characteristics, disciplinary characteristics and curricular characteristics. During the process, a university’s fundamental task of moral education and talent fostering has been performed and good feedback has been received from students.
Taking chemistry experiments as the carrier, the courses of General Chemical Laboratory have built a curricular case library covering six ideological and political elements including patriotism, cultural confidence, scientific spirit, scientific ethics, social responsibility, chemistry and life. They have lively incorporated ideological and moral education into the teaching process from four aspects: Chinese characteristics, Zhejiang University characteristics, disciplinary characteristics and curricular characteristics. During the process, a university’s fundamental task of moral education and talent fostering has been performed and good feedback has been received from students.
2023, 38(5): 67-75
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208013
Abstract:
After the knowledge structure of general chemistry, the four modernizations teaching mode about systematic chemical principle, useful chemical knowledge, good pursuing of chemical application, interconnected about knowledge points and frontier science is built. To foster virtue through this education system, students gradually form the chemical attainment about understanding the principle of material formation and change, the ideals and convictions about harmonious coexistence of people and things, the life philosophy about advocating the virtue of life, and the responsibility mission about the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” mission of the times. The teaching model took the realization of the same direction and frequency resonance about ideological and political education in general chemistry course and Party history learning. It also took aided for the achievement of university education goal cultivating talents for the Party and the state.
After the knowledge structure of general chemistry, the four modernizations teaching mode about systematic chemical principle, useful chemical knowledge, good pursuing of chemical application, interconnected about knowledge points and frontier science is built. To foster virtue through this education system, students gradually form the chemical attainment about understanding the principle of material formation and change, the ideals and convictions about harmonious coexistence of people and things, the life philosophy about advocating the virtue of life, and the responsibility mission about the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” mission of the times. The teaching model took the realization of the same direction and frequency resonance about ideological and political education in general chemistry course and Party history learning. It also took aided for the achievement of university education goal cultivating talents for the Party and the state.
2023, 38(5): 76-81
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208086
Abstract:
Curriculum ideological & political education is to “foster virtue through education”, that is, in the spirit of “ten years of nurturing a tree while a hundred years of training a man”, to play an effective synergistic role in fostering students’ virtue throughout their whole process of study. In this paper, we share our pedagogical view of course development for ideological & political education via sorting out new education and cultivation objectives, new teaching schemes and new design of example cases in the course of “General chemistry (H)” at Zhejiang University. Also, we share our experience by relying on the teachers as the main executors, the course development as the basic approach and the classroom as the primary location for effectively practicing ideological & political education along with integrating cultivation of chemistry subject knowledge.
Curriculum ideological & political education is to “foster virtue through education”, that is, in the spirit of “ten years of nurturing a tree while a hundred years of training a man”, to play an effective synergistic role in fostering students’ virtue throughout their whole process of study. In this paper, we share our pedagogical view of course development for ideological & political education via sorting out new education and cultivation objectives, new teaching schemes and new design of example cases in the course of “General chemistry (H)” at Zhejiang University. Also, we share our experience by relying on the teachers as the main executors, the course development as the basic approach and the classroom as the primary location for effectively practicing ideological & political education along with integrating cultivation of chemistry subject knowledge.
2023, 38(5): 82-91
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202210065
Abstract:
Based on OBE (outcome-based education) teaching strategy and PBL (problem-based learning) teaching method, the hybrid teaching of SPOC (small private online course) + virtual simulation experiment + QQ group + WeChat group + teaching six-step method of instrumental analysis laboratory is designed to form an innovative teaching mode. This innovative teaching mode is led by course ideology and politics, integrates science with education, and is driven by competition, which broadens students’ academic vision, strengthens students’ scientific literacy, innovative thinking, scientific research ability and stimulate their passion for chemistry. This new teaching mode improves the challenge of the course, makes chemistry curriculum better serve other disciplines and majors, and helps the construction and practice of the system of cultivating top talents.
Based on OBE (outcome-based education) teaching strategy and PBL (problem-based learning) teaching method, the hybrid teaching of SPOC (small private online course) + virtual simulation experiment + QQ group + WeChat group + teaching six-step method of instrumental analysis laboratory is designed to form an innovative teaching mode. This innovative teaching mode is led by course ideology and politics, integrates science with education, and is driven by competition, which broadens students’ academic vision, strengthens students’ scientific literacy, innovative thinking, scientific research ability and stimulate their passion for chemistry. This new teaching mode improves the challenge of the course, makes chemistry curriculum better serve other disciplines and majors, and helps the construction and practice of the system of cultivating top talents.
2023, 38(5): 92-100
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202212015
Abstract:
In order to improve the students’ professional quality, the curriculum system of social practice is reformed from the aspects of the teaching team, the curriculum content, the curriculum resource, the teaching mode and the evaluation mode. A progressive social practice course content system that highlights professionalism and innovation has been constructed. The diversified teaching strategy that combines online and offline teaching has been implemented. A high degree of integration of professional education, social services and curriculum ideological and political education has been realized. The cultivation quality of applied chemistry major in local colleges and universities has been improved.
In order to improve the students’ professional quality, the curriculum system of social practice is reformed from the aspects of the teaching team, the curriculum content, the curriculum resource, the teaching mode and the evaluation mode. A progressive social practice course content system that highlights professionalism and innovation has been constructed. The diversified teaching strategy that combines online and offline teaching has been implemented. A high degree of integration of professional education, social services and curriculum ideological and political education has been realized. The cultivation quality of applied chemistry major in local colleges and universities has been improved.
2023, 38(5): 101-109
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207144
Abstract:
当前，社会对高校应用型人才培养提出了更高的要求，OBE (成果导向教育)则是为适应此需求而产生的一种国际先进教育理念。有机化学是药学相关专业的核心基础课程，由于其自身内容繁多、理论分散，加之传统课堂教学的局限,导致培养的大部分毕业生并不能很好地满足社会的用人需求。因此，在“立德树人”背景下，将OBE的成果导向、学生为中心及持续改进三大教育理念引入到本课程教学中，从明确课程目标、优化授课内容等方面对本课程进行改革和探索。旨在全面提高有机化学教学质量，为社会输送复合型、创新型药学优秀人才打下坚实基础。
当前，社会对高校应用型人才培养提出了更高的要求，OBE (成果导向教育)则是为适应此需求而产生的一种国际先进教育理念。有机化学是药学相关专业的核心基础课程，由于其自身内容繁多、理论分散，加之传统课堂教学的局限,导致培养的大部分毕业生并不能很好地满足社会的用人需求。因此，在“立德树人”背景下，将OBE的成果导向、学生为中心及持续改进三大教育理念引入到本课程教学中，从明确课程目标、优化授课内容等方面对本课程进行改革和探索。旨在全面提高有机化学教学质量，为社会输送复合型、创新型药学优秀人才打下坚实基础。
2023, 38(5): 110-118
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206098
Abstract:
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new type of crystalline porous materials, have attracted considerable attention in many fields such as separation, catalysis, drug release, and optoelectronics. The crystallinity and morphology of COFs determine their application. In this study, the synthetic methods and applications of COFs with different morphologies (spherical, thin film, rod, tubular, fibrous, belt, cage, and roll) are reviewed. Existing problems are also discussed and their potential solutions are proposed.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new type of crystalline porous materials, have attracted considerable attention in many fields such as separation, catalysis, drug release, and optoelectronics. The crystallinity and morphology of COFs determine their application. In this study, the synthetic methods and applications of COFs with different morphologies (spherical, thin film, rod, tubular, fibrous, belt, cage, and roll) are reviewed. Existing problems are also discussed and their potential solutions are proposed.
2023, 38(5): 119-123
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206101
Abstract:
The anomeric effect, one of the classic stereoelectronic effects in organic chemistry, describes the preference of an electronegative substituent at the anomeric carbon of glycosides to adopt the axial configuration. Herein, we briefly survey the history and broad applications of the anomeric effect in organic synthesis. Particularly, we highlight the recent investigations on the related metallo-anomeric effect in carbohydrate chemistry and the possible strategies for its easy regulation via the alteration of the metal, oxidation state, ligand, and structure of the substrate. A positive interplay between scientific research and organic chemistry teaching would profoundly help students to understand the basic concepts and advanced applications of the metallo-anomeric effect.
The anomeric effect, one of the classic stereoelectronic effects in organic chemistry, describes the preference of an electronegative substituent at the anomeric carbon of glycosides to adopt the axial configuration. Herein, we briefly survey the history and broad applications of the anomeric effect in organic synthesis. Particularly, we highlight the recent investigations on the related metallo-anomeric effect in carbohydrate chemistry and the possible strategies for its easy regulation via the alteration of the metal, oxidation state, ligand, and structure of the substrate. A positive interplay between scientific research and organic chemistry teaching would profoundly help students to understand the basic concepts and advanced applications of the metallo-anomeric effect.
2023, 38(5): 124-129
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206038
Abstract:
Selenium, the moon goddess, is one of the indispensable trace elements in the human body. However, both inadequate and excessive intakes of selenium can be harmful to human health. Herein, the discovery process, existing forms, and special properties of selenium are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the recent research advances and potential application of selenium in the combat against COVID-19 are introduced.
Selenium, the moon goddess, is one of the indispensable trace elements in the human body. However, both inadequate and excessive intakes of selenium can be harmful to human health. Herein, the discovery process, existing forms, and special properties of selenium are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the recent research advances and potential application of selenium in the combat against COVID-19 are introduced.
2023, 38(5): 130-136
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206061
Abstract:
A comprehensive experiment focusing on the surface modification of activated carbon and its benzene adsorption performance was designed to enhance the understanding of the operation of adsorption unit and improve the laboratory skill of students. The basic property characterization, surface modification, adsorption performance evaluation, and dynamic adsorption of adsorbents were included in this experiment for training the experimental study ability, laboratory skill, instrumental analysis, spectrum elucidation, and conclusion summary ability of students. After training, students can master N2 adsorption/desorption apparatus, instrumental operation of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscope, and spectrum elucidation methods. Students can also learn the surface modification, iodine adsorption value test, methylene blue adsorption value test, and dynamic adsorption performance test as well as the results of induction analysis. Furthermore, students can combine the basic principles of adsorption with experimental study results to reveal the results of experimental process. This comprehensive experiment can stimulate students’ interest in learning and improve their professional ability, while strengthening students’ ability to grasp relevant knowledge of adsorption unit operation.
A comprehensive experiment focusing on the surface modification of activated carbon and its benzene adsorption performance was designed to enhance the understanding of the operation of adsorption unit and improve the laboratory skill of students. The basic property characterization, surface modification, adsorption performance evaluation, and dynamic adsorption of adsorbents were included in this experiment for training the experimental study ability, laboratory skill, instrumental analysis, spectrum elucidation, and conclusion summary ability of students. After training, students can master N2 adsorption/desorption apparatus, instrumental operation of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscope, and spectrum elucidation methods. Students can also learn the surface modification, iodine adsorption value test, methylene blue adsorption value test, and dynamic adsorption performance test as well as the results of induction analysis. Furthermore, students can combine the basic principles of adsorption with experimental study results to reveal the results of experimental process. This comprehensive experiment can stimulate students’ interest in learning and improve their professional ability, while strengthening students’ ability to grasp relevant knowledge of adsorption unit operation.
2023, 38(5): 137-142
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207080
Abstract:
The Hittorf method is a traditional method for determining ion transference numbers in physical chemistry experiments. During practice, it was found that the traditional experimental device and operation method frequently caused inaccurate ion transference numbers to be obtained owing to human error and/or the convection and diffusion of the solution. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the device and operation method of this experiment. Herein, we propose adjusting the number of glass pistons in the three-chamber ion-transfer tube and improving the experimental steps, including liquid loading, solution collection, and titration operation. This proposed work would reduce the difficulty of experimental execution, increase the number of titration analyses, and improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. Simultaneously, the formation of liquid waste could be reduced by approximately 70%, resulting in significant cost reduction and environmental protection. This study could also stimulate students’ innovative consciousness of experimental research and encourage them to develop an environmental protection perception.
The Hittorf method is a traditional method for determining ion transference numbers in physical chemistry experiments. During practice, it was found that the traditional experimental device and operation method frequently caused inaccurate ion transference numbers to be obtained owing to human error and/or the convection and diffusion of the solution. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the device and operation method of this experiment. Herein, we propose adjusting the number of glass pistons in the three-chamber ion-transfer tube and improving the experimental steps, including liquid loading, solution collection, and titration operation. This proposed work would reduce the difficulty of experimental execution, increase the number of titration analyses, and improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. Simultaneously, the formation of liquid waste could be reduced by approximately 70%, resulting in significant cost reduction and environmental protection. This study could also stimulate students’ innovative consciousness of experimental research and encourage them to develop an environmental protection perception.
2023, 38(5): 143-148
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207155
Abstract:
Near-infrared (NIR) plays a vital role in the fields of photothermal therapy, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and medical diagnosis. In this comprehensive experiment, organic nanoparticles based on electron-transfer complexes (viz., coronene (COR) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-benzoquinonedimethane (TCNQ)) were prepared via precipitation. Absorption in the NIR regions was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and the structure of the nanoparticles was analyzed using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The photothermal properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated via infrared thermal imaging. This study applies the frontier of scientific research to experimental teaching, which helps students to consolidate their scientific knowledge, improve their experimental skills and laboratory safety consciousness, broaden their scientific research vision, and instill the exploration spirit of scientific theoretical research with the ultimate goal of application “landing”.
Near-infrared (NIR) plays a vital role in the fields of photothermal therapy, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and medical diagnosis. In this comprehensive experiment, organic nanoparticles based on electron-transfer complexes (viz., coronene (COR) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-benzoquinonedimethane (TCNQ)) were prepared via precipitation. Absorption in the NIR regions was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and the structure of the nanoparticles was analyzed using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The photothermal properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated via infrared thermal imaging. This study applies the frontier of scientific research to experimental teaching, which helps students to consolidate their scientific knowledge, improve their experimental skills and laboratory safety consciousness, broaden their scientific research vision, and instill the exploration spirit of scientific theoretical research with the ultimate goal of application “landing”.
2023, 38(5): 149-156
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206091
Abstract:
Aiming at addressing the problems of single-content and obsolete projects in university-level analytical chemistry, introducing innovative and comprehensive experimental projects into teaching classrooms can enhance students’ ability to explore and solve problems independently. Therefore, we designed an experimental teaching scheme that includes sample preparation, characterization and evaluation, as well as data processing and result comparison. The purpose of the experiment is to determine the contents of Ni and Mo in industrial oil hydrodesulfurization catalysts (in this case, Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts) using spectrophotometry. The goals are to enable students to understand the fundamentals of conventional supported catalyst preparation and master the quantitative analysis procedure of spectrophotometry.
Aiming at addressing the problems of single-content and obsolete projects in university-level analytical chemistry, introducing innovative and comprehensive experimental projects into teaching classrooms can enhance students’ ability to explore and solve problems independently. Therefore, we designed an experimental teaching scheme that includes sample preparation, characterization and evaluation, as well as data processing and result comparison. The purpose of the experiment is to determine the contents of Ni and Mo in industrial oil hydrodesulfurization catalysts (in this case, Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts) using spectrophotometry. The goals are to enable students to understand the fundamentals of conventional supported catalyst preparation and master the quantitative analysis procedure of spectrophotometry.
2023, 38(5): 157-162
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206050
Abstract:
Organic electrosynthesis is an emerging field of organic synthesis because its controllability, efficiency, and “green” profile. However, electrochemical synthesis has not yet been implemented in the organic chemistry laboratory curriculum for undergraduates. Organic sulfides are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules. They are also important intermediates in organic synthesis. Most traditional methods for the preparation of these species require reductants and harsh reaction conditions. Recently, we reported the facile electrochemical reduction of sulfoxides to sulfides under mild reaction conditions. Subsequently, we designed a “green” electrochemical protocol for the efficient synthesis of diphenyl sulfide, from readily available phenyl sulfoxide, at room temperature. This experiment aimed to establish the concept of “green” synthesis amongst the undergraduate student population.
Organic electrosynthesis is an emerging field of organic synthesis because its controllability, efficiency, and “green” profile. However, electrochemical synthesis has not yet been implemented in the organic chemistry laboratory curriculum for undergraduates. Organic sulfides are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules. They are also important intermediates in organic synthesis. Most traditional methods for the preparation of these species require reductants and harsh reaction conditions. Recently, we reported the facile electrochemical reduction of sulfoxides to sulfides under mild reaction conditions. Subsequently, we designed a “green” electrochemical protocol for the efficient synthesis of diphenyl sulfide, from readily available phenyl sulfoxide, at room temperature. This experiment aimed to establish the concept of “green” synthesis amongst the undergraduate student population.
2023, 38(5): 163-171
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207018
Abstract:
As a relatively mature additive manufacturing technology, photocurable 3D printing technology includes 3D modeling, photosensitive resin preparation, printing parameters regulation, post-processing, and other steps in the printing process. The content involves related knowledge of machinery, optics, polymer chemistry, software engineering, and so on. To enhance undergraduate students’ experimental interest and skills, and further cultivate their awareness of scientific research and innovation, we designed an innovative experiment based on photocurable 3D printing technology for undergraduates. The experiments are based on free radical polymerization by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology, and through the printing process of the whole process involved in the practice, we hope students can understand the principle of 3D printing, the printing material of synthesis, and the process of printing technology and related knowledge. Finally, through the analysis of the experimental results, we can further develop students’ ability to analyze and solve scientific problems.
As a relatively mature additive manufacturing technology, photocurable 3D printing technology includes 3D modeling, photosensitive resin preparation, printing parameters regulation, post-processing, and other steps in the printing process. The content involves related knowledge of machinery, optics, polymer chemistry, software engineering, and so on. To enhance undergraduate students’ experimental interest and skills, and further cultivate their awareness of scientific research and innovation, we designed an innovative experiment based on photocurable 3D printing technology for undergraduates. The experiments are based on free radical polymerization by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology, and through the printing process of the whole process involved in the practice, we hope students can understand the principle of 3D printing, the printing material of synthesis, and the process of printing technology and related knowledge. Finally, through the analysis of the experimental results, we can further develop students’ ability to analyze and solve scientific problems.
2023, 38(5): 172-180
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207054
Abstract:
The role of molecular dynamics simulation in the research of chemistry and related disciplines has become increasingly prominent. However, it is rarely involved in undergraduate chemistry experiments. Existing computational chemistry experiments mostly focus on the calculation of molecular properties by quantum chemistry methods. To popularize molecular dynamics simulation as a powerful tool in undergraduate experimental teaching and help students understand the dynamic behavior of molecules, alanine dipeptide is used as an example to design a simple molecular dynamics simulation experiment. Through this experiment, students can grasp the basic principles, processes, and result processing methods of molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, it can deepen their understanding of abstract concepts, such as potential energy surfaces, in physical chemistry. This experiment can be used as the content of a computational chemistry experiment or as an extended physical chemistry experiment.
The role of molecular dynamics simulation in the research of chemistry and related disciplines has become increasingly prominent. However, it is rarely involved in undergraduate chemistry experiments. Existing computational chemistry experiments mostly focus on the calculation of molecular properties by quantum chemistry methods. To popularize molecular dynamics simulation as a powerful tool in undergraduate experimental teaching and help students understand the dynamic behavior of molecules, alanine dipeptide is used as an example to design a simple molecular dynamics simulation experiment. Through this experiment, students can grasp the basic principles, processes, and result processing methods of molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, it can deepen their understanding of abstract concepts, such as potential energy surfaces, in physical chemistry. This experiment can be used as the content of a computational chemistry experiment or as an extended physical chemistry experiment.
2023, 38(5): 181-187
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206062
Abstract:
The green synthesis and characterization experiment of a Zn(II) complex is a comprehensive experiment that combines the basic knowledge and the scientific research frontier of the complex. In this paper, a three-dimensional complex was prepared using p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (4-ABS) and ZnO as the main materials. The complex is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, UV absorption and fluorescence spectra. The configuration of the complex is optimized by the CASTEP module of Materials Studio (MS) software, which further supports the optimal structure and stabilization energy of the complex. The experimental process includes the complex preparation, evaporation concentration, decompression filtration, single crystal culture, UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, theoretical calculation, etc. The whole process is comprehensive and operable. Meanwhile, the experiment integrates green synthesis into the whole experimental scheme, establishing the concept of energy conservation and environmental protection. Through this experiment, students could not only understand the principles of coordination chemistry, but also learn the frontier of scientific research. Therefore, it is helpful to train the students’ scientific thinking, and enhance their ability of innovation.
The green synthesis and characterization experiment of a Zn(II) complex is a comprehensive experiment that combines the basic knowledge and the scientific research frontier of the complex. In this paper, a three-dimensional complex was prepared using p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (4-ABS) and ZnO as the main materials. The complex is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, UV absorption and fluorescence spectra. The configuration of the complex is optimized by the CASTEP module of Materials Studio (MS) software, which further supports the optimal structure and stabilization energy of the complex. The experimental process includes the complex preparation, evaporation concentration, decompression filtration, single crystal culture, UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, theoretical calculation, etc. The whole process is comprehensive and operable. Meanwhile, the experiment integrates green synthesis into the whole experimental scheme, establishing the concept of energy conservation and environmental protection. Through this experiment, students could not only understand the principles of coordination chemistry, but also learn the frontier of scientific research. Therefore, it is helpful to train the students’ scientific thinking, and enhance their ability of innovation.
2023, 38(5): 188-192
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207021
Abstract:
Comprehensive design experiment is an important way to cultivate the abilities of college students to independently solve problems and be innovative. A comprehensive design experiment titled “Comparison of two electrochemical sensor methods for determining glucose” was conducted. Students were asked to independently design two types of electrochemical sensors (i.e., a chemically modified electrode and biosensor) for determining glucose by conducting literature investigations. Comparing the linear ranges, sensitivities, and selectivities of the two sensor methods allowed students to independently choose the appropriate method for determining the glucose content in fruit juice. This project helped students to understand the advanced work involved in instrument-based analysis, improved their interest in learning and effective experimental teaching, and cultivated their scientific research skills through innovative learning.
Comprehensive design experiment is an important way to cultivate the abilities of college students to independently solve problems and be innovative. A comprehensive design experiment titled “Comparison of two electrochemical sensor methods for determining glucose” was conducted. Students were asked to independently design two types of electrochemical sensors (i.e., a chemically modified electrode and biosensor) for determining glucose by conducting literature investigations. Comparing the linear ranges, sensitivities, and selectivities of the two sensor methods allowed students to independently choose the appropriate method for determining the glucose content in fruit juice. This project helped students to understand the advanced work involved in instrument-based analysis, improved their interest in learning and effective experimental teaching, and cultivated their scientific research skills through innovative learning.
2023, 38(5): 193-201
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207060
Abstract:
Herein, we apply a state-of-the-art fluorescence detection technology from scientific research to teaching. By optimizing the molecular structure and changing the properties of fluorescent probes, we overcome the shortcomings of BODIPY (fluoroboron dipyrrole) fluorescent dyes, such as short emission wavelengths and poor hydrophilicity. A novel hypochlorite fluorescent probe with a fast response, high selectivity, and good sensitivity was synthesized through the design and improvement of the structure of the BODIPY fluorescent dye. The obtained structure of the fluorescent probe was characterized, and the fluorescence properties of the probe were measured. Through the study of the relationship between the probe structure and fluorescence properties, students will have a better understanding of the mechanism of fluorescent probe recognition and the basic principles of fluorescence and luminescence. The experimental part includes organic synthesis and purification, instrumental characterization of the products, and evaluation of the obtained results. This experiment is comprehensive and simple to perform. The methodical experimental procedure is beneficial for cultivating scientific thinking and the students’ ability to connect theory with practice. Moreover, this experiment can improve their practical skills, and develop the ability to data process and perform literature research in Chinese and other foreign languages.
Herein, we apply a state-of-the-art fluorescence detection technology from scientific research to teaching. By optimizing the molecular structure and changing the properties of fluorescent probes, we overcome the shortcomings of BODIPY (fluoroboron dipyrrole) fluorescent dyes, such as short emission wavelengths and poor hydrophilicity. A novel hypochlorite fluorescent probe with a fast response, high selectivity, and good sensitivity was synthesized through the design and improvement of the structure of the BODIPY fluorescent dye. The obtained structure of the fluorescent probe was characterized, and the fluorescence properties of the probe were measured. Through the study of the relationship between the probe structure and fluorescence properties, students will have a better understanding of the mechanism of fluorescent probe recognition and the basic principles of fluorescence and luminescence. The experimental part includes organic synthesis and purification, instrumental characterization of the products, and evaluation of the obtained results. This experiment is comprehensive and simple to perform. The methodical experimental procedure is beneficial for cultivating scientific thinking and the students’ ability to connect theory with practice. Moreover, this experiment can improve their practical skills, and develop the ability to data process and perform literature research in Chinese and other foreign languages.
2023, 38(5): 202-210
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207097
Abstract:
To improve the fundamental and essential experimental skills in organic chemistry for senior undergraduates majoring in chemistry and related disciplines, a comprehensive experimental procedure, including the synthesis, separation, UV-Vis spectrum analysis, and color change observation of phenolphthalein derivatives, was designed. The phenolphthalein derivatives were synthesized using four different phenol derivatives with phthalic anhydride in methane sulfonic acid, and separated and purified by standard organic synthesis operations, such as neutralization, extraction, suction filtration, rotary evaporation, and recrystallization. The ethanolic solutions of the phenolphthalein derivatives were colorless; however, the color of the alkaline aqueous solution of the phenolphthalein derivatives gradually transitioned from red to blue with the change of substituents. This phenomenon shows that the electron-donating effect of the substituents causes a redshift of the maximum absorption wavelength of these phenolphthalein derivatives in alkaline aqueous solution. Phenolphthalein derivatives are red to blue in strong acid solution with pH < 0, but colorless in strong alkaline aqueous solution with pH > 12, which is closely related to their molecular structure in different pH solutions. In this experiment, Gaussian software was used to optimize the phenolphthalein molecules under different pH conditions, and the relationship between the molecular structure of the phenolphthalein derivatives and their colors was discussed. Finally, based on the acid-base color-change reaction of phenolphthalein, other interesting experiments were designed to enable students to deeply understand how to apply new knowledge and enjoy learning through practical chemistry experiments.
To improve the fundamental and essential experimental skills in organic chemistry for senior undergraduates majoring in chemistry and related disciplines, a comprehensive experimental procedure, including the synthesis, separation, UV-Vis spectrum analysis, and color change observation of phenolphthalein derivatives, was designed. The phenolphthalein derivatives were synthesized using four different phenol derivatives with phthalic anhydride in methane sulfonic acid, and separated and purified by standard organic synthesis operations, such as neutralization, extraction, suction filtration, rotary evaporation, and recrystallization. The ethanolic solutions of the phenolphthalein derivatives were colorless; however, the color of the alkaline aqueous solution of the phenolphthalein derivatives gradually transitioned from red to blue with the change of substituents. This phenomenon shows that the electron-donating effect of the substituents causes a redshift of the maximum absorption wavelength of these phenolphthalein derivatives in alkaline aqueous solution. Phenolphthalein derivatives are red to blue in strong acid solution with pH < 0, but colorless in strong alkaline aqueous solution with pH > 12, which is closely related to their molecular structure in different pH solutions. In this experiment, Gaussian software was used to optimize the phenolphthalein molecules under different pH conditions, and the relationship between the molecular structure of the phenolphthalein derivatives and their colors was discussed. Finally, based on the acid-base color-change reaction of phenolphthalein, other interesting experiments were designed to enable students to deeply understand how to apply new knowledge and enjoy learning through practical chemistry experiments.
2023, 38(5): 211-219
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206043
Abstract:
As one of the three basic mechanisms in organic chemistry, the free radical reaction, has been neglected for a long time in experimental teaching, which has led to a disconnection between theory and practice. In this study, o-tetrahydrofuranyl acetophenone oxime ether was synthesized from acetophenone oxime and tetrahydrofuran by a free radical process mediated by carbon tetrachloride under 3 W blue LED light. The products were characterized by NMR, IR and UV spectroscopy. This experiment only requires simple and inexpensive equipment and mild reaction conditions, and has high universality. It teaches the application of bromine radicals in organic synthesis so that students can master their understanding of free radical reactions, and allows them to improve their practical skills by analyzing the molecular structure of the product.
As one of the three basic mechanisms in organic chemistry, the free radical reaction, has been neglected for a long time in experimental teaching, which has led to a disconnection between theory and practice. In this study, o-tetrahydrofuranyl acetophenone oxime ether was synthesized from acetophenone oxime and tetrahydrofuran by a free radical process mediated by carbon tetrachloride under 3 W blue LED light. The products were characterized by NMR, IR and UV spectroscopy. This experiment only requires simple and inexpensive equipment and mild reaction conditions, and has high universality. It teaches the application of bromine radicals in organic synthesis so that students can master their understanding of free radical reactions, and allows them to improve their practical skills by analyzing the molecular structure of the product.
2023, 38(5): 220-226
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207082
Abstract:
An experiment was designed for the catalytic reduction of nitro and azo compounds, which are typical contaminants found in wastewater, using carbocatalysts. N-doped holey graphene (NHG) or N-doped graphene (NG) carbocatalysts are synthesized via a hydrothermal approach using graphene oxide as a starting material. The morphology and composition of the resulting carbocatalysts are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2adsorption/desorption analysis. The catalytic efficiency of NHG or NG is evaluated via the reduction of nitro and azo compounds in wastewater in the presence of NaBH4. The experiment teaches basic theory regarding the preparation and characterization of carbocatalysts and treatment of wastewater through catalytic reduction, and covers concepts in the fields of physical chemistry, materials chemistry, and environmental chemistry. This comprehensive experiment cultivates scientific thinking, improves research skills, and teaches practical problem-solving using chemistry knowledge.
An experiment was designed for the catalytic reduction of nitro and azo compounds, which are typical contaminants found in wastewater, using carbocatalysts. N-doped holey graphene (NHG) or N-doped graphene (NG) carbocatalysts are synthesized via a hydrothermal approach using graphene oxide as a starting material. The morphology and composition of the resulting carbocatalysts are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2adsorption/desorption analysis. The catalytic efficiency of NHG or NG is evaluated via the reduction of nitro and azo compounds in wastewater in the presence of NaBH4. The experiment teaches basic theory regarding the preparation and characterization of carbocatalysts and treatment of wastewater through catalytic reduction, and covers concepts in the fields of physical chemistry, materials chemistry, and environmental chemistry. This comprehensive experiment cultivates scientific thinking, improves research skills, and teaches practical problem-solving using chemistry knowledge.
2023, 38(5): 227-233
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207148
Abstract:
We present a new undergraduate teaching experiment inspired by recent scientific advances toward the sustainable synthesis of deep blue fluorescent benzofuroindoles via the catalytic aerobic oxidation [3+2] cyclization of phenol and indole. The experiment teaches basic theoretical knowledge of organic chemistry, such as Lewis acid catalysis, electrophilic substitution, conjugate addition, and practical skills, including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography purification, UV-Vis absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It integrates the ideological elements of green chemistry, environmental protection, safety, and sustainable chemistry, among others, and provides comprehensive training in scientific thinking, scientific inquiry, and complex problem solving in synthetic chemistry.
We present a new undergraduate teaching experiment inspired by recent scientific advances toward the sustainable synthesis of deep blue fluorescent benzofuroindoles via the catalytic aerobic oxidation [3+2] cyclization of phenol and indole. The experiment teaches basic theoretical knowledge of organic chemistry, such as Lewis acid catalysis, electrophilic substitution, conjugate addition, and practical skills, including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography purification, UV-Vis absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It integrates the ideological elements of green chemistry, environmental protection, safety, and sustainable chemistry, among others, and provides comprehensive training in scientific thinking, scientific inquiry, and complex problem solving in synthetic chemistry.
2023, 38(5): 234-240
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207059
Abstract:
Regarding the current photo-electrochemical sensor on the basis of TiO2-carbon nano-material composite with enzyme incorporation, defects such as unfavorable environmental adaptability, undesirable anti-interference capability, inferior sensitivity, unsatisfactory substrate selectivity and insufficient efforts on the constitution-function relationship study are identified. The dependence of the interactions between the variable functional units within nano-complex and TiO2/carbon nano-material on the structure, composition as well as physicochemical properties of the elements in nano-composite is systematically discussed. Efforts are made to define the key factor to restrict the sensing efficiency and applications of as-prepared photo-electrochemical sensor. The critical issue for the constructing the constitution-performance relationship model to develop the next generation photo-electrochemical sensor is elucidated. A classical comprehensive experiment is designed and presented. The method for preparing the electrode on the basis of nano-composite via the covalent coupling of TiO2 nanosphere with 3D graphene oxide, and hemoglobin incorporation is introduced. The implementation of this experiment is aimed at the training of the students to use multiple techniques. Such characterization and measurement techniques can be proposed to explore the influence of the interactions between elements in nano-complex and incorporated enzyme molecules on the dynamics of relevant steps involved in the enzyme based photo-electrocatalytic reaction. The experimental set up is proposed to make the students understand and master the interrelated theory and means to determine the kinetic parameters of photo-electrocatalysis for enzyme-based electrode. The idea of closely integrating theory with practice, rigorous and realistic scientific attitude for the educational object could be developed with the execution of the comprehensive experiment.
Regarding the current photo-electrochemical sensor on the basis of TiO2-carbon nano-material composite with enzyme incorporation, defects such as unfavorable environmental adaptability, undesirable anti-interference capability, inferior sensitivity, unsatisfactory substrate selectivity and insufficient efforts on the constitution-function relationship study are identified. The dependence of the interactions between the variable functional units within nano-complex and TiO2/carbon nano-material on the structure, composition as well as physicochemical properties of the elements in nano-composite is systematically discussed. Efforts are made to define the key factor to restrict the sensing efficiency and applications of as-prepared photo-electrochemical sensor. The critical issue for the constructing the constitution-performance relationship model to develop the next generation photo-electrochemical sensor is elucidated. A classical comprehensive experiment is designed and presented. The method for preparing the electrode on the basis of nano-composite via the covalent coupling of TiO2 nanosphere with 3D graphene oxide, and hemoglobin incorporation is introduced. The implementation of this experiment is aimed at the training of the students to use multiple techniques. Such characterization and measurement techniques can be proposed to explore the influence of the interactions between elements in nano-complex and incorporated enzyme molecules on the dynamics of relevant steps involved in the enzyme based photo-electrocatalytic reaction. The experimental set up is proposed to make the students understand and master the interrelated theory and means to determine the kinetic parameters of photo-electrocatalysis for enzyme-based electrode. The idea of closely integrating theory with practice, rigorous and realistic scientific attitude for the educational object could be developed with the execution of the comprehensive experiment.
2023, 38(5): 241-248
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208145
Abstract:
Basic chemistry laboratory is the first laboratory course for freshmen majoring in chemistry. The first year in college is the critical period for students to form and establish values, thus, it is of great significance in ideological and political education. This paper mainly introduces the exploration and practice of Ideological and political education in the laboratory teaching of “preparation of N2 and Mg3N2”. The aim is to enrich the content of ideological and political education and innovate the form of Ideological and political education in laboratory teaching.
Basic chemistry laboratory is the first laboratory course for freshmen majoring in chemistry. The first year in college is the critical period for students to form and establish values, thus, it is of great significance in ideological and political education. This paper mainly introduces the exploration and practice of Ideological and political education in the laboratory teaching of “preparation of N2 and Mg3N2”. The aim is to enrich the content of ideological and political education and innovate the form of Ideological and political education in laboratory teaching.
2023, 38(5): 249-253
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207007
Abstract:
The point groups of molecular and crystal symmetry are among the important contents in structural chemistry, and they constitute a challenge in teaching and learning. Students are often confused regarding why only the rotation-reflection axis S4 and the rotation-inversion axis I4 are independent, while other rotation-reflection and rotation-inversion axes are not, or why S4 is used in describing molecular symmetry, while I4 is used in describing crystal symmetry. In this article, starting from the generators of the cyclic group, we obtained the symmetrical operation elements of the point groups Sn and In, respectively. According to whether Sn (In) can be replaced by another symmetric element, or whether the symmetric operating group can be represented as the direct product of two subgroups, we deducted that only S4and I4 are independent when n ≤ 6. This deduction avoids the tediousness and abstraction of graphical illustrations. It is helpful for students to understand the independence of symmetrical elements from the definition derivation, and convenient to promote in teaching.
The point groups of molecular and crystal symmetry are among the important contents in structural chemistry, and they constitute a challenge in teaching and learning. Students are often confused regarding why only the rotation-reflection axis S4 and the rotation-inversion axis I4 are independent, while other rotation-reflection and rotation-inversion axes are not, or why S4 is used in describing molecular symmetry, while I4 is used in describing crystal symmetry. In this article, starting from the generators of the cyclic group, we obtained the symmetrical operation elements of the point groups Sn and In, respectively. According to whether Sn (In) can be replaced by another symmetric element, or whether the symmetric operating group can be represented as the direct product of two subgroups, we deducted that only S4and I4 are independent when n ≤ 6. This deduction avoids the tediousness and abstraction of graphical illustrations. It is helpful for students to understand the independence of symmetrical elements from the definition derivation, and convenient to promote in teaching.
Application of Basic Knowledge of Physical Chemistry in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Teaching
2023, 38(5): 254-260
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206073
Abstract:
As one of the core courses for students majoring in chemical engineering and technology, chemical thermodynamics is closely related to physical chemistry, and the latter is the basis for learning the former. In teaching students new knowledge about chemical thermodynamics, the relevant knowledge from physical chemistry can be reviewed and explained, emphasizing the mutual penetration of physical chemistry and chemical thermodynamics. This can improve not only student understanding and mastery of chemical thermodynamics knowledge, but also the quality of teaching, thereby acquiring greater learning efficiency. In this paper, based on teaching practices in chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry, some examples and opinions regarding the application of physical chemistry knowledge in the teaching of chemical thermodynamics are elucidated.
As one of the core courses for students majoring in chemical engineering and technology, chemical thermodynamics is closely related to physical chemistry, and the latter is the basis for learning the former. In teaching students new knowledge about chemical thermodynamics, the relevant knowledge from physical chemistry can be reviewed and explained, emphasizing the mutual penetration of physical chemistry and chemical thermodynamics. This can improve not only student understanding and mastery of chemical thermodynamics knowledge, but also the quality of teaching, thereby acquiring greater learning efficiency. In this paper, based on teaching practices in chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry, some examples and opinions regarding the application of physical chemistry knowledge in the teaching of chemical thermodynamics are elucidated.
2023, 38(5): 261-264
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206071
Abstract:
For the simple collision theory model in physical chemistry, the innovative introduction of cutting-edge scientific research results inspires students to think actively, stimulates their learning interest, and enlivens classroom teaching. The teaching effect of physical chemistry has been significantly improved through the mode of inspiring explanation by teachers in class and independent study by students after class.
For the simple collision theory model in physical chemistry, the innovative introduction of cutting-edge scientific research results inspires students to think actively, stimulates their learning interest, and enlivens classroom teaching. The teaching effect of physical chemistry has been significantly improved through the mode of inspiring explanation by teachers in class and independent study by students after class.
2023, 38(5): 265-273
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207040
Abstract:
Traditional physical chemistry experiments, including heat of combustion, transference number determination using the moving-boundary method, and critical micelle concentration, are discussed by means of a case study. This case study is a necessary supplement and improvement of the experimental content and data-analysis process for meeting the requirements of high-level innovation and competency. Practice showed that the enrichment and strengthening of the experimental theories and models effectively improved the academic levels of experimental teaching. The students’ abilities to analyze data were also improved. Thus, the “golden course” criteria was satisfied.
Traditional physical chemistry experiments, including heat of combustion, transference number determination using the moving-boundary method, and critical micelle concentration, are discussed by means of a case study. This case study is a necessary supplement and improvement of the experimental content and data-analysis process for meeting the requirements of high-level innovation and competency. Practice showed that the enrichment and strengthening of the experimental theories and models effectively improved the academic levels of experimental teaching. The students’ abilities to analyze data were also improved. Thus, the “golden course” criteria was satisfied.
2023, 38(5): 274-280
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206031
Abstract:
Aiming at the training of energy and chemical engineering specialty for application-oriented talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, we tried to carry out project-based learning method in inorganic and analytical chemistry course. Taking “photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production” as an example, we designed three tasks including analyzing the conversion mode of solar energy to hydrogen energy, exploring the basic principle of photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production, and designing the catalyst for photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production, so as to solve practical complex problems. The multi-disciplinary core knowledge was reorganized in project situation, forming an organic whole of cognition. In the process of independent thinking and teamwork, students would experience the research process of scientists, deeply understand the value and function of theoretical knowledge in helping solve practical problems, and would truly realize the “learning for application”, cultivating students’ practical ability and innovative spirit.
Aiming at the training of energy and chemical engineering specialty for application-oriented talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, we tried to carry out project-based learning method in inorganic and analytical chemistry course. Taking “photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production” as an example, we designed three tasks including analyzing the conversion mode of solar energy to hydrogen energy, exploring the basic principle of photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production, and designing the catalyst for photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen production, so as to solve practical complex problems. The multi-disciplinary core knowledge was reorganized in project situation, forming an organic whole of cognition. In the process of independent thinking and teamwork, students would experience the research process of scientists, deeply understand the value and function of theoretical knowledge in helping solve practical problems, and would truly realize the “learning for application”, cultivating students’ practical ability and innovative spirit.
2023, 38(5): 281-284
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202209045
Abstract:
Owing to the two different types of understanding on the kinetics of irreversible linear polycondensation, various deduction processes of reaction rate expressions exist in different “Polymer Chemistry” textbooks. In this paper, we elaborate the cause of the diversity in the reaction rate expressions derivation via analysis and comparison of a Chinese textbook and an English textbook, “Polymer Chemistry” written by Zuren Pan and “Principles of Polymerization” written by George Odian, respectively. We hope to provide a reference for teachers’ teaching and students’ learning.
Owing to the two different types of understanding on the kinetics of irreversible linear polycondensation, various deduction processes of reaction rate expressions exist in different “Polymer Chemistry” textbooks. In this paper, we elaborate the cause of the diversity in the reaction rate expressions derivation via analysis and comparison of a Chinese textbook and an English textbook, “Polymer Chemistry” written by Zuren Pan and “Principles of Polymerization” written by George Odian, respectively. We hope to provide a reference for teachers’ teaching and students’ learning.
2023, 38(5): 285-295
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202301018
Abstract:
With the rapid development of modern medical technology, people are gaining understanding of the causes of diseases and the mechanisms of drug action. The simple macro thinking mode of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is challenging to adapt to the needs of TCM teaching and development in the new era; this indicates that there is an urgent need to introduce new teaching methods and models. The chemical components of the TCM and its prescription are the material basis for its clinical efficacy in preventing and treating diseases. Therefore, under the guidance of the TCM theory, this paper integrates Chinese medicine chemistry into the teaching and practice of the TCM by considering Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma as an example with respect to anthraquinones. Through the three dimensions teaching of theory, practice, and expansion, students’ cognition and application ability related to the TCM were shown to be effectively improved, and the integration was proven to promote the cultivation of compound TCM talents.
With the rapid development of modern medical technology, people are gaining understanding of the causes of diseases and the mechanisms of drug action. The simple macro thinking mode of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is challenging to adapt to the needs of TCM teaching and development in the new era; this indicates that there is an urgent need to introduce new teaching methods and models. The chemical components of the TCM and its prescription are the material basis for its clinical efficacy in preventing and treating diseases. Therefore, under the guidance of the TCM theory, this paper integrates Chinese medicine chemistry into the teaching and practice of the TCM by considering Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma as an example with respect to anthraquinones. Through the three dimensions teaching of theory, practice, and expansion, students’ cognition and application ability related to the TCM were shown to be effectively improved, and the integration was proven to promote the cultivation of compound TCM talents.
2023, 38(5): 296-301
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202203069
Abstract:
t test, a significant test in statistics, shows wide applicability, and plays essential roles in method validation, data evaluation, and quality control. For example, you can compare the mean of a data set with a known value to see if there is a bias in a method. For comparison of two data sets, you need to first make a distinction between unpaired data and paired data. However, in our analytical chemistry textbooks, only unpaired t test is briefly introduced. In contrast, through various examples, both paired t test and unpaired t test are comprehensively introduced in English analytical chemistry textbooks. It is suggested that more systematic statistical contents be integrated into our analytical chemistry teaching. It should be a beneficial attempt for more scientific textbook construction.
t test, a significant test in statistics, shows wide applicability, and plays essential roles in method validation, data evaluation, and quality control. For example, you can compare the mean of a data set with a known value to see if there is a bias in a method. For comparison of two data sets, you need to first make a distinction between unpaired data and paired data. However, in our analytical chemistry textbooks, only unpaired t test is briefly introduced. In contrast, through various examples, both paired t test and unpaired t test are comprehensively introduced in English analytical chemistry textbooks. It is suggested that more systematic statistical contents be integrated into our analytical chemistry teaching. It should be a beneficial attempt for more scientific textbook construction.
2023, 38(5): 302-307
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202206074
Abstract:
Herein, we report a method for constructing protein models via 3D printing, and demonstrate it using a series of protein models with distinct structures. These models can be used in teaching to visualize hierarchical protein structures in real space and to help students understand topics such as protein folding and protein-protein interactions. They are also useful in scientific research as aesthetically appealing representations and pieces of art for the popularization of science.
Herein, we report a method for constructing protein models via 3D printing, and demonstrate it using a series of protein models with distinct structures. These models can be used in teaching to visualize hierarchical protein structures in real space and to help students understand topics such as protein folding and protein-protein interactions. They are also useful in scientific research as aesthetically appealing representations and pieces of art for the popularization of science.
2023, 38(5): 308-314
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207092
Abstract:
The integration of computational simulations into the teaching of college chemistry courses is a novel method of visualizing abstract concepts for students and improving the teaching quality. The fundamental principles and operation of COMSOL Multiphysics, a software for multi-physical field simulation, are presented in this paper. Several examples were presented to illustrate the application of this software in the teaching of college physical chemistry, including phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and chemical dynamics. According to the feedback from students, the visual demonstration during classroom teaching improves their understanding and mastery of the knowledge, as well as their enthusiasm and deep thinking.
The integration of computational simulations into the teaching of college chemistry courses is a novel method of visualizing abstract concepts for students and improving the teaching quality. The fundamental principles and operation of COMSOL Multiphysics, a software for multi-physical field simulation, are presented in this paper. Several examples were presented to illustrate the application of this software in the teaching of college physical chemistry, including phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and chemical dynamics. According to the feedback from students, the visual demonstration during classroom teaching improves their understanding and mastery of the knowledge, as well as their enthusiasm and deep thinking.
2023, 38(5): 315-324
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207124
Abstract:
Sir William Henry Perkin was a famous organic chemist and pioneer in industrial organic synthesis. The story of his life, personal qualities, and achievements have bequeathed a legacy to future generations. Although there are English biographies about Perkin, the information in Chinese literature is relatively limited. This paper describes the background, scientific contributions, and influence of Perkin based on the relevant literature to inspire teachers in chemistry education and encourage personal development.
Sir William Henry Perkin was a famous organic chemist and pioneer in industrial organic synthesis. The story of his life, personal qualities, and achievements have bequeathed a legacy to future generations. Although there are English biographies about Perkin, the information in Chinese literature is relatively limited. This paper describes the background, scientific contributions, and influence of Perkin based on the relevant literature to inspire teachers in chemistry education and encourage personal development.
2023, 38(5): 325-334
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208005
Abstract:
This paper mainly introduces the experiment implementation process, results and extension issues in the synthesis and composition determination part of the inorganic and analytical chemistry laboratory project, the synthesis of the complex [Ni(Me3en)(acac)]BPh4 and its solvato/thermochromic behavior research experiment, designed by Nanjing University for the 10th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament. Based on the detailed and intuitive synthetic experimental process shown, we focus on the two major goals of synthesis, the “quality” and the “quantity”, i.e., guided by how to obtain both “good” and “more” [Ni(Me3en)(acac)]BPh4 complex. By asking questions and discussing, we instruct students to understand the experimental process. Through the above process, the students are guided to understand the significance of the control of experimental conditions, the analysis of experimental phenomena and the separation, analysis and identification of intermediate products and impurities in the process of synthesis. As a result, students can develop the ability of analysis, judgment, induction, summarizing and critical thinking.
This paper mainly introduces the experiment implementation process, results and extension issues in the synthesis and composition determination part of the inorganic and analytical chemistry laboratory project, the synthesis of the complex [Ni(Me3en)(acac)]BPh4 and its solvato/thermochromic behavior research experiment, designed by Nanjing University for the 10th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament. Based on the detailed and intuitive synthetic experimental process shown, we focus on the two major goals of synthesis, the “quality” and the “quantity”, i.e., guided by how to obtain both “good” and “more” [Ni(Me3en)(acac)]BPh4 complex. By asking questions and discussing, we instruct students to understand the experimental process. Through the above process, the students are guided to understand the significance of the control of experimental conditions, the analysis of experimental phenomena and the separation, analysis and identification of intermediate products and impurities in the process of synthesis. As a result, students can develop the ability of analysis, judgment, induction, summarizing and critical thinking.
2023, 38(5): 335-340
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202207022
Abstract:
Molecular orbital theory is an important chemical bonding theory and also a difficult point in the study of general chemistry. In this article, the problems often encountered by beginners of molecular orbital theory are sorted out and analyzed, and the application of molecular orbital theory is expanded. By tracing the formation and development of the molecular orbital theory, combined with the requirements of the Chemistry Olympiad test questions, summarization and analysis are carried out to deepen the understanding of the molecular orbital theory and promote the teaching of the molecular orbital theory.
Molecular orbital theory is an important chemical bonding theory and also a difficult point in the study of general chemistry. In this article, the problems often encountered by beginners of molecular orbital theory are sorted out and analyzed, and the application of molecular orbital theory is expanded. By tracing the formation and development of the molecular orbital theory, combined with the requirements of the Chemistry Olympiad test questions, summarization and analysis are carried out to deepen the understanding of the molecular orbital theory and promote the teaching of the molecular orbital theory.
