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2011 Volume 29 Issue 1
2011, 29(1): 1-11
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1012-8
Abstract:
In a mixture of colloidal particles and polymer molecules, the particles may experience an attractive depletion force if the size of the polymer molecule is larger than the interparticle separation. This is because individual polymer molecules experience less conformational entropy if they stay between the particles than they escape the inter-particle space, which results in an osmotic pressure imbalance inside and outside the gap and leads to interparticle attraction. This depletion force has been the subject of several studies since the 1980s, but the direct measurement of this force is still experimentally challenging as it requires the detection of energy variations of the order of kBT and beyond. We present here our results for applying total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) to directly measure the interaction between a free-moving particle and a flat surface in solutions consisting of small water-soluble organic molecules or polymeric surfactants. Our results indicate that stable nanobubbles (ca. 150 nm) exist free in the above aqueous solutions. More importantly, the existence of such nanobubbles induces an attraction between the spherical particle and flat surface. Using TIRM, we are able to directly measure such weak interaction with a range up to 100 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by employing thermo-sensitive microgel particles as a depleting agent, we are able to quantitatively measure and reversibly control kBT-scale depletion attraction as function of solution pH.
In a mixture of colloidal particles and polymer molecules, the particles may experience an attractive depletion force if the size of the polymer molecule is larger than the interparticle separation. This is because individual polymer molecules experience less conformational entropy if they stay between the particles than they escape the inter-particle space, which results in an osmotic pressure imbalance inside and outside the gap and leads to interparticle attraction. This depletion force has been the subject of several studies since the 1980s, but the direct measurement of this force is still experimentally challenging as it requires the detection of energy variations of the order of kBT and beyond. We present here our results for applying total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) to directly measure the interaction between a free-moving particle and a flat surface in solutions consisting of small water-soluble organic molecules or polymeric surfactants. Our results indicate that stable nanobubbles (ca. 150 nm) exist free in the above aqueous solutions. More importantly, the existence of such nanobubbles induces an attraction between the spherical particle and flat surface. Using TIRM, we are able to directly measure such weak interaction with a range up to 100 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by employing thermo-sensitive microgel particles as a depleting agent, we are able to quantitatively measure and reversibly control kBT-scale depletion attraction as function of solution pH.
2011, 29(1): 13-21
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1018-2
Abstract:
Collapse of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chain upon heating and phase diagrams of aqueous PNIPAM solutions with very ?at LCST phase separation line are theoretically studied on the basis of cooperative dehydration (simultaneous dissociation of bound water molecules in a group of correlated sequence), and compared with the experimental observation of temperature-induced coil-globule transition by light scattering methods. The transition becomes sharper with the cooperativity parameter ? of hydration. Reentrant coil-globule-coil transition in mixed solvent of water and methanol is also studied from the viewpoint of competitive hydrogen bonds between polymer-water and polymer-methanol. The downward shift of the cloud-point curves (LCST cononsolvency) with the mole fraction of methanol due to the competition is calculated and compared with the experimental data. Aqueous solutions of hydophobically-modi?ed PNIPAM carrying short alkyl chains at both chain ends (telechelic PNIPAM) are theoretically and experimentally studied. The LCST of these solutions is found to shift downward along the sol-gel transition curve as a result of end-chain association (association-induced phase separation), and separate from the coil-globule transition line. Associated structures in the solution, such as ?ower micelles, mesoglobules and higher fractal assembly, are studied by USANS with theoretical modeling of the scattering function.
Collapse of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chain upon heating and phase diagrams of aqueous PNIPAM solutions with very ?at LCST phase separation line are theoretically studied on the basis of cooperative dehydration (simultaneous dissociation of bound water molecules in a group of correlated sequence), and compared with the experimental observation of temperature-induced coil-globule transition by light scattering methods. The transition becomes sharper with the cooperativity parameter ? of hydration. Reentrant coil-globule-coil transition in mixed solvent of water and methanol is also studied from the viewpoint of competitive hydrogen bonds between polymer-water and polymer-methanol. The downward shift of the cloud-point curves (LCST cononsolvency) with the mole fraction of methanol due to the competition is calculated and compared with the experimental data. Aqueous solutions of hydophobically-modi?ed PNIPAM carrying short alkyl chains at both chain ends (telechelic PNIPAM) are theoretically and experimentally studied. The LCST of these solutions is found to shift downward along the sol-gel transition curve as a result of end-chain association (association-induced phase separation), and separate from the coil-globule transition line. Associated structures in the solution, such as ?ower micelles, mesoglobules and higher fractal assembly, are studied by USANS with theoretical modeling of the scattering function.
2011, 29(1): 23-41
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1021-7
Abstract:
Synthetic hydrogels can be used as scaffolds that not only favor endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation but also manipulate the behaviors and functions of the ECs. In this review paper, the effect of chemical structure, Young?s modulus (E) and zeta potential (??) of synthetic hydrogel scaffolds on static cell behaviors, including cell morphology, proliferation, cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesion, and on dynamic cell behaviors, including migration velocity and morphology oscillation, as well as on EC function such as anti-platelet adhesion, are reported. It was found that negatively charged hydrogels, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic sodium) (PNaAMPS) and poly(sodium p-styrene sulphonate) (PNaSS), can directly promote cell proliferation, with no need of surface modification by any cell-adhesive proteins or peptides at the environment of serum-containing medium. In addition, the Young's modulus (E) and zeta potential (??) of hydrogel scaffolds are quantitatively tuned by copolymer hydrogels, poly(NaAMPS-co-DMAAm) and poly(NaSS-co-DMAAm), in which the two kinds of negatively charged monomers NaAMPS and NaSS are copolymerized with neutral monomer, N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm). It was found that the critical zeta potential of hydrogels manipulating EC morphology, proliferation, and motility is ?critical = ?20.83 mV and ?critical = ?14.0 mV for poly(NaAMPS-co-DMAAm) and poly(NaSS-co-DMAAm), respectively. The above mentioned EC behaviors well correlate with the adsorption of fibronectin, a kind of cell-adhesive protein, on the hydrogel surfaces. Furthermore, adhered platelets on the EC monolayers cultured on the hydrogel scaffolds obviously decreases with an increase of the Young?s modulus (E) of the hydrogels, especially when E 60 kPa. Glycocalyx assay and gene expression of ECs demonstrate that the anti-platelet adhesion well correlates with the EC-specific glycocalyx. The above investigation suggests that understanding the relationship between physic-chemical properties of synthetic hydrogels and cell responses is essential to design optimal soft and wet scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Synthetic hydrogels can be used as scaffolds that not only favor endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation but also manipulate the behaviors and functions of the ECs. In this review paper, the effect of chemical structure, Young?s modulus (E) and zeta potential (??) of synthetic hydrogel scaffolds on static cell behaviors, including cell morphology, proliferation, cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesion, and on dynamic cell behaviors, including migration velocity and morphology oscillation, as well as on EC function such as anti-platelet adhesion, are reported. It was found that negatively charged hydrogels, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic sodium) (PNaAMPS) and poly(sodium p-styrene sulphonate) (PNaSS), can directly promote cell proliferation, with no need of surface modification by any cell-adhesive proteins or peptides at the environment of serum-containing medium. In addition, the Young's modulus (E) and zeta potential (??) of hydrogel scaffolds are quantitatively tuned by copolymer hydrogels, poly(NaAMPS-co-DMAAm) and poly(NaSS-co-DMAAm), in which the two kinds of negatively charged monomers NaAMPS and NaSS are copolymerized with neutral monomer, N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm). It was found that the critical zeta potential of hydrogels manipulating EC morphology, proliferation, and motility is ?critical = ?20.83 mV and ?critical = ?14.0 mV for poly(NaAMPS-co-DMAAm) and poly(NaSS-co-DMAAm), respectively. The above mentioned EC behaviors well correlate with the adsorption of fibronectin, a kind of cell-adhesive protein, on the hydrogel surfaces. Furthermore, adhered platelets on the EC monolayers cultured on the hydrogel scaffolds obviously decreases with an increase of the Young?s modulus (E) of the hydrogels, especially when E 60 kPa. Glycocalyx assay and gene expression of ECs demonstrate that the anti-platelet adhesion well correlates with the EC-specific glycocalyx. The above investigation suggests that understanding the relationship between physic-chemical properties of synthetic hydrogels and cell responses is essential to design optimal soft and wet scaffolds for tissue engineering.
2011, 29(1): 43-52
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1023-5
Abstract:
The nano-palpation technique, i.e., nanometer-scale elastic and viscoelastic measurements based on atomic force microscope, is introduced. It is demonstrated to be very useful in analyzing nanometer-scale materials properties for the surfaces and interfaces of various types of soft materials. It enables us to obtain not only structural information but also mechanical information about a material at the same place and at the same time.
The nano-palpation technique, i.e., nanometer-scale elastic and viscoelastic measurements based on atomic force microscope, is introduced. It is demonstrated to be very useful in analyzing nanometer-scale materials properties for the surfaces and interfaces of various types of soft materials. It enables us to obtain not only structural information but also mechanical information about a material at the same place and at the same time.
2011, 29(1): 53-64
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1019-1
Abstract:
The surface design used for improving biocompatibility is one of the most important issues for the fabrication of medical devices. For mimicking the ideal surface structure of cell outer membrane, a large number of polymers bearing phosphorylcholine (PC) groups have been employed to modify the surfaces of biomaterials and medical devices. It has been demonstrated that the biocompatibility of the modified materials whose surface is required to interact with a living organism has been obviously improved by introducing PC groups. In this review, the fabrication strategies of cell outer membrane mimetic surfaces and their resulted biocompatibilities were summarized.
The surface design used for improving biocompatibility is one of the most important issues for the fabrication of medical devices. For mimicking the ideal surface structure of cell outer membrane, a large number of polymers bearing phosphorylcholine (PC) groups have been employed to modify the surfaces of biomaterials and medical devices. It has been demonstrated that the biocompatibility of the modified materials whose surface is required to interact with a living organism has been obviously improved by introducing PC groups. In this review, the fabrication strategies of cell outer membrane mimetic surfaces and their resulted biocompatibilities were summarized.
2011, 29(1): 65-80
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1020-8
Abstract:
We studied cycle time (0.0110 s with triangular input waves) and poling history (continuous versus fresh poling) dependent electric energy storage and discharge behaviors in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] films using the electric displacement ― the electric field (D-E) hysteresis loop measurements. Since the permanent dipoles in PVDF are orientational in nature, it is generally considered that both charging and discharging processes should be time and poling history dependent. Intriguingly, our experimental results showed that the charging process depended heavily on the cycle time and the prior poling history, and thus the D-E hysteresis loops had different shapes accordingly. However, the discharged energy density did not change no matter how the D-E loop shape varied due to different measurements. This experimental result could be explained in terms of reversible and irreversible polarizations. The reversible polarization could be charged and discharged fairly quickly ( 5 ms for each process), while the irreversible polarization depended heavily on the poling time and the prior poling history. This study suggests that it is only meaningful to compare the discharged energy density for PVDF and its copolymer films when different cycle times and poling histories are used.
We studied cycle time (0.0110 s with triangular input waves) and poling history (continuous versus fresh poling) dependent electric energy storage and discharge behaviors in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] films using the electric displacement ― the electric field (D-E) hysteresis loop measurements. Since the permanent dipoles in PVDF are orientational in nature, it is generally considered that both charging and discharging processes should be time and poling history dependent. Intriguingly, our experimental results showed that the charging process depended heavily on the cycle time and the prior poling history, and thus the D-E hysteresis loops had different shapes accordingly. However, the discharged energy density did not change no matter how the D-E loop shape varied due to different measurements. This experimental result could be explained in terms of reversible and irreversible polarizations. The reversible polarization could be charged and discharged fairly quickly ( 5 ms for each process), while the irreversible polarization depended heavily on the poling time and the prior poling history. This study suggests that it is only meaningful to compare the discharged energy density for PVDF and its copolymer films when different cycle times and poling histories are used.
2011, 29(1): 81-86
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1022-6
Abstract:
The polymer surface relaxation in thin films has been a long debating issue. We report a new method on studying surface relaxation behaviors of polymer thin films on a solid substrate. This method involved utilizing a rubbed polyimide surface with a pretilting angle in a liquid crystalline cell. Due to the surface alignment, the liquid crystals were aligned along the rubbing direction. During heating the liquid crystalline cell, we continuously monitored the change of orientation of the liquid crystals. It is understood that at a temperature where the orientation of liquid crystal is lost, the surface relaxation on the glass substrate takes place to lose the polyimide surface orientation. It was found that the relaxation temperature at which the liquid crystals lose their orientation depends on the film thickness of the polyimide. A quantitative linear relationship between the relaxation temperature and reciprocal of the film thickness can be observed. Furthermore, different topologies of the rubbed and relaxed thin films were amplified using the polyethylene decoration method and observed using atomic force microscopy.
The polymer surface relaxation in thin films has been a long debating issue. We report a new method on studying surface relaxation behaviors of polymer thin films on a solid substrate. This method involved utilizing a rubbed polyimide surface with a pretilting angle in a liquid crystalline cell. Due to the surface alignment, the liquid crystals were aligned along the rubbing direction. During heating the liquid crystalline cell, we continuously monitored the change of orientation of the liquid crystals. It is understood that at a temperature where the orientation of liquid crystal is lost, the surface relaxation on the glass substrate takes place to lose the polyimide surface orientation. It was found that the relaxation temperature at which the liquid crystals lose their orientation depends on the film thickness of the polyimide. A quantitative linear relationship between the relaxation temperature and reciprocal of the film thickness can be observed. Furthermore, different topologies of the rubbed and relaxed thin films were amplified using the polyethylene decoration method and observed using atomic force microscopy.
2011, 29(1): 87-92
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-9185-8
Abstract:
Environment friendly thermosetting composites were prepared by blending wheat gluten (WG) and rice protein (RP) at different weight ratios with glycerol as plasticizer followed by compression molding the mixture at 120?C to crosslink the proteins. Reducing agent of sodium bisulfate and sodium sulfite and crosslinking agent formaldehyde were used to adjust the properties of the composites. Morphology, moisture absorption and tensile properties were evaluated. The results showed that formaldehyde could increase tensile strength of the composites without significant influence on Youngs modulus and elongation at break. On the other hand, reducing agents could improve tensile strength and extensibility simultaneously, which was much marked at WG/RP ratios from 7/3 to 3/7.
Environment friendly thermosetting composites were prepared by blending wheat gluten (WG) and rice protein (RP) at different weight ratios with glycerol as plasticizer followed by compression molding the mixture at 120?C to crosslink the proteins. Reducing agent of sodium bisulfate and sodium sulfite and crosslinking agent formaldehyde were used to adjust the properties of the composites. Morphology, moisture absorption and tensile properties were evaluated. The results showed that formaldehyde could increase tensile strength of the composites without significant influence on Youngs modulus and elongation at break. On the other hand, reducing agents could improve tensile strength and extensibility simultaneously, which was much marked at WG/RP ratios from 7/3 to 3/7.
2011, 29(1): 93-100
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1002-x
Abstract:
A diamine was synthesized by two successive reactions. Nucleophilic reaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with terephthaloyl chloride yielded terephthaloyl bis(4-oxybenzoic) acid. Then reaction of this compound with 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane via Yamazaki method resulted in preparation of diamine named terephthalic acid bis(4-{2-[2-(2-amino ethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl carbamoyl}phenyl) ester. After fully characterization it was used to prepare new polyimides through polycondensation with different dianhydrides using trimethylchlorosilane. Characterization of polymers was achieved by common methods and their physical properties including inherent viscosity, thermal behavior, thermal stability, crystallinity and solubility were studied. Prepared polyimides showed improved solubility and good thermal stability.
A diamine was synthesized by two successive reactions. Nucleophilic reaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with terephthaloyl chloride yielded terephthaloyl bis(4-oxybenzoic) acid. Then reaction of this compound with 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane via Yamazaki method resulted in preparation of diamine named terephthalic acid bis(4-{2-[2-(2-amino ethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl carbamoyl}phenyl) ester. After fully characterization it was used to prepare new polyimides through polycondensation with different dianhydrides using trimethylchlorosilane. Characterization of polymers was achieved by common methods and their physical properties including inherent viscosity, thermal behavior, thermal stability, crystallinity and solubility were studied. Prepared polyimides showed improved solubility and good thermal stability.
2011, 29(1): 101-110
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1005-7
Abstract:
A new type of methacrylate monomer, 2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl methylacrylate (BOEMA) was synthesized. The radical homopolymerization of BOEMA was performed at 65C in a 1,4-dioxane solution with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The oxime and thiosemicarbazone derivatives of poly[2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl methylacrylate] poly(BOEMA) were prepared with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and thiosemicarbazone hydrochloride, respectively. The monomer and its homopolymer were characterized with Fourier transform infrared and NMR techniques. The thermal stabilities of poly(BOEMA) and its derivatives were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The ultraviolet stability of the polymers was compared. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the monomer and the polymer and its derivatives were also investigated on various bacteria and fungi. The activation energies of the thermal degradation of the polymers were calculated with the Ozawa and Kissinger methods.
A new type of methacrylate monomer, 2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl methylacrylate (BOEMA) was synthesized. The radical homopolymerization of BOEMA was performed at 65C in a 1,4-dioxane solution with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The oxime and thiosemicarbazone derivatives of poly[2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl methylacrylate] poly(BOEMA) were prepared with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and thiosemicarbazone hydrochloride, respectively. The monomer and its homopolymer were characterized with Fourier transform infrared and NMR techniques. The thermal stabilities of poly(BOEMA) and its derivatives were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The ultraviolet stability of the polymers was compared. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the monomer and the polymer and its derivatives were also investigated on various bacteria and fungi. The activation energies of the thermal degradation of the polymers were calculated with the Ozawa and Kissinger methods.
2011, 29(1): 111-116
doi: 10.1007/s10118-011-1001-6
Abstract:
Submicron-sized P(St-NaSS) latexes were prepared via a semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and sodium styrene sulphonate (NaSS) in the presence of anionic surfactant, in which NaSS aqueous solution and St were separately dropwise charged into the polymerization system at the same time. The hydrodynamic diameter of the latex particles was measured by dynamic light scattering (DSL) method, and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer by water extraction was calculated based on the elementary analysis. Results showed that the copolymerization could be performed smoothly with the monomer conversion more than 96% in the absence of crosslinker, and PNaSS homopolymer could be removed from the latex product by water extraction for 28 h. The weight loss in the water extraction tended to decrease and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer tended to increase with the increase of monomer feeding time, and both of them increased with the increase of NaSS/St mole ratio in the charge. The introduction of divinyl benzene (DVB) could decrease the weight loss in the water extraction and increase the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer. When 25/75 mole ratio of NaSS/St and 11 mol% DVB of total NaSS and St were used in the recipe, and the monomer feeding time was 3 h in copolymerization, the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer reached 7.31 mol%.
Submicron-sized P(St-NaSS) latexes were prepared via a semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and sodium styrene sulphonate (NaSS) in the presence of anionic surfactant, in which NaSS aqueous solution and St were separately dropwise charged into the polymerization system at the same time. The hydrodynamic diameter of the latex particles was measured by dynamic light scattering (DSL) method, and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer by water extraction was calculated based on the elementary analysis. Results showed that the copolymerization could be performed smoothly with the monomer conversion more than 96% in the absence of crosslinker, and PNaSS homopolymer could be removed from the latex product by water extraction for 28 h. The weight loss in the water extraction tended to decrease and the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer tended to increase with the increase of monomer feeding time, and both of them increased with the increase of NaSS/St mole ratio in the charge. The introduction of divinyl benzene (DVB) could decrease the weight loss in the water extraction and increase the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer. When 25/75 mole ratio of NaSS/St and 11 mol% DVB of total NaSS and St were used in the recipe, and the monomer feeding time was 3 h in copolymerization, the NaSS unit content of the purified copolymer reached 7.31 mol%.
2011, 29(1): 117-123
Abstract:
An electrochromic variable optical attenuator (ECVOA) was fabricated by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of disodium N,N-bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)naphthalenedicarboximide (Naph-SO3Na) and common cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA). The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the multilayer films revealed that approximately an equal amount of Naph-SO3Na was assembled in each deposition cycle. Upon one-electron reduction, multilayer films exhibited intense absorption around 452 nm and also a broad absorption band from 1200 nm to 1900 nm. Owing to the improved ionic conductivity, the optical attenuation at 1550 nm of the films showed rapid response time and reached 1.3 dB/?m within 5 s. These results indicate that layer-by-layer assembly could be an effective method for the preparation of ECVOA operating in near infrared region.
An electrochromic variable optical attenuator (ECVOA) was fabricated by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of disodium N,N-bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)naphthalenedicarboximide (Naph-SO3Na) and common cationic polymer poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA). The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the multilayer films revealed that approximately an equal amount of Naph-SO3Na was assembled in each deposition cycle. Upon one-electron reduction, multilayer films exhibited intense absorption around 452 nm and also a broad absorption band from 1200 nm to 1900 nm. Owing to the improved ionic conductivity, the optical attenuation at 1550 nm of the films showed rapid response time and reached 1.3 dB/?m within 5 s. These results indicate that layer-by-layer assembly could be an effective method for the preparation of ECVOA operating in near infrared region.
2011, 29(1): 125-132
doi: 10.1007/s10118-010-1006-6
Abstract:
In this work, we report a simultaneous increase of both stiffness and extensibility in Poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG)/polycarbonate (PC) blends prepared through the slit die extrusion - uniaxial cold stretching process. The stretched sheets have a unique mechanical character that increased tensile modulus is accompanied by increased extensibility as increasing of the drawn ratio. Especially, a sharp increasing of the extensibility is observed for PETG/PC (70/30 wt.-%) blend at drawn ratio between 8.2 and 20.0, where nine times increase of extensibility is achieved. The mechanism of stretching-induced superior extensibility is investigated via micrograph observation, rheolometry and calorimetric analysis. The observed superior extensibility could be tentatively explained by the bridging effect of the PC microfibril on the crack development during tensile failure.
In this work, we report a simultaneous increase of both stiffness and extensibility in Poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG)/polycarbonate (PC) blends prepared through the slit die extrusion - uniaxial cold stretching process. The stretched sheets have a unique mechanical character that increased tensile modulus is accompanied by increased extensibility as increasing of the drawn ratio. Especially, a sharp increasing of the extensibility is observed for PETG/PC (70/30 wt.-%) blend at drawn ratio between 8.2 and 20.0, where nine times increase of extensibility is achieved. The mechanism of stretching-induced superior extensibility is investigated via micrograph observation, rheolometry and calorimetric analysis. The observed superior extensibility could be tentatively explained by the bridging effect of the PC microfibril on the crack development during tensile failure.
