White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are now approaching mainstream display markets, and they are also being aggressively investigated for next-generation lighting applications because of their extraordinary characteristics, such as high efficiency, high luminance, lower power consumption, wide viewing angle, fast switching, ultralight weight, and flexibility. In this paper, we first introduce the various approaches to realize WOLEDs, and then summarize the properties and differences of the four types of WOLEDs from the perspective of the emitting materials. The recent development of fluorescent, phosphorescent, fluorescent/ phosphorescent hybrid, and delayed fluorescence WOLEDs is comprehensively illustrated. By combining with our published works, we systematically review the device structures, design strategies, working mechanisms, physical theories, and electroluminescent processes of the reported WOLEDs. Then, the development of flexible WOLED is presented. Finally, the existing problems and trends of WOLEDs are discussed.

The M -P₂O₅ and CaO-P₂O₅ systems have been thermodynamically assessed based on the available phase diagram and thermodynamic data using the Calculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) method. The liquid phase is described by the modified quasichemical model with the pair approximation, which takes short-range ordering in liquid solution into account. The PO₄^3- is considered as the basic building unit of P₂O₅ in the liquid solution since the maximum short-range ordering occurs at the M₃(PO₄)₂ (M = Mg, Ca) composition. All intermetallic phases are treated as stoichiometric compounds and the phase transformations are considered. A set of self-consistent model parameters is obtained to describe the thermodynamic property of every phase in these two binary systems, by which the published phase diagram, enthalpy, entropy, and activity data are reproduced well within experimental error limits. The present study can be used as a basis for the development of a thermodynamic database of molten slag system for the steelmaking dephosphorus process.

Transition metal-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation utilizing CO₂ is of great importance. The heteroatom functionality and CO₂ are simultaneously and catalytically incorporated into unsaturated substrates to form highly functionalized carboxylic acid derivatives. Here, density functional theory (DFT) is used to study the reaction mechanisms of the Cu-catalyzed silacarboxylation of internal alkynes. Two possible paths were proposed depending on the relative positions of the substituents (path I: methyl and path II: phenyl). The calculations reveal that the initial alkyne insertion into the Cu―Si bond determined both the rate and the selectivity. In path I, the calculated free energy barrier for alkyne insertion is 112.8 kJ·mol^-1, while that in path II is 127.6 kJ·mol^-1. Thus, path I is more kinetically favorable than path II, which is consistent with the experimentally observed product ratio of 97 : 3. Our analysis revealed that the electronic effects of the alkyne substituents dominated the observed regioselectivity.

Dicyandiamide is a dimer of cyanamide that generally isomerizes into imino and amino forms. The behaviors of tautomeric dicyandiamide adsorbed on ld surface were studied by the density functional theory method combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). By using DFT method the energies, molecular orbital, vibration spectral information of imino and amino forms of dicyandiamide and the SERS spectra of tautomeric dicyandiamide adsorbed on Au clusters were given. The results show that both tautomeric dicyandiamides form stable complexes with Au₃ clusters, and the N(2) atom preferentially adsorbs on Au clusters. The experimental results are consistent with the calculated results, which show that the tautomeric dicyandiamides coexist on the Au substrate, are adsorbed vertically on the ld surface through the N(2) atom, and the SERS enhancement factors conform to electromagnetic-field enhancement mechanism.

This study investigated the deformation behavior of <111> twin Ag nanowires with differing parallel twin boundary (TB) densities under tensile loading via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The effect of TB density on the ultimate stress of nanowires is discussed, and the plastic deformation mechanisms of nanowires are illustrated. The results show that, in contrast to a single crystalline nanowire with the same size, the introduction of the TB can strengthen or soften nanowires through individual deformation modes, which indicates that there exists a critical twin boundary space (TBS) (where the value of the critical 1/TBS is 0.2 nm^-1). Below 0.2 nm^-1, softening occurs, whereby TBs become the source of dislocations. Above 0.2 nm^-1, TBs impede dislocation movement, which results in a strengthening effect. The strengthening mechanisms are divided into two types. When 1/TBS ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 nm^-1, the TB-dislocation interaction is the controlling factor. Fracture opening appears within the nanowires, and voids form, with dislocation multiplication, and then spread to the surrounding regions. When 1/TBS is greater than 0.5 nm^-1, TBs migrate to accommodate dislocation activity. Dislocations increase and transfer across the TBs. Shear banding is activated during the process, which contributes to the necking of nanowires. The strengthening and weakening effects caused by differences in TB density decrease with increasing temperature.

A novel dendritic carbazole derivative (BTCPh) was designed and synthesized by simple chemical route. Its homopolymer and copolymer of BTCPh with (3,4-ethoxylene dioxythiophene) (EDOT) were electrochemically synthesized and characterized. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to investigate the spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic properties of the two polymers. The copolymer P(BTCPh-EDOT) film revealed richer electrochromic color than that of the homopolymer PBTCPh film (yellow, green, blue, and grey) and showed five different colors (orange, green, brown-green, blue, and grey) under various potentials, which may be attributed to the introduction of the EDOT unit generating more doped states of the polymer, resulting in richer colors. Electrochromic switching tests indicated that both polymers possess od optical contrast and fast switching times. These properties show promise for potential applications on smart windows and displays.

Surface modification of semiconductor materials is an effective way to improve their photocatalysis and photo-conversion activities. Bare and V-modified α-Fe₂O₃ photoelectrode materials were prepared using hydrothermal, chemical bath deposition and heat treatment approaches. Their physicochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties were then investigated with X-ray diffractometry (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), voltammetry, and electrochemical AC impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The existence of FeVO4 was indicated by its characteristic X-ray diffractometry patterns, while no significant red shifts in the photoabsorption edge were detected in UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra. With V-modified and bare Fe₂O₃ serving as a photoanode, photoelectrochemical measurements were carried out for water splitting in 1 molmol·L^-1 NaOH (pH 13.6). The enhancement of α-Fe₂O₃ photoelectrochemical activities through V-modification was indicated by significantly increased photocurrents and decreased photocharge-recombination probability. By measuring electrochemical AC impedance spectroscopy spectra, pseudo-first-order rate constants for the charge transfer at the illuminated electrode/solution interface were estimated. The rate constant for V-modification of the Fe₂O₃ electrode was higher than that of the bare Fe₂O₃ electrode. Improved interfacial charge transfer kinetics through V-modification is responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical activities of α-Fe₂O₃. The interfacial photocharge transfer and recombination processes and their properties are discussed with a semiconductor energy band model constructed for the electrode system.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PVDF-g-PSBMA) proton exchange membranes were synthesized via single-step grafting sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) onto PVDF. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was the initiator, and the PVDF was initially modified by tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in the liquid phase. Microstructure morphologies and sulfur distributions in the membrane were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), respectively. The PVDF formed C=C double bonds following dehydrofluorination by TMAH. SBMA was grafted onto the modified PVDF backbones, forming a homogeneous sulfur distribution in the interior and exterior of the membrane. Proton conductivities and methanol permeabilities of PVDF-g-PSBMA membranes increased with the increasing of the TMAH mass fraction in methanol. When the mass fraction was 20%, the proton conductivity of the membrane was 0.0892 S·cm^-1 at 20 ℃, and the methanol permeability was 4.04 × 10^-7 cm²·s^-1 at ambient temperature, respectively. The membrane exhibited od thermal stability up to 270 ℃, as verified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). With this membrane, the peak power density of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was 17.06 mW·cm^-2.

Random copolymers of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO₂MA) and oli (ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA, M_n = 500 g·mol^-1) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Thermally induced aggregation of the co-polymers P(MEO₂MA-co-OEGMA) in aqueous solutions was investigated with dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis absorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solutions of P(MEO₂MA-co-OEGMA), and its change with respect to the composition of the copolymer, were obtained. The results indicate that the copolymers have an appreciably reversible thermal responsivity that can be attributed to a delicate balance between hydrogen bonds between the copolymers and water molecules and hydrophobic interactions of polymer segments. If the balance is broken, the polymers attain a new thermodynamic equilibrium by spontaneously changing the extent of aggregation. The LCST correlates linearly with the mole fraction of OEGMA units in the copolymer, and can be adjusted by changing the mole ratio of the two monomers.

The wetting properties of aqueous solutions of zwitterionic surfactants, benzyl-substituted alkyl carboxylbetaine (BCB), and benzyl-substituted alkyl sulfobetaine (BSB) on a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surface were investigated using sessile drop analysis. The influences of surfactant concentration on surface tension, contact angle, adhesional tension, PTFE-solution interfacial tension (γ_SL) and adhesion work were examined. The results indicate that at low bulk concentration, surfactant molecules adsorb onto PTFE through hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the adsorption of branched surfactants on the air-solution interface is higher than that on the PTFE-liquid interface and the values of contact angle for BCB and BSB remain almost constant over a wide range of surfactant concentrations. The adsorption of BCB and BSB molecules on PTFE are greatly enhanced again when the bulk concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration. The molecules straighten, with hydrophilic group oriented towards the bulk phase, resulting in a decrease in γ_SL and a decrease in contact angle. The introduction of larger polar group in BSB makes it difficult to change the contact angle to the same extent as BCB at high surfactant concentrations because of steric effects.

Graphene oxide ( ) was fabricated from graphite powder by Hummers oxidation method and then, under ultrasonic irradiation, a series of /Ag₃PO₄ composite photocatalysts (4% (w, mass fraction) /Ag₃PO₄, 8% /Ag₃PO₄, 16% /Ag₃PO₄, 32% /Ag₃PO₄) were synthesized by a facile liquid deposition process. The products were characterized by N₂-physical adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopg, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The effect of content on the photocatalytic activity of Ag₃PO₄ was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The results show that can be easily dispersed into Ag₃PO₄, producing a well-connected /Ag₃PO₄ composite. Coupling of largely enhanced the surface area of the catalyst and the adsorption of MO. At the optimal content (16%), the degradation rate of MO over /Ag₃PO₄ was 83% after 120 min of light irradiation, exhibiting 7.5 times higher activity than that of pure Ag₃PO₄. The increase in photocatalytic activity and stability can be mainly attributed to the coupling of , which increased the surface area and suppressed the recombination rate of electron-hole (e^-/h⁺) pairs and generated greater numbers of active free radicals.

Ag₃PO₄ polyhedrons were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). The effects of hydrothermal temperature, reaction time, and PEG-6000 dosage on the morphologies and structures of the products were systematically investigated. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The hydrothermal temperature and the PEG dosage are key factors in the production of Ag₃PO₄ polyhedrons with oriented {110} facets. The Ag₃PO₄ polyhedrons evolve via Ostwald ripening, and exhibit superior visible-light photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) relative to Ag₃PO₄ samples without oriented {110} facets and Ag₃PO₄ nanoparticles prepared by anion-exchange. The reaction rate constant of the Ag₃PO₄ polyhedrons was 8.3 times that of the Ag₃PO₄ nanoparticles. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and cycling experiments revealed that the polyhedrons have better mineralization efficiency and exhibit od circulation runs. Holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are confirmed to be the dominant active species in the presence of radical scavengers and in N₂-saturated solution. Given the redox potential of the active species and the band structure of Ag₃PO₄ polyhedron, the separation and migration mechanism of photogenerated electron-hole (e^--h⁺) pairs at the photocatalytic interface was proposed.

Three types of hierarchical, flower-like CuS particles were prepared by a hydrothermal method and samples were formulated as thin nanosheets. The aggregation density of the sheets could be readily controlled with the aid of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) organic molecules. The three substrates were then used for the growth of nickel nanocatalysts and the structures of the composites characterized by environment scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry was applied to study the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Results show that a sample of Ni nanoparticles (Ni NPs, ~5 nm in diameter) grown on CuS micro-flowers, composed of the sparsest nanosheets (Ni@SUB2) with an ultralow loading of 0.469% (w), showed the best catalytic properties amongst the three Ni@SUB composites. During reduction of 4-nitrophenol with initial 4-nitrophenol concentrations of 0.2 mmol·L^-1, the Ni@SUB2 showed almost 100% transformation within 4 min, while the same quantity of pure Ni NPs showed a transformation of only ~43%. The enhanced catalytic properties for 4-nitrophenol degradation could be ascribed to well-dispersed Ni NPs supported on the CuS substrate providing greater numbers of catalytic active sites. Furthermore, because of CuS is insoluble, it can be easily collected by centrifugation, which can be environmentally beneficial.

Pb(II) adsorption by three activated carbons (ACs) with similar surface chemistry but different pore distributions was investigated by isothermal adsorption experiments. The ACs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption at 77 K, while the micropore and mesopore size distributions were obtained from the density functional theory (DFT) and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method, respectively. The specific surface area and total volume were ranked in order of AC1, AC2, and AC3. The AC2 sample had a uniform distribution of open pores on the surface and the highest saturating adsorption capacity, while the capacity of AC3, which had more aggregated pores, was similar to that of AC1, which had a concentrated distribution of open pores on the surface. A correlation analysis of pore structure and adsorption capacity indicated that pores with diameters in the range of 0.4-0.6 nm were favorable for Pb(II) adsorption, whereas pores with diameters in the ranges of 10.5-20.6 nm, 20.6-55.6 nm, and 5.2-10.5 nm had an adverse effect.

Membranes with both od permeation and selectivity are highly desired for gas separations. We synthesized a polyimide (PI) asymmetric membrane using the phase-inversion method, and then modified the surface with a mixture of porous fillers and poly(amic acid) (PAA). The porous fillers included the metal organic framework (MOF) of Cu₃(BTC)₂ (copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate), the zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF) of ZIF-8, and the porous hydrotalcite of MgAl-LDH. A series of asymmetric mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were obtained after surface coating and thermal amidation. The MMM structure, CO₂, CH₄, and N₂ permeance, and the ideal gas selectivity were investigated. With the surface modification, the morphology of the surface separation layers of the asymmetric PI/ZIF-8, PI/LDH, and PI/Cu₃(BTC)₂ MMMs significantly changed, and the gas separation performance changed accordingly. The PI/ZIF-8 asymmetric MMM with 5% (w) ZIF-8 doping exhibited both enhanced ideal gas selectivity and permeance; the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity were as high as 24 and 83, respectively. Thus, this surface modification provides improved MMM gas separation performance.

The bipolar molecule N-(4-(9-phenyl-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-2,2'-bipydylamine (PFPhDPy) with bulky steric hindrance was synthesized successfully by substituting 9-(4-anilino)-9-phenyl-fluorene with 2-bromopyridine via Ullmann reaction, which is expected to possess od thermal stability, stable morphology, high triplet energy (E_T), and od bipolar characteristics because of the bulky steric hindrance, excellent bipolar transporting characteristics of fluorene, interrupted conjugation, andelectrondeficient pyridine group. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates a decomposition transition temperature of 336 ℃ with 5% weight loss. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve reveals no crystallization and melting phenomena by heating to 190 ℃, which indicates the high morphological stability of the compound. The separation of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), calculated by density functional theory (DFT), indicates that a bipolar molecule was obtained and high triplet energy (E_T, 3.0 eV) was calculated from the phosphorescence spectrum. The UV-Vis spectrum is independent of solvent effects with three absorption peaks at about 276, 298, and 308 nm, respectively. The fluorescence emission spectra show blue shift as the solvents' polarity increasing with emission peaks from 390 to 363 nm in the solvents of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetonitrile. In addition, the structure of the compound was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) spectra, respectively.

4-(6-(N-butylcarbazole-3-yl)-9-oxo-9H-fluoren-3-yl)benzoic acid (HXL-3W) and 4-(7-(Nbutylcarbazole-3-yl)-9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)benzoic acid (HXL-4Z), were designed and synthesized through the linking position variation of the fluorenone π-bridge with the N-butylcarbazole donor and a benzoic acid acceptor. The spectra, electrochemistry and photoelectric conversion properties of these carbazole dyes were investigated and their geometric structure and UV-Vis spectra were optimized and calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The results show two distinct absorption peaks, ascribed to the π→π^* transition, along with a small peak corresponding to intramolecular charge transfer in the absorption spectrum of HXL-4Z. However, only one π→π^* transition absorption peak is found in the spectrum of HXL-3W and its molar extinction coefficient is far smaller than that of HXL-4Z. The reason for this may be a closer distance between the donor and acceptor of HXL-3W leading to a large tension, causing inferior molecular planarity and intramolecular charge transfer. Therefore, HXL-4Z which possesses superior light absorptivity and electron injection efficiency, shows an enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.03% (short-circuit photocurrent density (J_sc) = 3.88 mA·cm^-2, open-circuit photovoltage (V_oc) = 700 mV, fill factor (FF) = 0.75).

The interactions between membrane proteins and cell membranes are critical in many life processes. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and peptides are simple but effective models of membranes and membrane proteins, respectively. Here, we designed four peptides composed of lysine (K) and leucine (L) amino acids, K₁₄, (KL₂KL₂K)₂, (KL₂KL₃)₂, and K₆L₈, and examined their interactions with neutral and negatively charged GUVs. The peptide K₁₄ has the largest charge density and is able to coat the GUV surface without damaging its structure. Whereas, leakage is observed in both neutral and charged GUVs in the presence of (KL₂KL₂K)₂ and (KL₂KL₃)₂, which can form amphiphilic α-helices in hydrophobic environments. However, the leakage rates as a function of peptide concentration are reversed for the neutral and charged GUVs. Thus, leakage occurs in two steps: absorption of peptides on the surface up to a certain level, followed by disruption of the membrane. The peptide K₆L₈ has the same chemical composition as (KL₂KL₂K)₂, but induces leakage only on negatively charged GUVs, while neutral GUVs under outward budding. Conformational changes of GUVs induced by simple peptides can be attributed to the working location (on the surface or inside the membrane), and the strength of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Overall, the results provide a better understanding of membrane protein mechanisms.

The influence of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) fractions with different molecular weights on the adsorption characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their dispersion performance was studied using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV-Vis spectroscopy, elementary analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that SLS with higher molecular weight disperse MWCNTs better and that dispersed MWCNTs exhibit lower specific resistance and increased conductivity. It is supposed that SLS fraction with higher molecular weight has more aromatic rings, thus accounting for stronger π-π interactions with MWCNTs and increased adsorption amount.

SnO₂ nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning were coated with PdO, Au, and CdO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) tests were used to characterize the nanofibers. The diameters of bare and coated SnO₂ nanofibers were approximately 200 nm, and had 15-nm diameter grains. The gas-sensing properties of all the nanofibers were characterized under static gas conditions. The results indicated that the bare SnO₂ nanofibers were sensitive to formaldehyde; however the sensitivity of the coated nanofibers was better. In particular, the CdO-coated SnO₂ exhibited the highest sensitivity to formaldehyde, the shortest response and recovery times, and od selectivity. The operating temperature of the Au-coated SnO₂ decreased from 300 to 200 ℃, while the PdO-coated SnO₂ exhibited the highest sensitivity to toluene. The sensing mechanism of the coated SnO₂ nanofibers was investigated.

We report the preparation of cavity-controlled Cu₂O nanospheres, having various mesoporous, hollow, and solid structures, by simply adjusting the OH^- concentration and the release rate of Cu²⁺ with the assistance of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). It indicates that the OH^- diffusion kinetics is the key factor that determines the morphology of the products. For [OH^-] > 0.05 mol·L^-1, the high chemical potential made them rapidly diffuse into the PVP micelle interiors. Adsorbed Cu²⁺ on the PVP produced Cu(OH)₂, which was subsequently reduced to Cu₂O. After re-crystallization, Cu₂O solid spheres formed. For [OH^-] < 0.025 mol·L^-1, the OH^- diffusion rate was reduced, and the Cu(OH)₂ layer on the PVP micelles blocked diffusion into the interior. After re-crystallization, Cu₂O hollow spheres had large cavities (~220 nm). For 0.025 mol·L^-1 < [OH^-] < 0.05 mol·L^-1, hollow spheres with smaller cavities (30-60 nm) formed. When an aqueous NH₃ solution was the OH^- source, although the concentration of OH^- is low, the small amount of Cu(OH)₂ formed with the limited Cu²⁺ was not enough to block OH^- diffusion into the micelles. The free NH₃ and the low OH^- concentration did not promote re-crystallization; thus, mesoporous Cu₂O spheres were formed. We characterized NO₂ gas sensing of the three structures. The porous structures exhibited more sensitivity than did the hollow or solid structures. Together with the specific surface area data, the improved gas sensitivity suggests that the open structure of the mesoporous spheres facilitates NO₂ diffusion and O₂ adsorption.

The in situ crystallization of small-grain NaY in the presence of lauryl sodium sulfate was investigated. The product containing small-grain NaY was used as a matrix to prepare REUSY catalyst via ammonium ion exchange and rare earth ion exchange. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and N₂ physical adsorption-desorption were used to characterize the samples, while the catalytic performance of prepared catalysts was evaluated by micro-activity evaluation device and advanced catalytic evaluation (ACE). It is indicated that the addition of lauryl sodium sulfate (5% of Kaolin microsphere mass) to in situ crystallization system can decrease the average grain size of the zeolite from 540 to 250 nm. Relative to the conventional in situ crystallization fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, the catalyst prepared from in situ crystallization product containing small-grain NaY exhibits improved performance in the conversion rate of feedstock, the selectivity of the cracking product, and the resistance to carbon deposition.

Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional (2D) sheet of carbon packed in a honeycomb lattice, has striking electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. Reduced graphene oxide (R ) and amine-modified reduced graphene oxide (R N) were obtained by γ-ray induced reduction of a graphene oxide ( ) suspension in purified water and in a p-phenylene diamine (PPD) aqueous solution, respectively. The structures and elemental compositions of , R , and R N were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the electrical conductivities and hydrophilic properties were conducted with four-probe resistivity meter and contact angle measurements, respectively. The results reveal that can be well reduced by γ-ray irradiation in either purified water or PPD aqueous solution. Furthermore, the electrical conductivities of obtained R and R N are enhanced. The hydrophilicity of R N is higher than that of R because the amine groups of PPD are modified on the surface of graphene nanosheets during the γ-ray induced reduction. However, the conduction of electron on the surface of graphene can be inhibited by the modified amine groups. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of R is higher than that of R N.