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2018 Volume 33 Issue 3
2018, 33(3): 1-10
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201711038
Abstract:
The major progresses of nuclear medicine since 1970s are briefly reviewed. This mini-review is mainly focused on the development of[18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), which is the most widely applied PET tracer in clinic diagnosis. The investigation of[18F]FDG dated back to 1920s and was finally applied to the clinic after almost half century.[18F]FDG has been of great importance in the diagnosis of tumor, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases ever since. Except from[18F]FDG, the state-of-art development in peptide and protein nuclear medicines is also introduced. Along with the course of the development of nuclear medicine, several scientists who have made a great contribution to nuclear medicine are also introduced and paid at the same time with our sincere respect. With these introductions above, the authors intend to demonstrate the unique characteristic of nuclear medicine based on basic research and oriented to clinic problems. At last, the authors sincerely hope that the readers could be inspired on their own scientific researches after getting an insight into the history of classic nuclear medicines.
The major progresses of nuclear medicine since 1970s are briefly reviewed. This mini-review is mainly focused on the development of[18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), which is the most widely applied PET tracer in clinic diagnosis. The investigation of[18F]FDG dated back to 1920s and was finally applied to the clinic after almost half century.[18F]FDG has been of great importance in the diagnosis of tumor, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases ever since. Except from[18F]FDG, the state-of-art development in peptide and protein nuclear medicines is also introduced. Along with the course of the development of nuclear medicine, several scientists who have made a great contribution to nuclear medicine are also introduced and paid at the same time with our sincere respect. With these introductions above, the authors intend to demonstrate the unique characteristic of nuclear medicine based on basic research and oriented to clinic problems. At last, the authors sincerely hope that the readers could be inspired on their own scientific researches after getting an insight into the history of classic nuclear medicines.
2018, 33(3): 11-16
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709044
Abstract:
The effective ways in the SPOC mixed teaching mode are discussed to improve students' knowledge and ability in the course of "inorganic and analytical chemistry". The teaching mode, by combination of classroom teaching with online self-learning, was implemented in the teaching and assessment of evaluation. Three changes are acquired in the ability to cultivate the goal of the undergraduate education model, including (1) from the "teacher-centered model" to "student-centered model", (2) from "classroom teaching" to "curricular-extracurricular mixed teaching", and (3) from "results evaluation" to "results-process evaluation". These practices effectively improve the quality of teaching, and greatly solve the problem of poor learning initiative and low participation of the students existed in current undergraduate education mode in colleges and universities.
The effective ways in the SPOC mixed teaching mode are discussed to improve students' knowledge and ability in the course of "inorganic and analytical chemistry". The teaching mode, by combination of classroom teaching with online self-learning, was implemented in the teaching and assessment of evaluation. Three changes are acquired in the ability to cultivate the goal of the undergraduate education model, including (1) from the "teacher-centered model" to "student-centered model", (2) from "classroom teaching" to "curricular-extracurricular mixed teaching", and (3) from "results evaluation" to "results-process evaluation". These practices effectively improve the quality of teaching, and greatly solve the problem of poor learning initiative and low participation of the students existed in current undergraduate education mode in colleges and universities.
2018, 33(3): 17-20
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709035
Abstract:
In order to satisfy the need of development in different disciplines, we adopted special contents and models of physical chemistry laboratory teaching in accordance with the characteristic of Beihang University. We encourage and cultivate the students to perform the experiment and summarize the experimental results with a scientific research mind, that is, to design the experiment independently and to put forward, analyze and solve problems with more initiative and enthusiasm. The assessment method should focus on the cultivation of innovative thinking. Moreover, it is an effective way to show the guidance effect of physical chemistry laboratory for scientific research and practical application. Based on the above teaching practice, the objective of teaching and studying from practice to practice can be achieved, which plays an important role in cultivating the professional talents for first-class innovative research.
In order to satisfy the need of development in different disciplines, we adopted special contents and models of physical chemistry laboratory teaching in accordance with the characteristic of Beihang University. We encourage and cultivate the students to perform the experiment and summarize the experimental results with a scientific research mind, that is, to design the experiment independently and to put forward, analyze and solve problems with more initiative and enthusiasm. The assessment method should focus on the cultivation of innovative thinking. Moreover, it is an effective way to show the guidance effect of physical chemistry laboratory for scientific research and practical application. Based on the above teaching practice, the objective of teaching and studying from practice to practice can be achieved, which plays an important role in cultivating the professional talents for first-class innovative research.
2018, 33(3): 21-26
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201708016
Abstract:
In order to further enhance experimental innovation of the undergraduates, the "verification model" in laboratory courses should be changed urgently. How to improve and develop the undergraduate laboratory courses has become an important direction of the laboratory teaching mode for university teachers. The students are easier to observe and understand the nature and core of the experiment by changing the experimental conditions and dialectically viewing of experimental problems. This kind of "dialectical view" is a good developing trend. We will apply this kind of model to the experiment of preparation of ammonium ferrous sulfate and semi-quantitative analysis of iron (Ⅲ). The students can deeply discuss the differences in the experimental results by controlling the synthesis conditions. The different colored and sized of crystalline in turn can stimulate students' interest. Practice shows that this teaching model is conducive to promoting students' ability of independent inquiry learning, to cultivate their dialectical experimental thinking, thus to enhance students' practical and innovative ability, and to improve their comprehensive quality. This model can be extended to other experiments.
In order to further enhance experimental innovation of the undergraduates, the "verification model" in laboratory courses should be changed urgently. How to improve and develop the undergraduate laboratory courses has become an important direction of the laboratory teaching mode for university teachers. The students are easier to observe and understand the nature and core of the experiment by changing the experimental conditions and dialectically viewing of experimental problems. This kind of "dialectical view" is a good developing trend. We will apply this kind of model to the experiment of preparation of ammonium ferrous sulfate and semi-quantitative analysis of iron (Ⅲ). The students can deeply discuss the differences in the experimental results by controlling the synthesis conditions. The different colored and sized of crystalline in turn can stimulate students' interest. Practice shows that this teaching model is conducive to promoting students' ability of independent inquiry learning, to cultivate their dialectical experimental thinking, thus to enhance students' practical and innovative ability, and to improve their comprehensive quality. This model can be extended to other experiments.
2018, 33(3): 27-31
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709005
Abstract:
The concept, cause and value of Chinese Advanced Placement (CAP) are introduced in this paper. Taking concise organic chemistry as an example, the construction process and operation of a CAP course are discussed. CAP courses improve the link between high school and college courses, and the construction and effective implementation of CAP system can help disseminate advanced teaching ideas and sharing of high-quality teaching resources. At the same time, multi-angle learning ability evaluation can facilitate the recruitment of students for universities. The construction of CAP curriculum system is an inevitable trend of the development of teaching reform in the new era. However, there are still some problems such as the authority of CAP courses, the difficulty in the recognition of grades and credits, the lack of qualified high school teachers for CAP and the increase of students' academic burden. It is a feasible way to construct CAP system on top-level design by the national education department, and provide the courses running management, test evaluation service and teacher training service by the professional and authoritative third-party institutions.
The concept, cause and value of Chinese Advanced Placement (CAP) are introduced in this paper. Taking concise organic chemistry as an example, the construction process and operation of a CAP course are discussed. CAP courses improve the link between high school and college courses, and the construction and effective implementation of CAP system can help disseminate advanced teaching ideas and sharing of high-quality teaching resources. At the same time, multi-angle learning ability evaluation can facilitate the recruitment of students for universities. The construction of CAP curriculum system is an inevitable trend of the development of teaching reform in the new era. However, there are still some problems such as the authority of CAP courses, the difficulty in the recognition of grades and credits, the lack of qualified high school teachers for CAP and the increase of students' academic burden. It is a feasible way to construct CAP system on top-level design by the national education department, and provide the courses running management, test evaluation service and teacher training service by the professional and authoritative third-party institutions.
2018, 33(3): 32-35
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709021
Abstract:
Short-video assisted classroom teaching was adopted in organic chemistry laboratories using the preparation experiment of 1-bromobutane as a teaching case. This teaching mode can effectively stimulate the learning interest of undergraduates, improve the understanding and mastering of experimental contents and increase the efficiency of classroom teaching.
Short-video assisted classroom teaching was adopted in organic chemistry laboratories using the preparation experiment of 1-bromobutane as a teaching case. This teaching mode can effectively stimulate the learning interest of undergraduates, improve the understanding and mastering of experimental contents and increase the efficiency of classroom teaching.
2018, 33(3): 36-41
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709023
Abstract:
In the traditional inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching, the students usually don't have the ability to relate theory with the experiment phenomenon and procedure, thus lacking an in-depth understanding about the experiment. Thus, the teaching effect of the inorganic chemistry laboratory is difficult to meet expectations. Here, the classic inorganic experiment "preparation of the complex[Co(NH3)6]Cl3" was taken as a teaching case to cultivate the active thinking ability of the undergraduates, so that the students can have a deep understanding on the experiment. We attempt to point out the reform of "problem-setting method" in inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching in order to cultivate students' scientific thinking and scientific research ability by comparing the old and new teaching methods.
In the traditional inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching, the students usually don't have the ability to relate theory with the experiment phenomenon and procedure, thus lacking an in-depth understanding about the experiment. Thus, the teaching effect of the inorganic chemistry laboratory is difficult to meet expectations. Here, the classic inorganic experiment "preparation of the complex[Co(NH3)6]Cl3" was taken as a teaching case to cultivate the active thinking ability of the undergraduates, so that the students can have a deep understanding on the experiment. We attempt to point out the reform of "problem-setting method" in inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching in order to cultivate students' scientific thinking and scientific research ability by comparing the old and new teaching methods.
2018, 33(3): 42-44
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201711024
Abstract:
Instrumental analysis laboratory often needs to be completed by many individuals together. In the experimental training of high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectrum and atomic absorption spectrometry, we tried to apply the peer education method to achieve good teaching performances. Peer education is mainly embodied in four aspects:mutual assistance, mutual competition, mutual learning and mutual supervision. Peer education partially relieves teachers' work load, promotes peers' communication, enhances the cohesion between the members in peer groups, and improves the experimental performances in general. It is helpful for the instrumental analysis laboratory teaching when the teachers organize the experiment with the peer education method.
Instrumental analysis laboratory often needs to be completed by many individuals together. In the experimental training of high performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectrum and atomic absorption spectrometry, we tried to apply the peer education method to achieve good teaching performances. Peer education is mainly embodied in four aspects:mutual assistance, mutual competition, mutual learning and mutual supervision. Peer education partially relieves teachers' work load, promotes peers' communication, enhances the cohesion between the members in peer groups, and improves the experimental performances in general. It is helpful for the instrumental analysis laboratory teaching when the teachers organize the experiment with the peer education method.
2018, 33(3): 45-47
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201710006
Abstract:
The paper gives the discovery and origin of naming of the elements by the order of atomic number arrangement, including superheavy elements to No.118.
The paper gives the discovery and origin of naming of the elements by the order of atomic number arrangement, including superheavy elements to No.118.
2018, 33(3): 48-54
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709018
Abstract:
As an important topic in epigenetic research, post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been drawing more and more attention recently. With the increasing number of novel PTMs discovered, they have been found widely existing in human proteome. Although cell biology research showed their significant roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene transcription functions, the more detailed functions are remaining unclear. For further biology research, chemical biologists need to develop synthetic strategies for the proteins with specific PTMs at desired sites. This manuscript will introduce the application of bioorthogonal reactions to protein chemistry for the incorporation of lysine PTMs. We hope it can contribute to the research and education ongoing.
As an important topic in epigenetic research, post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been drawing more and more attention recently. With the increasing number of novel PTMs discovered, they have been found widely existing in human proteome. Although cell biology research showed their significant roles in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene transcription functions, the more detailed functions are remaining unclear. For further biology research, chemical biologists need to develop synthetic strategies for the proteins with specific PTMs at desired sites. This manuscript will introduce the application of bioorthogonal reactions to protein chemistry for the incorporation of lysine PTMs. We hope it can contribute to the research and education ongoing.
2018, 33(3): 55-58
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201710007
Abstract:
An innovative home-made teaching apparatus, named capillary electrophoresis enrichment apparatus was developed and used in the undergraduate analytical chemistry laboratory course. The main contents of this developed enrichment apparatus, including the principle, the performance parameters, the operating instructions, enrichment factor and applications in teaching process, were introduced and discussed in detail. Based on the particle samples, the enrichment efficiency and influencing factors were roundly tested. As a result, this laboratory-built enrichment apparatus can provide 560-fold enrichment factor, which will greatly improve the detection limits and expand the applications of capillary electrophoresis, as well as instrumental analytical methods in many fields. The original instrumental analytical chemistry experiment had been deeply modified using this apparatus in order to train the undergraduates with more complex assay. This newly developed enrichment apparatus is easy-to-use as well as cost-effective, and presents highly enhanced sensitivity.
An innovative home-made teaching apparatus, named capillary electrophoresis enrichment apparatus was developed and used in the undergraduate analytical chemistry laboratory course. The main contents of this developed enrichment apparatus, including the principle, the performance parameters, the operating instructions, enrichment factor and applications in teaching process, were introduced and discussed in detail. Based on the particle samples, the enrichment efficiency and influencing factors were roundly tested. As a result, this laboratory-built enrichment apparatus can provide 560-fold enrichment factor, which will greatly improve the detection limits and expand the applications of capillary electrophoresis, as well as instrumental analytical methods in many fields. The original instrumental analytical chemistry experiment had been deeply modified using this apparatus in order to train the undergraduates with more complex assay. This newly developed enrichment apparatus is easy-to-use as well as cost-effective, and presents highly enhanced sensitivity.
2018, 33(3): 59-62
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709038
Abstract:
A method to improve the determination of composition and stability constant of sulfosalicylic acid-copper(Ⅱ) complex, a common experiment in university laboratory course, was proposed. In this study, a mixed solution of sulfosalicylic acid and sodium hydroxide was prepared in advance. The hexamethylene tetramine-nitric acid buffer solution was used to control the pH, which avoided repeatedly adjustment of the pH with a strong acid and a strong base and simplified the experiment process. At pH 5.60, the measured conditional stability constant was 3.6×103 and the deduced stability constant was 3.6×109, which was roughly consistent with the reported value (3.3×109).
A method to improve the determination of composition and stability constant of sulfosalicylic acid-copper(Ⅱ) complex, a common experiment in university laboratory course, was proposed. In this study, a mixed solution of sulfosalicylic acid and sodium hydroxide was prepared in advance. The hexamethylene tetramine-nitric acid buffer solution was used to control the pH, which avoided repeatedly adjustment of the pH with a strong acid and a strong base and simplified the experiment process. At pH 5.60, the measured conditional stability constant was 3.6×103 and the deduced stability constant was 3.6×109, which was roughly consistent with the reported value (3.3×109).
2018, 33(3): 63-69
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201709015
Abstract:
The authors summarize the experience in hardware construction, design layout and management of a pilot laboratory construction in chemical, pharmaceutical colleges. The authors emphasize the importance of combining experimental building design with laboratory construction, so as to avoid the relevant design mishap. The authors also make some useful suggestions about the laboratory operation and management system, and technical personnel team construction.
The authors summarize the experience in hardware construction, design layout and management of a pilot laboratory construction in chemical, pharmaceutical colleges. The authors emphasize the importance of combining experimental building design with laboratory construction, so as to avoid the relevant design mishap. The authors also make some useful suggestions about the laboratory operation and management system, and technical personnel team construction.
2018, 33(3): 70-73
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201711022
Abstract:
The applications of Van't Hoff equation of phase equilibrium, a special case of chemical equilibrium, in simplifying the deduction of some relevant thermodynamic equations are discussed in the paper.
The applications of Van't Hoff equation of phase equilibrium, a special case of chemical equilibrium, in simplifying the deduction of some relevant thermodynamic equations are discussed in the paper.
2018, 33(3): 74-77
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201711006
Abstract:
At present, the definition of isothermal process and heat in textbooks of physical chemistry make students confused when investigating heat transfer of the isothermal process. Isolated and incomplete understanding of concepts are the fundamental causes of the result. In order to clear the learning barrier for the beginner of physical chemistry, by taking isothermal reversible expansion process of perfect gas as an example, the heat transfer of isothermal process was explained in detail, and the mathematical limit thought was used in analysis process in the article.
At present, the definition of isothermal process and heat in textbooks of physical chemistry make students confused when investigating heat transfer of the isothermal process. Isolated and incomplete understanding of concepts are the fundamental causes of the result. In order to clear the learning barrier for the beginner of physical chemistry, by taking isothermal reversible expansion process of perfect gas as an example, the heat transfer of isothermal process was explained in detail, and the mathematical limit thought was used in analysis process in the article.
2018, 33(3): 78-83
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201710016
Abstract:
Design and construction of virtual experiments were carried out based on two typical basic chemical experiments, complicated acid-base titration and solubility constant measuring of PbCl2. A large amount of information about basic theories, experimental instruments and equipment were encompassed by the virtual experiment system which was created by means of a software platform. In addition, series of experiments under different conditions, calculation and inspection of experimental data were provided to meet different learning demands from students.
Design and construction of virtual experiments were carried out based on two typical basic chemical experiments, complicated acid-base titration and solubility constant measuring of PbCl2. A large amount of information about basic theories, experimental instruments and equipment were encompassed by the virtual experiment system which was created by means of a software platform. In addition, series of experiments under different conditions, calculation and inspection of experimental data were provided to meet different learning demands from students.
2018, 33(3): 84-86
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX201711020
Abstract:
Simplified Hückel molecular orbital (SHMO) theory is one of the important knowledge points in the course of structural chemistry. It has been widely used in the calculation of π-electron delocalization and the orbital energy for plane conjugated molecule. In this paper, the SHMO theory was applied to the H4 non-conjugated systems to calculate the orbital energy. Based on the calculation results, the students can well understand the reason why H4 is a linear configuration while H4 is a tetrahedral configuration.
Simplified Hückel molecular orbital (SHMO) theory is one of the important knowledge points in the course of structural chemistry. It has been widely used in the calculation of π-electron delocalization and the orbital energy for plane conjugated molecule. In this paper, the SHMO theory was applied to the H4 non-conjugated systems to calculate the orbital energy. Based on the calculation results, the students can well understand the reason why H4 is a linear configuration while H4 is a tetrahedral configuration.
