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2006 Volume 24 Issue 6
2006, 24(6): 553-558
Abstract:
In this paper, photoexcitation processes in the bilayer devices based on inorganic materials and poly(N-vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) were investigated. In order to clarify the roles of inorganic materials in photoconductive properties of bilayer devices, TiO2 and ZnS were chosen to combine with PVK. A model for generation of photocurrent (Iph) in single layer device of PVK was obtained. It is deduced that the recombination rate constant (Pcomb) and the ionization rate constant (g) of excitons should be considered as the most important factors for Iph. For inorganic materials (TiO2 or ZnS)/PVK bilayer devices, in reverse bias of -4 V, the photocurrent of 115 mA/cm2 in the TiO2/PVK device was observed, but the photocurrent in the ZnS/PVK device was only 10 mA/cm2 under the illumination light of 340 nm and the light intensity of 14.2 mW/cm2. The weaker photocurrent is attributed to the absorption of ZnS within UV region and the energy offset at the interface between PVK and ZnS, which impedes the transport of charge carriers.
In this paper, photoexcitation processes in the bilayer devices based on inorganic materials and poly(N-vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) were investigated. In order to clarify the roles of inorganic materials in photoconductive properties of bilayer devices, TiO2 and ZnS were chosen to combine with PVK. A model for generation of photocurrent (Iph) in single layer device of PVK was obtained. It is deduced that the recombination rate constant (Pcomb) and the ionization rate constant (g) of excitons should be considered as the most important factors for Iph. For inorganic materials (TiO2 or ZnS)/PVK bilayer devices, in reverse bias of -4 V, the photocurrent of 115 mA/cm2 in the TiO2/PVK device was observed, but the photocurrent in the ZnS/PVK device was only 10 mA/cm2 under the illumination light of 340 nm and the light intensity of 14.2 mW/cm2. The weaker photocurrent is attributed to the absorption of ZnS within UV region and the energy offset at the interface between PVK and ZnS, which impedes the transport of charge carriers.
2006, 24(6): 559-567
Abstract:
ToimprovethewatertreeresistanceofPE,linearlow-densitypolyethylene(LLDPE)wascompoundedwithsodiumacrylate(NaAA)forinsitupolymerization,inwhichNaAAwasformedthroughtheneutralizationofacrylicacid(AA)withsodiumhydroxide(NaOH)beforeaddingdicumylperoxide(DCP)toinitiatetheinsitugraftpolymerizationandhomopolymerization.AseriesofLLDPE/NaAAcompoundswereinvestigatedfortheirwaterabsorptionratio(WAR)measurement,watertreeing,mechanicalanddielectricproperties.TheresultsstronglysuggestthatNaAAcanimprovethewatertreeresistanceofLLDPE.Inaddition,theLLDPE/NaAAcompoundspossesssatisfactorymechanicalpropertiesanddielectricproperties.CharacterizationofLLDPE/NaAAcompoundsbyusingFouriertransforminfraredspectrometry(FTIR)suggeststhattheneutralizationandpolymerizationreactioncouldbeachievedeffectively.UsingadequateDCPcontentisthekeyfactorforcontrollingthepolymerizationofNaAAwithpreciseconversionratio.
ToimprovethewatertreeresistanceofPE,linearlow-densitypolyethylene(LLDPE)wascompoundedwithsodiumacrylate(NaAA)forinsitupolymerization,inwhichNaAAwasformedthroughtheneutralizationofacrylicacid(AA)withsodiumhydroxide(NaOH)beforeaddingdicumylperoxide(DCP)toinitiatetheinsitugraftpolymerizationandhomopolymerization.AseriesofLLDPE/NaAAcompoundswereinvestigatedfortheirwaterabsorptionratio(WAR)measurement,watertreeing,mechanicalanddielectricproperties.TheresultsstronglysuggestthatNaAAcanimprovethewatertreeresistanceofLLDPE.Inaddition,theLLDPE/NaAAcompoundspossesssatisfactorymechanicalpropertiesanddielectricproperties.CharacterizationofLLDPE/NaAAcompoundsbyusingFouriertransforminfraredspectrometry(FTIR)suggeststhattheneutralizationandpolymerizationreactioncouldbeachievedeffectively.UsingadequateDCPcontentisthekeyfactorforcontrollingthepolymerizationofNaAAwithpreciseconversionratio.
2006, 24(6): 569-573
Abstract:
ExperimentalmiscibilitystudieswereperformedondifferentcompositionsofiPP/sPPblends,wheresPPhasalowsyndiotacticity([rrrr]=81%).Combiningopticalmicroscopy,rheology,andsolidstateNMRspectroscopy,themiscibilityoftheblendswasinvestigatedatdifferentscalesinthetraditionallythoughttobe“immiscible”iPP/sPPblends.ForthecompositionofiPP/sPP(90/10)blend,itshowstobemiscibleinthemelt,andfurthermore,theexistenceofintermolecularchaininteractionsbetweensPPandiPPcomponentswasdetectedinthesolidstate.
ExperimentalmiscibilitystudieswereperformedondifferentcompositionsofiPP/sPPblends,wheresPPhasalowsyndiotacticity([rrrr]=81%).Combiningopticalmicroscopy,rheology,andsolidstateNMRspectroscopy,themiscibilityoftheblendswasinvestigatedatdifferentscalesinthetraditionallythoughttobe“immiscible”iPP/sPPblends.ForthecompositionofiPP/sPP(90/10)blend,itshowstobemiscibleinthemelt,andfurthermore,theexistenceofintermolecularchaininteractionsbetweensPPandiPPcomponentswasdetectedinthesolidstate.
2006, 24(6): 575-578
Abstract:
Aseriesofcopolymerscomprisedofbutylmethacrylate,styrene,butylacrylate,hydroxypropylacrylateandperfluoroalkylmethacrylateweresynthesizedbythefreeradicalpolymerizationusingBPOasaninitiator.Thesurfacepropertyofthecopolymerfilmswassubsequentlycharacterized.ThecontactanglemeasurementsandenergydispersiveanalysisofX-ray(EDAX)showthatthelengthandcontentofperfluoroalkylsidechainsinthecopolymersarecrucialforthepreparationofthefilmwithlowsurfaceenergy.Atagivencontentoffluorinatedmonomersinthecopolymers,thelongertheperfluoroalkylsidechain,thelargerthewatercontactangleofthecopolymerfilmswillbe.Ontheotherhand,thehigherthecontentoffluorinatedmonomers,thelowerthesurfaceenergyis.Thewatercontactangleincreaseswiththeincreaseofthefluorinatedmonomercontentandreachesaplateauat3wt%offluorinatedmonomercontent.
Aseriesofcopolymerscomprisedofbutylmethacrylate,styrene,butylacrylate,hydroxypropylacrylateandperfluoroalkylmethacrylateweresynthesizedbythefreeradicalpolymerizationusingBPOasaninitiator.Thesurfacepropertyofthecopolymerfilmswassubsequentlycharacterized.ThecontactanglemeasurementsandenergydispersiveanalysisofX-ray(EDAX)showthatthelengthandcontentofperfluoroalkylsidechainsinthecopolymersarecrucialforthepreparationofthefilmwithlowsurfaceenergy.Atagivencontentoffluorinatedmonomersinthecopolymers,thelongertheperfluoroalkylsidechain,thelargerthewatercontactangleofthecopolymerfilmswillbe.Ontheotherhand,thehigherthecontentoffluorinatedmonomers,thelowerthesurfaceenergyis.Thewatercontactangleincreaseswiththeincreaseofthefluorinatedmonomercontentandreachesaplateauat3wt%offluorinatedmonomercontent.
2006, 24(6): 579-584
Abstract:
Highly sensitive catalase electrodes for sensing hydrogen peroxide have been fabricated based on polypyrrole films with microcontainers. The microcontainers have a cup-like morphology and are arranged in a density of 4000 units cm-2. Catalase was immobilized into the polypyrrole films with microcontainers (Ppy-mc), which were coated on a Pt substrate electrode. The catalase/Ppy-mc/Pt electrode showed linear response to hydrogen peroxide in the range of 0-18 mmol/L at a potential of -0.3 V (versus SCE). Its sensitivity was measured to be approximately 3.64 μA (mmol/L?)-1 cm-2, which is about two times that of the electrode fabricated from a flat Ppy film (catalase/Ppy-flat/Pt electrode). The electrode is highly selective for hydrogen peroxide and its sensitivity is interfered by potential interferents such as ascorbic acid, urea and fructose. Furthermore, such catalase electrode showed long-term storage stability of 15 days under dry conditions at 4℃
Highly sensitive catalase electrodes for sensing hydrogen peroxide have been fabricated based on polypyrrole films with microcontainers. The microcontainers have a cup-like morphology and are arranged in a density of 4000 units cm-2. Catalase was immobilized into the polypyrrole films with microcontainers (Ppy-mc), which were coated on a Pt substrate electrode. The catalase/Ppy-mc/Pt electrode showed linear response to hydrogen peroxide in the range of 0-18 mmol/L at a potential of -0.3 V (versus SCE). Its sensitivity was measured to be approximately 3.64 μA (mmol/L?)-1 cm-2, which is about two times that of the electrode fabricated from a flat Ppy film (catalase/Ppy-flat/Pt electrode). The electrode is highly selective for hydrogen peroxide and its sensitivity is interfered by potential interferents such as ascorbic acid, urea and fructose. Furthermore, such catalase electrode showed long-term storage stability of 15 days under dry conditions at 4℃
2006, 24(6): 585-591
Abstract:
Twohypercrosslinkedresinswithsimilarphysicalcharactersbutdifferentsurfacechemistryweresynthesizedandusedtoremovephenolfromaqueoussolutions.TheFTIRspectra,elementalanalysisandtheBoehmtitrationwereusedtocharacterizethechemicalpropertiesoftheresins.Theadsorptionexperimentswerecarriedoutusingthebottle-pointtechnique,andtheeffectsofthesurfacechemistryontheadsorptionwerediscussed.TheadsorptiondatafitwellwiththeFreundlichmodelindicatingtheheterogeneityoftheresinssurface.Itcouldbeseenfromtheexperimentalresultsthattheadsorptioncapacityincreasedwiththeincreaseofthetotalsurfaceconcentrationofoxygen-containinggroups.ThepHdependenceandtheeffectsofionicstrengthwerealsodiscussed.Thekineticadsorptiondatafitwellwiththepseudo-secondordermodel,andtheresultsshowedthatthesurfaceoxygen-containinggroupshavelittleeffectontheadsorptionrate.
Twohypercrosslinkedresinswithsimilarphysicalcharactersbutdifferentsurfacechemistryweresynthesizedandusedtoremovephenolfromaqueoussolutions.TheFTIRspectra,elementalanalysisandtheBoehmtitrationwereusedtocharacterizethechemicalpropertiesoftheresins.Theadsorptionexperimentswerecarriedoutusingthebottle-pointtechnique,andtheeffectsofthesurfacechemistryontheadsorptionwerediscussed.TheadsorptiondatafitwellwiththeFreundlichmodelindicatingtheheterogeneityoftheresinssurface.Itcouldbeseenfromtheexperimentalresultsthattheadsorptioncapacityincreasedwiththeincreaseofthetotalsurfaceconcentrationofoxygen-containinggroups.ThepHdependenceandtheeffectsofionicstrengthwerealsodiscussed.Thekineticadsorptiondatafitwellwiththepseudo-secondordermodel,andtheresultsshowedthatthesurfaceoxygen-containinggroupshavelittleeffectontheadsorptionrate.
2006, 24(6): 593-597
Abstract:
Thenovelcyclictrithiocarbonatewassynthesizedbydialkylationoftrithiocarbonateanionwith2,2’-bis(bromomethyl)biphenylinatwo-phasesystemusinganoniumsaltasaphase-transferagent.Styrenepolymerizationwascarriedoutinthepresenceofcyclictrithiocarbonate(CTTC).CTTCundergoesringopening-polymerizationandtheincorporatedtrithiocarbonatemoietyderivedfromCTTCperformsasthereversibleaddition-fragmentationchaintransfer(RAFT)agent.Throughthismechanismmultiblockpolystyrenescontainingvariousnarrowpolydispersityblockscanbeprepared.
Thenovelcyclictrithiocarbonatewassynthesizedbydialkylationoftrithiocarbonateanionwith2,2’-bis(bromomethyl)biphenylinatwo-phasesystemusinganoniumsaltasaphase-transferagent.Styrenepolymerizationwascarriedoutinthepresenceofcyclictrithiocarbonate(CTTC).CTTCundergoesringopening-polymerizationandtheincorporatedtrithiocarbonatemoietyderivedfromCTTCperformsasthereversibleaddition-fragmentationchaintransfer(RAFT)agent.Throughthismechanismmultiblockpolystyrenescontainingvariousnarrowpolydispersityblockscanbeprepared.
2006, 24(6): 599-608
Abstract:
Duetoitsmechanicalpropertiesandeaseofuse,vinylesterresinisenjoyingincreasingconsideration.Thisresinnormallyisproducedbyreactionbetweenepoxyresinandunsaturatedcarboxylicacid.Inthepresentstudy,bis-phenolAbasedepoxyresinandmethacrylicacidwasusedtoproducevinylesterresin.Thereactionwasconductedunderbothstoichiometricandnon-stoichiometricconditionsinthepresenceoftriphenylphosphineascatalyst.Thestoichiometricandnon-stoichiometricexperimentswereconductedat95,100,105,110℃and90,95℃,respectively.Thefirstorderrateequationandmechanismbasedrateequationwereexamined.Parametersareevaluatedbyleastsquaremethod.Acomparisonofmechanismbasedrateequationandexperimentaldatashowanexcellentagreement.Finally,Arrheniusequationandactivationenergywerepresented.
Duetoitsmechanicalpropertiesandeaseofuse,vinylesterresinisenjoyingincreasingconsideration.Thisresinnormallyisproducedbyreactionbetweenepoxyresinandunsaturatedcarboxylicacid.Inthepresentstudy,bis-phenolAbasedepoxyresinandmethacrylicacidwasusedtoproducevinylesterresin.Thereactionwasconductedunderbothstoichiometricandnon-stoichiometricconditionsinthepresenceoftriphenylphosphineascatalyst.Thestoichiometricandnon-stoichiometricexperimentswereconductedat95,100,105,110℃and90,95℃,respectively.Thefirstorderrateequationandmechanismbasedrateequationwereexamined.Parametersareevaluatedbyleastsquaremethod.Acomparisonofmechanismbasedrateequationandexperimentaldatashowanexcellentagreement.Finally,Arrheniusequationandactivationenergywerepresented.
2006, 24(6): 609-617
Abstract:
Thetheoreticalcharacterizationsonthetriangular-formthixotropy-looptestsofanLDPEmelt(PE-FSB-23D022/Q200)wereconductedinthepresentpaperbyusinganewthixotropymodel,whichisconstitutedbytheupperconvectedMaxwellmodelandarate-typekineticequation.ThenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelcanpartiallydescribewellthreereportedthixotropy-loopexperimentsbycomparisonwiththepreviouscalculationsofthevariantformofthethixotropy-typeHuangmodel.ItisnotedthatthestressdeviationsbetweentheexperimentsandthepredictionsofthenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelaremuchslighterthanthosedeviationsobtainedbyusingthevariantHuangmodelatthesamecondition,althoughbothmodelsincludefiveparameters.TheconstitutionofthenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelismorereasonablethanthatofthevariantHuangmodel.
Thetheoreticalcharacterizationsonthetriangular-formthixotropy-looptestsofanLDPEmelt(PE-FSB-23D022/Q200)wereconductedinthepresentpaperbyusinganewthixotropymodel,whichisconstitutedbytheupperconvectedMaxwellmodelandarate-typekineticequation.ThenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelcanpartiallydescribewellthreereportedthixotropy-loopexperimentsbycomparisonwiththepreviouscalculationsofthevariantformofthethixotropy-typeHuangmodel.ItisnotedthatthestressdeviationsbetweentheexperimentsandthepredictionsofthenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelaremuchslighterthanthosedeviationsobtainedbyusingthevariantHuangmodelatthesamecondition,althoughbothmodelsincludefiveparameters.TheconstitutionofthenewthixotropicMaxwellmodelismorereasonablethanthatofthevariantHuangmodel.
2006, 24(6): 619-625
Abstract:
Chiral polymer was synthesized by the polymerization of (R)-6,6'-bistributylstannyl-2,2'-binaphtho-20-crown-6 (M-1) with 1,4-dibromo-2,3-bisbutoxy-naphthyl (M-2) by Pd(PPh3)4 catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. Both monomer and polymer were analyzed by NMR, MS, FT-IR, UV, polarimetry, DSC-TGA, CD, fluorescent spectroscopy and GPC. The major difference between monomer and polymer is that a long wavelength Cotton Effect was observed for the polymer due to its more extended conjugation in the repeating unit and a highly rigid backbone in the polymer chain. Polymer has strong blue fluorescence due to the efficient energy migration from the extended π-electronic structure of the repeating unit of the polymer to the chiral binaphthyl core and is expected to have potential application in the materials of fluorescent sensors and chiral chromatographic packing for resolution of racemic amino acid.
Chiral polymer was synthesized by the polymerization of (R)-6,6'-bistributylstannyl-2,2'-binaphtho-20-crown-6 (M-1) with 1,4-dibromo-2,3-bisbutoxy-naphthyl (M-2) by Pd(PPh3)4 catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. Both monomer and polymer were analyzed by NMR, MS, FT-IR, UV, polarimetry, DSC-TGA, CD, fluorescent spectroscopy and GPC. The major difference between monomer and polymer is that a long wavelength Cotton Effect was observed for the polymer due to its more extended conjugation in the repeating unit and a highly rigid backbone in the polymer chain. Polymer has strong blue fluorescence due to the efficient energy migration from the extended π-electronic structure of the repeating unit of the polymer to the chiral binaphthyl core and is expected to have potential application in the materials of fluorescent sensors and chiral chromatographic packing for resolution of racemic amino acid.
2006, 24(6): 627-635
Abstract:
Chloromethylationofpolystyrene(PS)withtwodifferentchloromethylatingsystemsmethylal/thionylchlorideandparaformaldehyde/trimethylchlorosilanewasstudied.Solublechloromethylatedpolystyrenewithadegreeofsubstitutionof89%wasobtained.TheConant-FinkelsteinreactiononthechloromethylatedPSaffordedsolubleiodomethylatedpolystyrenewithadegreeofsubstitutionashighas96%.ThereactionconditionsofMinisciwereemployedtoradicallypyridinatePSviaitsiodomethylatedderivative.Polyelectrolyteswereformedwhichcouldbeconvertedtonormalpolymersbytreatmentwitha20%aqueoussolutionofNaOH.
Chloromethylationofpolystyrene(PS)withtwodifferentchloromethylatingsystemsmethylal/thionylchlorideandparaformaldehyde/trimethylchlorosilanewasstudied.Solublechloromethylatedpolystyrenewithadegreeofsubstitutionof89%wasobtained.TheConant-FinkelsteinreactiononthechloromethylatedPSaffordedsolubleiodomethylatedpolystyrenewithadegreeofsubstitutionashighas96%.ThereactionconditionsofMinisciwereemployedtoradicallypyridinatePSviaitsiodomethylatedderivative.Polyelectrolyteswereformedwhichcouldbeconvertedtonormalpolymersbytreatmentwitha20%aqueoussolutionofNaOH.
2006, 24(6): 637-646
Abstract:
High purity polysaccharide of pachyman was isolated from the powder of Poria cocos sclerotium with a yield of 77.8%. The intrinsic viscosity of polysaccharide was found to be 78.95 mL/g in DMSO solution at 25℃. The isolated polysaccharide was reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to obtain pachyman sulfate using the improved Wolfrom method. The results of the orthogonality experiment on the sulfation reaction identified that the effectiveness of the reaction conditions on the degree of sulfation and the value of intrinsic viscosity is in the following order: molar ratio of chlorosulfonic acid to glucoside (3-5) reaction temperature (60-80℃) reaction time (1-2 h). The kinetic studies of the pachyman sulfation indicated that the hydrolysis is accompanied with the sulfation process. The decrease in intrinsic viscosity of the sulfated pachyman is proportional to the increase in the degree of sulfation under the mild reaction conditions of 80℃, chlorosulfonic acid/glucoside mole ratio 5, and reaction time 2 h. Beyond the above reaction conditions, excessive loss of ―OH group occurs during hydrolysis. The NMR results indicated a complete sulfation on C-6 and a partial sulfation on the C-2 and C-4 of glucoside.
High purity polysaccharide of pachyman was isolated from the powder of Poria cocos sclerotium with a yield of 77.8%. The intrinsic viscosity of polysaccharide was found to be 78.95 mL/g in DMSO solution at 25℃. The isolated polysaccharide was reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to obtain pachyman sulfate using the improved Wolfrom method. The results of the orthogonality experiment on the sulfation reaction identified that the effectiveness of the reaction conditions on the degree of sulfation and the value of intrinsic viscosity is in the following order: molar ratio of chlorosulfonic acid to glucoside (3-5) reaction temperature (60-80℃) reaction time (1-2 h). The kinetic studies of the pachyman sulfation indicated that the hydrolysis is accompanied with the sulfation process. The decrease in intrinsic viscosity of the sulfated pachyman is proportional to the increase in the degree of sulfation under the mild reaction conditions of 80℃, chlorosulfonic acid/glucoside mole ratio 5, and reaction time 2 h. Beyond the above reaction conditions, excessive loss of ―OH group occurs during hydrolysis. The NMR results indicated a complete sulfation on C-6 and a partial sulfation on the C-2 and C-4 of glucoside.
2006, 24(6): 647-656
Abstract:
The oxidative polycondensation reaction conditions of 4-m-tolylazomethinephenol (4-TAMP) in the presence of air O2 and NaOCl as oxidants were studied in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50 and 90℃. The structures of the obtained monomer and oligomer were confirmed by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H- and 13C-NMR and elemental analysis techniques. The physical characterization was made by TG-DTA, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solubility tests. At the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of oligo-4-m-tolylazomethinephenol (O-4-TAMP) was found to be 62.50% (for air O2 oxidant) and 90.0% (for NaOCl oxidant), respectively. According to the SEC analysis, the number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (PDI) values of O-4-TAMP were found to be 2310, 2610 g mol-1 and 1.13, respectively, using air O2, and 1390, 1710 g mol-1 and 1.23, using NaOCl, respectively. According to TG-DTA analyses, O-4-TAMP was more stable than 4-TAMP against thermal and thermal decomposition. The weight losses of 4-TAMP and O-4-TAMP were found to be 68% and 58% at 1000℃. Electrical conductivity of the O-4-TAMP was measured, showing that the polymer is a typical semiconductor. Electrochemical the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and electrochemical energy gaps ( ) for 4-TAMP are -5.96, -3.22 and 2.74 eV, respectively. The HOMO, LUMO and ( ) for O-4-TAMP are -5.78, -3.44 and 2.34 eV, respectively. According to UV-Vis measurements, optical band gaps (Eg) of 4-TAMP and O-4-TAMP were found to be 3.45 and 3.10 eV, respectively.
The oxidative polycondensation reaction conditions of 4-m-tolylazomethinephenol (4-TAMP) in the presence of air O2 and NaOCl as oxidants were studied in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50 and 90℃. The structures of the obtained monomer and oligomer were confirmed by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H- and 13C-NMR and elemental analysis techniques. The physical characterization was made by TG-DTA, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solubility tests. At the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of oligo-4-m-tolylazomethinephenol (O-4-TAMP) was found to be 62.50% (for air O2 oxidant) and 90.0% (for NaOCl oxidant), respectively. According to the SEC analysis, the number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (PDI) values of O-4-TAMP were found to be 2310, 2610 g mol-1 and 1.13, respectively, using air O2, and 1390, 1710 g mol-1 and 1.23, using NaOCl, respectively. According to TG-DTA analyses, O-4-TAMP was more stable than 4-TAMP against thermal and thermal decomposition. The weight losses of 4-TAMP and O-4-TAMP were found to be 68% and 58% at 1000℃. Electrical conductivity of the O-4-TAMP was measured, showing that the polymer is a typical semiconductor. Electrochemical the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and electrochemical energy gaps ( ) for 4-TAMP are -5.96, -3.22 and 2.74 eV, respectively. The HOMO, LUMO and ( ) for O-4-TAMP are -5.78, -3.44 and 2.34 eV, respectively. According to UV-Vis measurements, optical band gaps (Eg) of 4-TAMP and O-4-TAMP were found to be 3.45 and 3.10 eV, respectively.
