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2023 Volume 51 Issue 5
2023, 51(5): 631-641
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231024
Abstract:
Over the past few decades, a multitude of artificial enzymes have been investigated. With the development of nanoscience, nanozymes have attracted widespread attention of researchers because they can solve the issues of insufficient activity of traditional artificial enzymes. As one of the most interesting and important rare earth oxides in catalysis, CeO2 exhibits excellent peroxidase-like activity due to its fast Ce4+ ↔ Ce3+ redox switch and the existence of related oxygen vacancies. However, the combination of CeO2 with other materials to form CeO2-based nanozymes is beneficial to improve the catalytic performance. This review introduced a variety of CeO2-based nanozymes, discussed their peroxidase-like catalytic mechanisms, kinetics, and colorimetric sensing applications. Finally, the current challenges and potential future directions of CeO2-based nanozymes were summarized.
Over the past few decades, a multitude of artificial enzymes have been investigated. With the development of nanoscience, nanozymes have attracted widespread attention of researchers because they can solve the issues of insufficient activity of traditional artificial enzymes. As one of the most interesting and important rare earth oxides in catalysis, CeO2 exhibits excellent peroxidase-like activity due to its fast Ce4+ ↔ Ce3+ redox switch and the existence of related oxygen vacancies. However, the combination of CeO2 with other materials to form CeO2-based nanozymes is beneficial to improve the catalytic performance. This review introduced a variety of CeO2-based nanozymes, discussed their peroxidase-like catalytic mechanisms, kinetics, and colorimetric sensing applications. Finally, the current challenges and potential future directions of CeO2-based nanozymes were summarized.
2023, 51(5): 642-651
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221439
Abstract:
Halide perovskites nanocrystals (PeNCs) have attracted much attention in the field of photovoltaics and optoelectronic due to their excellent optical properties such as good conductivity and adjustable band gap. In recent years, many scholars have evaluated the possibility of PeNCs in the field of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and found that PeNCs produce higher color purity ECL than other classical quantum dots based on annihilation and co-reaction mechanism, but with the poor stability of PeNCs. Researchers have achieved more satisfactory ECL efficiency in organic and aqueous medium with different strategies such as surface engineering, structural modification and interfacial manipulation with PeNCs. In this review, recent advances of PeNCs related ECL, including the ECL mechanisms, methods to improve the stability and ECL efficiency and the applications in ECL were summarized, and the future prospect was also anticipated.
Halide perovskites nanocrystals (PeNCs) have attracted much attention in the field of photovoltaics and optoelectronic due to their excellent optical properties such as good conductivity and adjustable band gap. In recent years, many scholars have evaluated the possibility of PeNCs in the field of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and found that PeNCs produce higher color purity ECL than other classical quantum dots based on annihilation and co-reaction mechanism, but with the poor stability of PeNCs. Researchers have achieved more satisfactory ECL efficiency in organic and aqueous medium with different strategies such as surface engineering, structural modification and interfacial manipulation with PeNCs. In this review, recent advances of PeNCs related ECL, including the ECL mechanisms, methods to improve the stability and ECL efficiency and the applications in ECL were summarized, and the future prospect was also anticipated.
2023, 51(5): 652-665
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231044
Abstract:
In comparison with natural enzymes, nanozymes show many advantages such as high stability, ease to mass production and tunable enzymatic properties and possess great potentials for application in detection and biosensing fields. Especially, noble metal based nanozymes usually exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability. The achievements in precisely synthesizing noble metal-based nanomaterials at atomic levels enable investigation of interaction mechanisms between structures and enzymatic performances. In this review, the development of noble metal based nanozymes were sumarized, including noble metal nanocrystals and noble metal based singleatom nanozymes. The preparation strategies, regulation methods of enzymatic properties and underlying mechanisms were mainly discussed. The applications for detection and biosensing were also elucidated. At last, the challenges and prospects of this area were briefly discussed.
In comparison with natural enzymes, nanozymes show many advantages such as high stability, ease to mass production and tunable enzymatic properties and possess great potentials for application in detection and biosensing fields. Especially, noble metal based nanozymes usually exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability. The achievements in precisely synthesizing noble metal-based nanomaterials at atomic levels enable investigation of interaction mechanisms between structures and enzymatic performances. In this review, the development of noble metal based nanozymes were sumarized, including noble metal nanocrystals and noble metal based singleatom nanozymes. The preparation strategies, regulation methods of enzymatic properties and underlying mechanisms were mainly discussed. The applications for detection and biosensing were also elucidated. At last, the challenges and prospects of this area were briefly discussed.
2023, 51(5): 666-680
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231056
Abstract:
Among different nanozymes, peroxidase-like nanozymes have attracted extensive attention because of their great prospects in biosensing, bioimaging and disease treatment. By combining experiments with computational studies, several reports have elucidated the catalytic mechanism and structure-activity relationship of peroxidase-like nanozymes. Furthermore, to enable the rational design of highly active peroxidase-like nanozymes, several pioneering studies have developed numerous descriptors that can be used to predict their catalytic activity. These rationally designed highly active nanozymes have been used for in vitro and in vivo assays. This review first focused on the progress in the rational design of peroxidase-like nanozymes, and then introduced some typical examples of the analytical applications of peroxidase-like nanozymes. In addition, the key issues and challenges faced by peroxidase-like nanozymes were summarized and their further development directions were prospected.
Among different nanozymes, peroxidase-like nanozymes have attracted extensive attention because of their great prospects in biosensing, bioimaging and disease treatment. By combining experiments with computational studies, several reports have elucidated the catalytic mechanism and structure-activity relationship of peroxidase-like nanozymes. Furthermore, to enable the rational design of highly active peroxidase-like nanozymes, several pioneering studies have developed numerous descriptors that can be used to predict their catalytic activity. These rationally designed highly active nanozymes have been used for in vitro and in vivo assays. This review first focused on the progress in the rational design of peroxidase-like nanozymes, and then introduced some typical examples of the analytical applications of peroxidase-like nanozymes. In addition, the key issues and challenges faced by peroxidase-like nanozymes were summarized and their further development directions were prospected.
2023, 51(5): 681-694
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221631
Abstract:
The functionalization of gold nanoparticle (GNP) surface with specific ligand is helpful to improve the bioanalysis performance of GNP and realize special application of GNP in biomedicine. Because it is easy to integrate various functions including specific biorecognition and therapeutic function into one sequence, peptides become one of the most common ligands for functionalization of GNP. The peptide functionalized GNPs (GNP@peptides) have been extensively used to build biosensing nanoplatforms with high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting various analytes (such as heavy metal ions, biomarkers, etc.) and novel therapeutic/drug delivery nanosystems with excellent anti-tumor and/or antibacterial capabilities. This review provided an overview of the effect of GNP@peptides on the precision diagnostics and therapy of diseases, and discussesed the current challenges and future prospects of GNP@peptide-based biosensing nanoplatforms and nanomedicines in practical applications.
The functionalization of gold nanoparticle (GNP) surface with specific ligand is helpful to improve the bioanalysis performance of GNP and realize special application of GNP in biomedicine. Because it is easy to integrate various functions including specific biorecognition and therapeutic function into one sequence, peptides become one of the most common ligands for functionalization of GNP. The peptide functionalized GNPs (GNP@peptides) have been extensively used to build biosensing nanoplatforms with high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting various analytes (such as heavy metal ions, biomarkers, etc.) and novel therapeutic/drug delivery nanosystems with excellent anti-tumor and/or antibacterial capabilities. This review provided an overview of the effect of GNP@peptides on the precision diagnostics and therapy of diseases, and discussesed the current challenges and future prospects of GNP@peptide-based biosensing nanoplatforms and nanomedicines in practical applications.
2023, 51(5): 695-705
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221623
Abstract:
In recent years, flexible sensors have gained great attention in the fields of personal health monitoring and medical diagnosis. Currently, flexible monitoring devices for biochemical markers are gradually being developed to grasp the health status of the human body more comprehensively and accurately. In addition, the widespread distribution of sweat glands in human body makes sweat a readily available biological fluid. Sweat contains a variety of biomarkers, and their concentrations are correlated with blood concentrations. Combined with flexible sensing technology, real-time monitoring of sweat can reflect the human body′s dehydration, fatigue, disease and mental stress in a timely manner. This review summarized the conductive materials for constructing flexible sensors, introduced the composition of sweat and the methods of stimulating sweat production and collecting sweat, and outlined the applications of flexible sweat sensors in detection of ions, metabolites, biomolecules and drugs. Finally, the future trends of flexible sweat sensors were prospected, hoping to promote the development of personalized medical care in the future.
In recent years, flexible sensors have gained great attention in the fields of personal health monitoring and medical diagnosis. Currently, flexible monitoring devices for biochemical markers are gradually being developed to grasp the health status of the human body more comprehensively and accurately. In addition, the widespread distribution of sweat glands in human body makes sweat a readily available biological fluid. Sweat contains a variety of biomarkers, and their concentrations are correlated with blood concentrations. Combined with flexible sensing technology, real-time monitoring of sweat can reflect the human body′s dehydration, fatigue, disease and mental stress in a timely manner. This review summarized the conductive materials for constructing flexible sensors, introduced the composition of sweat and the methods of stimulating sweat production and collecting sweat, and outlined the applications of flexible sweat sensors in detection of ions, metabolites, biomolecules and drugs. Finally, the future trends of flexible sweat sensors were prospected, hoping to promote the development of personalized medical care in the future.
2023, 51(5): 706-720
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231041
Abstract:
Clustered interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) system has a unique ability to cleave target nucleic acids and non-specific single-stranded nucleic acids, and has become a vital tool for gene editing and gene diagnosis in recent years. Because of its high sensitivity, high specificity and the ability to recognize single nucleotide variation, CRISPR-Cas system has been widely used in novel nucleic acid detection biosensors. First of all, the composition and classification of the CRISPR-Cas system were introduced and the development and application process of the CRISPR-Cas system were summarized in this review. On this basis, the mechanism and construction process of biosensors based on different types of CRISPR-CAS systems were introduced, and the recent research progress of biosensors based on CRISPR-Cas system were summarized, including the applications in nucleic acid detection, protein detection and metal ion detection, as well as the applications of CRISPR-CAS systems in genotyping, gene mapping, nucleic acid mutation and other biological imaging, which would provide reference for the subsequent research related to CRISPR-Cas system.
Clustered interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) system has a unique ability to cleave target nucleic acids and non-specific single-stranded nucleic acids, and has become a vital tool for gene editing and gene diagnosis in recent years. Because of its high sensitivity, high specificity and the ability to recognize single nucleotide variation, CRISPR-Cas system has been widely used in novel nucleic acid detection biosensors. First of all, the composition and classification of the CRISPR-Cas system were introduced and the development and application process of the CRISPR-Cas system were summarized in this review. On this basis, the mechanism and construction process of biosensors based on different types of CRISPR-CAS systems were introduced, and the recent research progress of biosensors based on CRISPR-Cas system were summarized, including the applications in nucleic acid detection, protein detection and metal ion detection, as well as the applications of CRISPR-CAS systems in genotyping, gene mapping, nucleic acid mutation and other biological imaging, which would provide reference for the subsequent research related to CRISPR-Cas system.
2023, 51(5): 721-732
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221601
Abstract:
Biomics is an important research means to reveal the laws of life and human health. However, it is essentially a large-scale feature study at the overall level, and cannot be directly used for disease diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a new omics system to study the structure, location, orderly interaction and dynamic function of biomolecules at the molecular level. As the basic unit of life structure, cells are defined by biomembranes. The biomembranes form an important barrier between living cells and the surrounding environment, and separate organelles in eukaryotic cells. The study of membrane structure has a history of nearly one hundred years. Although many models of cell membrane structure have been proposed, they are still in the stage of model hypothesis. Because the structure, function and interaction between membrane components are indivisible organic whole, the research on one aspect alone cannot uncover the biomembrane system in essence. Based on this, this paper proposed a new concept of ″biomembromics″, which regarded the structure, function and intermolecular interaction of membrane system as an organic whole, and established a new and real membrane structure at the molecular level. In addition, the latest progress in the researches of membrane structure, properties and functions at the molecular level were summarized. Finally, the development trend, opportunities and challenges of biomembranomics were discussed.
Biomics is an important research means to reveal the laws of life and human health. However, it is essentially a large-scale feature study at the overall level, and cannot be directly used for disease diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a new omics system to study the structure, location, orderly interaction and dynamic function of biomolecules at the molecular level. As the basic unit of life structure, cells are defined by biomembranes. The biomembranes form an important barrier between living cells and the surrounding environment, and separate organelles in eukaryotic cells. The study of membrane structure has a history of nearly one hundred years. Although many models of cell membrane structure have been proposed, they are still in the stage of model hypothesis. Because the structure, function and interaction between membrane components are indivisible organic whole, the research on one aspect alone cannot uncover the biomembrane system in essence. Based on this, this paper proposed a new concept of ″biomembromics″, which regarded the structure, function and intermolecular interaction of membrane system as an organic whole, and established a new and real membrane structure at the molecular level. In addition, the latest progress in the researches of membrane structure, properties and functions at the molecular level were summarized. Finally, the development trend, opportunities and challenges of biomembranomics were discussed.
2023, 51(5): 733-743
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231014
Abstract:
The evolution of the morphological and mechanical properties of the solid-liquid interface of electrode materials during the electrochemical process is often directly related to the changes in the properties of the materials, and it is attracting more and more attention. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging tool that acquires the surface morphology of a sample by monitoring the interaction force between the probe and the sample. It is also an essential platform for the in situ investigation of the morphological evolution and surface mechanical properties changes, benefiting from the high resolution and insitu operation under fluid. In recent years, electrode materials related to batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysis have become a hot area of electrochemical study. Meanwhile, the characterization of the evolution of material morphological and mechanical properties in situ using AFM has played a crucial role in the study of the structure-function relationship of electrode materials, providing new ideas for the development and optimization of new materials for electrodes. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the in situ AFM in various types of batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic electrodes.
The evolution of the morphological and mechanical properties of the solid-liquid interface of electrode materials during the electrochemical process is often directly related to the changes in the properties of the materials, and it is attracting more and more attention. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging tool that acquires the surface morphology of a sample by monitoring the interaction force between the probe and the sample. It is also an essential platform for the in situ investigation of the morphological evolution and surface mechanical properties changes, benefiting from the high resolution and insitu operation under fluid. In recent years, electrode materials related to batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysis have become a hot area of electrochemical study. Meanwhile, the characterization of the evolution of material morphological and mechanical properties in situ using AFM has played a crucial role in the study of the structure-function relationship of electrode materials, providing new ideas for the development and optimization of new materials for electrodes. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the in situ AFM in various types of batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic electrodes.
2023, 51(5): 744-756
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221594
Abstract:
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the microvascular disease of the glomeruli and renal tubules as a result of diabetes. It is one of the most frequent and serious chronic complications of diabetes. The early stage of DKD has a certain occult and the clinical symptoms appear late. It has a certain concealment in the early stage and it is often more difficult to treat than other renal diseases. Therefore, the early detection of DKD biomarker is of great significance to reduce renal damage. However, there is no single indicator for early diagnosis of DKD. The combination of multiple indicators and symptoms are used in its clinical diagnosis. Hence, the establishment of simple, efficient and sensitive multi-biomarker detection platforms for the early diagnosis of DKD is much demanded. In this review, taking different types of DKD biomarkers (microRNAs, cystatin C, homocysteine, creatinine, type IV collagen, and n-acetylglucosaminidase) as examples, a comprehensive summary of the recent developments of various types of electrochemical detection platforms was presented for them over recent years, such as electrochemistry (EC) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), and its further development was prospected.
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the microvascular disease of the glomeruli and renal tubules as a result of diabetes. It is one of the most frequent and serious chronic complications of diabetes. The early stage of DKD has a certain occult and the clinical symptoms appear late. It has a certain concealment in the early stage and it is often more difficult to treat than other renal diseases. Therefore, the early detection of DKD biomarker is of great significance to reduce renal damage. However, there is no single indicator for early diagnosis of DKD. The combination of multiple indicators and symptoms are used in its clinical diagnosis. Hence, the establishment of simple, efficient and sensitive multi-biomarker detection platforms for the early diagnosis of DKD is much demanded. In this review, taking different types of DKD biomarkers (microRNAs, cystatin C, homocysteine, creatinine, type IV collagen, and n-acetylglucosaminidase) as examples, a comprehensive summary of the recent developments of various types of electrochemical detection platforms was presented for them over recent years, such as electrochemistry (EC) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), and its further development was prospected.
2023, 51(5): 757-768
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221576
Abstract:
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing, as a new sensing technology that combines PEC process and target recognition reactions, has been rapidly developed in the field of analysis. Based on its characteristics of photoexcitation-electrical detection, PEC sensing has attracted great attention due to its advantages such as low background signal, high sensitivity and so on. At present, common PEC sensing detection modes are mainly divided into signal-off and signal-on modes, but both modes depend on the change of a single output signal. The presence of possible redox-active interferents in the actual detection will increase or decrease photocurrents, which will inevitably lead to false positive or false negative results. By contrast, PEC sensing strategy based on photocurrent polarity switching can output the photocurrent signals with different polarity after identifying the target, instead of only increasing or decreasing the photocurrent signals. Therefore, it can effectively improve the anti-interference ability and accuracy. In this paper, common PEC sensing strategies were reviewed, with emphasis on the photocurrent polarity switching PEC sensing strategy. In the end, further development prospects of PEC sensing were proposed.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing, as a new sensing technology that combines PEC process and target recognition reactions, has been rapidly developed in the field of analysis. Based on its characteristics of photoexcitation-electrical detection, PEC sensing has attracted great attention due to its advantages such as low background signal, high sensitivity and so on. At present, common PEC sensing detection modes are mainly divided into signal-off and signal-on modes, but both modes depend on the change of a single output signal. The presence of possible redox-active interferents in the actual detection will increase or decrease photocurrents, which will inevitably lead to false positive or false negative results. By contrast, PEC sensing strategy based on photocurrent polarity switching can output the photocurrent signals with different polarity after identifying the target, instead of only increasing or decreasing the photocurrent signals. Therefore, it can effectively improve the anti-interference ability and accuracy. In this paper, common PEC sensing strategies were reviewed, with emphasis on the photocurrent polarity switching PEC sensing strategy. In the end, further development prospects of PEC sensing were proposed.
2023, 51(5): 769-776
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221632
Abstract:
As one of the important branches of wearable electronics, wearable chemical sensors can be used to detect and analyze the chemical components in human bodies and their surrounding environments in continuous and real-time manner, exhibiting great potential in health monitoring, medical diagnosis and environmental protection. However, it is still challenging to develop the matched wearable energy supply devices with high energy density and comfortability. To achieve the continuous and real-time electrochemical monitoring, wearable chemical sensors with self-powered characteristics is a possible strategy to solve the above limitations. Hence, this review first introduced the classification and working principle of wearable self-powered chemical sensors, and then summarized the current research and application progress of wearable self-powered chemical sensors. Finally, the challenge and the existing issues of self-powered wearable chemical sensors were discussed. The review provided a reference for the energy supply selection of wearable electronics and the development of new selfpowered sensors.
As one of the important branches of wearable electronics, wearable chemical sensors can be used to detect and analyze the chemical components in human bodies and their surrounding environments in continuous and real-time manner, exhibiting great potential in health monitoring, medical diagnosis and environmental protection. However, it is still challenging to develop the matched wearable energy supply devices with high energy density and comfortability. To achieve the continuous and real-time electrochemical monitoring, wearable chemical sensors with self-powered characteristics is a possible strategy to solve the above limitations. Hence, this review first introduced the classification and working principle of wearable self-powered chemical sensors, and then summarized the current research and application progress of wearable self-powered chemical sensors. Finally, the challenge and the existing issues of self-powered wearable chemical sensors were discussed. The review provided a reference for the energy supply selection of wearable electronics and the development of new selfpowered sensors.
2023, 51(5): 777-789
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221580
Abstract:
In recent years, all kinds of gas-sensing technologies have received more and more attention in the fields of environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis and industrial safety. Among them, gas sensors based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have developed rapidly in the sensing field due to their unique signal conversion and amplification functions, as well as the advantages such as miniaturization and integration. Starting from the device structure of OFETs, this review introduced and analyzed the selection of materials, the optimization of preparation processes, and the practical application in recent years, highlighting its unique advantages in the sensing field. Finally, the current difficulties and challenges of OFETs-based gas sensors were also summarized.
In recent years, all kinds of gas-sensing technologies have received more and more attention in the fields of environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis and industrial safety. Among them, gas sensors based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have developed rapidly in the sensing field due to their unique signal conversion and amplification functions, as well as the advantages such as miniaturization and integration. Starting from the device structure of OFETs, this review introduced and analyzed the selection of materials, the optimization of preparation processes, and the practical application in recent years, highlighting its unique advantages in the sensing field. Finally, the current difficulties and challenges of OFETs-based gas sensors were also summarized.
2023, 51(5): 790-799
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231017
Abstract:
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous materials, popularized over the past 20 years, and have a wide range of applications in many fields such as catalysis, adsorption, separation and so on. The realization of the above functions is closely related to the structure of MOFs, and understanding the growth mechanism of MOFs in solution is critical to control the structure and function of MOFs. However, relevant studies are insufficient. This review summarized the researches on the nucleation and growth of MOFs using the advanced in-situ techniques in recent years, and briefly summarized the growth mechanism of MOFs. Finally, the development trend of the research on the growth mechanism of MOFs was prospected.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous materials, popularized over the past 20 years, and have a wide range of applications in many fields such as catalysis, adsorption, separation and so on. The realization of the above functions is closely related to the structure of MOFs, and understanding the growth mechanism of MOFs in solution is critical to control the structure and function of MOFs. However, relevant studies are insufficient. This review summarized the researches on the nucleation and growth of MOFs using the advanced in-situ techniques in recent years, and briefly summarized the growth mechanism of MOFs. Finally, the development trend of the research on the growth mechanism of MOFs was prospected.
2023, 51(5): 800-810
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221610
Abstract:
Point-of-care testing (POCT) is rapid, portable and accurate, which can break the limitations of space, large and expensive instruments, professional technicians, and long-time consumption. In recent years, a large number of methods, especially those involving signal conversion strategies, have been developed to construct sensitive and rapid sensors based on commercial POCT devices. These sensors are widely used in disease diagnosis, health management, environmental monitoring, and emergency response analysis. With the advantages of high stability, low cost, simple preparation and diverse enzyme-mimicking activities, nanozyme can flexibly engage in the construction of sensors toward different targets, where commercial POCT devices are used as readouts. This review highlighted the recent progress of nanozyme-based sensors in POCT, and sum up several readout signal types including color, pressure, temperature, pH, glucose and electrochemistry. Finally, the limitations of nanozyme-based sensors were discussed and the direction in the future development is prospected.
Point-of-care testing (POCT) is rapid, portable and accurate, which can break the limitations of space, large and expensive instruments, professional technicians, and long-time consumption. In recent years, a large number of methods, especially those involving signal conversion strategies, have been developed to construct sensitive and rapid sensors based on commercial POCT devices. These sensors are widely used in disease diagnosis, health management, environmental monitoring, and emergency response analysis. With the advantages of high stability, low cost, simple preparation and diverse enzyme-mimicking activities, nanozyme can flexibly engage in the construction of sensors toward different targets, where commercial POCT devices are used as readouts. This review highlighted the recent progress of nanozyme-based sensors in POCT, and sum up several readout signal types including color, pressure, temperature, pH, glucose and electrochemistry. Finally, the limitations of nanozyme-based sensors were discussed and the direction in the future development is prospected.
2023, 51(5): 811-820
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221426
Abstract:
The identification and detection of new biomarkers have promoted the rapid development of highperformance detection technologies. MicroRNA (miRNA) has gradually become a specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and the detection of disease-related miRNA is of great significance for improving the accuracy of disease diagnosis. In recent years, DNA fluorescent nanoprobes have gradually become an effective tool for monitoring and analyzing miRNA and dynamic changes in cells and organisms. However, traditional DNA nanoprobes are limited in obtaining high precision and resolution imaging signals due to the interference of biological autofluorescence, off-target effect and lack of temporal and spatial control. Activated DNA nanoprobes, as a newly developed paradigm, have demonstrated good potential to overcome these limitations by modulating the imaging and sensing properties through exogenous or endogenous factors. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the design and construction of activated DNA nanoprobes and the improvement of miRNA bioimaging and sensing performance in complex biological systems, as well as the development prospects and challenges of activated DNA nanoprobes.
The identification and detection of new biomarkers have promoted the rapid development of highperformance detection technologies. MicroRNA (miRNA) has gradually become a specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and the detection of disease-related miRNA is of great significance for improving the accuracy of disease diagnosis. In recent years, DNA fluorescent nanoprobes have gradually become an effective tool for monitoring and analyzing miRNA and dynamic changes in cells and organisms. However, traditional DNA nanoprobes are limited in obtaining high precision and resolution imaging signals due to the interference of biological autofluorescence, off-target effect and lack of temporal and spatial control. Activated DNA nanoprobes, as a newly developed paradigm, have demonstrated good potential to overcome these limitations by modulating the imaging and sensing properties through exogenous or endogenous factors. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the design and construction of activated DNA nanoprobes and the improvement of miRNA bioimaging and sensing performance in complex biological systems, as well as the development prospects and challenges of activated DNA nanoprobes.
2023, 51(5): 821-832
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221642
Abstract:
The identification and dynamic monitoring of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are of vital importance for clinical diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapy of cancer patients. However, during the process of tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur, resulting in the loss of the expression of surface protein markers on tumor cells, which makes it difficult to effectively isolate CTCs using traditional enrichment strategies based on a single epithelial characteristic marker. In addition, the immunostaining methods commonly used to identify CTCs require cell fixation, which can only provide limited information on the number of CTCs, thus limiting further biological research on CTCs. To address these issues, this study prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with a core-shell structure to enable enrichment, purification and identification of different types of CTCs. The outer layer was decorated with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) to enable labeling, while the subsequently modified gelatin layer could suppress non-specific adhesion of blood cells with good performance of thermos-sensitivity for CTC release. Finally, two types of antibodies targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and N-cadherin were modified on the surface of MNPs, creating a simple and efficient platform for CTCs enrichment, labeling and release. The capture efficiency of the platform for epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs reached 85.5% and 92.4%, respectively. In addition, the layer of QDs assembled on the surface of MNPs enabled labeling and identification of target cells without cell fixation and immune-staining processes. After a short time of incubation at 37 ℃, 88% of the captured cells were successfully released due to the conformation change of gelatin molecules on the surface of MNPs, with a cell viability of 94.9%. The platform developed here provided a new strategy for CTC detection in clinical application.
The identification and dynamic monitoring of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are of vital importance for clinical diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapy of cancer patients. However, during the process of tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur, resulting in the loss of the expression of surface protein markers on tumor cells, which makes it difficult to effectively isolate CTCs using traditional enrichment strategies based on a single epithelial characteristic marker. In addition, the immunostaining methods commonly used to identify CTCs require cell fixation, which can only provide limited information on the number of CTCs, thus limiting further biological research on CTCs. To address these issues, this study prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with a core-shell structure to enable enrichment, purification and identification of different types of CTCs. The outer layer was decorated with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) to enable labeling, while the subsequently modified gelatin layer could suppress non-specific adhesion of blood cells with good performance of thermos-sensitivity for CTC release. Finally, two types of antibodies targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and N-cadherin were modified on the surface of MNPs, creating a simple and efficient platform for CTCs enrichment, labeling and release. The capture efficiency of the platform for epithelial and mesenchymal CTCs reached 85.5% and 92.4%, respectively. In addition, the layer of QDs assembled on the surface of MNPs enabled labeling and identification of target cells without cell fixation and immune-staining processes. After a short time of incubation at 37 ℃, 88% of the captured cells were successfully released due to the conformation change of gelatin molecules on the surface of MNPs, with a cell viability of 94.9%. The platform developed here provided a new strategy for CTC detection in clinical application.
2023, 51(5): 833-841
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221643
Abstract:
Designing and preparing multifunctional nanomaterial is a hot research topic in tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this study, polydopamine-modified iron diselenide (FeSe2) nanoparticles (FeSe2-PDA NPs) were constructed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy of tumors. The FeSe2-PDA NPs were prepared by modifying polydopamine on the surface of FeSe2 NPs prepared by liquid-phase synthesis, and their morphological, optical and magnetic properties were investigated. Based on the excellent biocompatibility, their MRI effect and MRI-guided photothermal treatment of tumors were investigated in mouse experiments in vivo. The results showed that the relaxivity (r2) of FeSe2-PDA NPs was 129.47 L/(mmol·s), which could significantly reduce the T2 signal of MRI. Meanwhile, the cell survival rate was about 10% after 808 nm laser irradiation due to the excellent absorption ability in the near-infrared region. In the in vivo experiments of tumor-bearing mice, the tumor disappeared without recurrence within 14 days after photothermal ablation. The results showed that the synthesized FeSe2-PDA NPs had great potential in MRI diagnosis of tumors and photothermal therapy.
Designing and preparing multifunctional nanomaterial is a hot research topic in tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this study, polydopamine-modified iron diselenide (FeSe2) nanoparticles (FeSe2-PDA NPs) were constructed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy of tumors. The FeSe2-PDA NPs were prepared by modifying polydopamine on the surface of FeSe2 NPs prepared by liquid-phase synthesis, and their morphological, optical and magnetic properties were investigated. Based on the excellent biocompatibility, their MRI effect and MRI-guided photothermal treatment of tumors were investigated in mouse experiments in vivo. The results showed that the relaxivity (r2) of FeSe2-PDA NPs was 129.47 L/(mmol·s), which could significantly reduce the T2 signal of MRI. Meanwhile, the cell survival rate was about 10% after 808 nm laser irradiation due to the excellent absorption ability in the near-infrared region. In the in vivo experiments of tumor-bearing mice, the tumor disappeared without recurrence within 14 days after photothermal ablation. The results showed that the synthesized FeSe2-PDA NPs had great potential in MRI diagnosis of tumors and photothermal therapy.
2023, 51(5): 842-850
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231088
Abstract:
In recent years, with the rapid development of nanopore sequencing technique, more attention are paid to nanopore. With the development of nucleic acid amplification techniques, the function of DNA has been expanded from a carrier of genetic information to a programmable functional material, and the need for the characterization of DNA assembly is increasingly emerging. However, traditional characterization methods are often unable to provide comprehensive structural information of DNA assembly, and some methods cannot be used in a homogeneous environment. Therefore, a variety of technologies should be combined to complete the characterization. Solid-state nanopore is a kind of characterization method that can complement existing techniques. Taking a four-hairpin hybridization chain reaction (HCR) as the model, the dumbbell and the G-quadruplex on the side-chain of HCR duplex concatamers in homogeneous solution were distinguished in this study. The current offset of the single-side dumbbell structure assembly was about 10 pA, while in the presence of K+, the current offset of the G-quadruplex structure assembly increased nearly 4 times. Moreover, the reaction process and reaction products of the concatenated hybridization chain reaction(C-HCR) were analyzed in detail, and the difference in current of assemblies was obviously detected. With the increase of dimension of structure, the current offset increased exponentially. This study paved the way for the subsequent detection of more levels of cascade hybridization chain reaction system. Solid-state nanopores were expected to be an effective means of characterizing DNA nanostructure, such as analyzing finer nanostructures or distinguishing mixed nanostructures in complex samples.
In recent years, with the rapid development of nanopore sequencing technique, more attention are paid to nanopore. With the development of nucleic acid amplification techniques, the function of DNA has been expanded from a carrier of genetic information to a programmable functional material, and the need for the characterization of DNA assembly is increasingly emerging. However, traditional characterization methods are often unable to provide comprehensive structural information of DNA assembly, and some methods cannot be used in a homogeneous environment. Therefore, a variety of technologies should be combined to complete the characterization. Solid-state nanopore is a kind of characterization method that can complement existing techniques. Taking a four-hairpin hybridization chain reaction (HCR) as the model, the dumbbell and the G-quadruplex on the side-chain of HCR duplex concatamers in homogeneous solution were distinguished in this study. The current offset of the single-side dumbbell structure assembly was about 10 pA, while in the presence of K+, the current offset of the G-quadruplex structure assembly increased nearly 4 times. Moreover, the reaction process and reaction products of the concatenated hybridization chain reaction(C-HCR) were analyzed in detail, and the difference in current of assemblies was obviously detected. With the increase of dimension of structure, the current offset increased exponentially. This study paved the way for the subsequent detection of more levels of cascade hybridization chain reaction system. Solid-state nanopores were expected to be an effective means of characterizing DNA nanostructure, such as analyzing finer nanostructures or distinguishing mixed nanostructures in complex samples.
2023, 51(5): 851-859
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221640
Abstract:
Uric acid (UA), as a typical small biological molecule, is an important antioxidant that helps maintain blood pressure. However, abnormal UA concentration can cause gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. A quick and sensitive test for UA is crucial for diagnosis of these diseases. In this study, TCPP-ZnO@Cys composite was prepared by acylation of zinc oxide (ZnO) modified with tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin (TCPP) and L-cysteine (L-cysteine). ZnO@Cys, as a co-reactant, could promote S2O82- to produce more SO4.-, and catalytically induced H2O to produce an appropriate amount of OH·. It could also promote the generation of SO4.-. The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strength of TCPP was enhanced by synergistic action of multiple pathways. The redox reaction between UA and K2S2O8 consumed SO4.- in the system, which would quench the ECL signal. Based on these, a detection platform for UA was successfully constructed. The ECL intensity of the system had a linear relationship with concentration of UA in the range of 2.4-48.0 μmol/L. The linear equation was y=5170.7 lgCUA - 1049.1, and the detection limit was 0.63 μmol/L (3σ). The established detection platform realized highly sensitive detection of UA.
Uric acid (UA), as a typical small biological molecule, is an important antioxidant that helps maintain blood pressure. However, abnormal UA concentration can cause gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. A quick and sensitive test for UA is crucial for diagnosis of these diseases. In this study, TCPP-ZnO@Cys composite was prepared by acylation of zinc oxide (ZnO) modified with tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin (TCPP) and L-cysteine (L-cysteine). ZnO@Cys, as a co-reactant, could promote S2O82- to produce more SO4.-, and catalytically induced H2O to produce an appropriate amount of OH·. It could also promote the generation of SO4.-. The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strength of TCPP was enhanced by synergistic action of multiple pathways. The redox reaction between UA and K2S2O8 consumed SO4.- in the system, which would quench the ECL signal. Based on these, a detection platform for UA was successfully constructed. The ECL intensity of the system had a linear relationship with concentration of UA in the range of 2.4-48.0 μmol/L. The linear equation was y=5170.7 lgCUA - 1049.1, and the detection limit was 0.63 μmol/L (3σ). The established detection platform realized highly sensitive detection of UA.
2023, 51(5): 860-873
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.231006
Abstract:
A composite material for selective enrichment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aqueous environment was prepared by using the carboxymethyl cellulose/Fe metal organic framework composite aerogel (CMC/MOF) immobilized with andpolypeptide (PEP) as the matrix. The physical and chemical properties of the composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the combination of MOF and CMC aerogel material was stable, and the polypeptide selectively combined PFOA on the surface of MOF material through covalent bond. The material had porous structure, uniform morphology and stable crystalline structure. In addition, the adsorption performance of the composite for PFOA was studied by kinetic adsorption and thermodynamic adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of PFOA was 27.2 mg/g, the adsorption behavior conformed to the Pseudo second-order model and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model, and the adsorption rate tended to single-layer chemical adsorption. The adsorption efficiency of the composite material for PFOA was more than 80% within the concentration range of 50 mg/L, showing that the composite material could be used for the pretreatment of PFOA in real samples.
A composite material for selective enrichment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aqueous environment was prepared by using the carboxymethyl cellulose/Fe metal organic framework composite aerogel (CMC/MOF) immobilized with andpolypeptide (PEP) as the matrix. The physical and chemical properties of the composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the combination of MOF and CMC aerogel material was stable, and the polypeptide selectively combined PFOA on the surface of MOF material through covalent bond. The material had porous structure, uniform morphology and stable crystalline structure. In addition, the adsorption performance of the composite for PFOA was studied by kinetic adsorption and thermodynamic adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of PFOA was 27.2 mg/g, the adsorption behavior conformed to the Pseudo second-order model and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model, and the adsorption rate tended to single-layer chemical adsorption. The adsorption efficiency of the composite material for PFOA was more than 80% within the concentration range of 50 mg/L, showing that the composite material could be used for the pretreatment of PFOA in real samples.
2023, 51(5): 874-883
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221629
Abstract:
Chromium-doped Prussian blue nanozyme (CrPBzyme) was prepared at room temperature with citric acid as stabilizer. Under weakly alkaline condition, CrPBzyme could catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 to O2, displaying appreciable catalase (CAT)-mimicking activity. The CAT-mimicking activity of CrPBzyme had differentiated changes after mixing with different transition metal ions, among which Cu2+ ion greatly enhanced the CAT-mimicking activity, causing the more rapid decomposition of H2O2 and dramatic increase of dissolved oxygen (DO) level. When glyphosate was added in the CrPBzyme/Cu2+ mixture, the CAT-mimicking activity of the mixture decreased owing to the strong interaction of glyphosate and Cu2+ ion, resulting in the decelerated decomposition of H2O2 and downward shift of DO level. On the basis of the CAT-mimicking activity of CrPBzyme and the activity modulation mediated by Cu2+, a novel sensor for rapid and quantitative determination of glyphosate was developed by using DO level as output signal, achieving a detection range of 1.0-16.7 μmol/L and a limit of detection of 1.0 μmol/L (3σ). The recoveries of glyphosate in real samples (water and soil) were 89.8%-99.2%, suggesting the practical potential of this method for detection of glyphosate.
Chromium-doped Prussian blue nanozyme (CrPBzyme) was prepared at room temperature with citric acid as stabilizer. Under weakly alkaline condition, CrPBzyme could catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 to O2, displaying appreciable catalase (CAT)-mimicking activity. The CAT-mimicking activity of CrPBzyme had differentiated changes after mixing with different transition metal ions, among which Cu2+ ion greatly enhanced the CAT-mimicking activity, causing the more rapid decomposition of H2O2 and dramatic increase of dissolved oxygen (DO) level. When glyphosate was added in the CrPBzyme/Cu2+ mixture, the CAT-mimicking activity of the mixture decreased owing to the strong interaction of glyphosate and Cu2+ ion, resulting in the decelerated decomposition of H2O2 and downward shift of DO level. On the basis of the CAT-mimicking activity of CrPBzyme and the activity modulation mediated by Cu2+, a novel sensor for rapid and quantitative determination of glyphosate was developed by using DO level as output signal, achieving a detection range of 1.0-16.7 μmol/L and a limit of detection of 1.0 μmol/L (3σ). The recoveries of glyphosate in real samples (water and soil) were 89.8%-99.2%, suggesting the practical potential of this method for detection of glyphosate.
2023, 51(5): 884-891
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221630
Abstract:
Phospholipids, as natural components of cell membrane systems, are widely used to construct artificial cells. However, the synthesis and purification of natural phospholipids are complicated. Chemically synthesized phospholipid analogues are structurally similar to natural phospholipids, so they can be used to mimic phospholipids to construct artificial cells. In this work, a novel phospholipid analogue 2 was synthesized by the azide-alkyne click reaction, which could form vesicles. The membrane was fluid, which indicated the vesicles could mimic cell membranes. The vesicles were capable to encapsulate small molecule of calcein and macromolecule of rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran. Melittins were embedded in the membrane to form pores, which allowed the transmembrane transport of calcein. When the concentrations of melittin were 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 μg/mL, the transmembrane diffusion coefficients of calcein were 0.33, 0.46, 0.70, 1.37 and 1.91 μm2/s, respectively. Glucose oxidase and horse radish peroxidase were encapsulated into vesicles to fabricate artificial cells, which mimicked the cell metabolism function. Amplex red was converted into resorufin via enzyme cascade reactions. The synthesized phospholipid analogues could provide new building blocks for artificial cells.
Phospholipids, as natural components of cell membrane systems, are widely used to construct artificial cells. However, the synthesis and purification of natural phospholipids are complicated. Chemically synthesized phospholipid analogues are structurally similar to natural phospholipids, so they can be used to mimic phospholipids to construct artificial cells. In this work, a novel phospholipid analogue 2 was synthesized by the azide-alkyne click reaction, which could form vesicles. The membrane was fluid, which indicated the vesicles could mimic cell membranes. The vesicles were capable to encapsulate small molecule of calcein and macromolecule of rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran. Melittins were embedded in the membrane to form pores, which allowed the transmembrane transport of calcein. When the concentrations of melittin were 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 μg/mL, the transmembrane diffusion coefficients of calcein were 0.33, 0.46, 0.70, 1.37 and 1.91 μm2/s, respectively. Glucose oxidase and horse radish peroxidase were encapsulated into vesicles to fabricate artificial cells, which mimicked the cell metabolism function. Amplex red was converted into resorufin via enzyme cascade reactions. The synthesized phospholipid analogues could provide new building blocks for artificial cells.
2023, 51(5): 892-900
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221624
Abstract:
ZIF-90-MnO2 nanosheet composite was prepared by growing MnO2 nanosheets on ZIF-90 at 55 °C with dissolved oxygen. ZIF-90 provided nucleation sites and support for the growth of MnO2 nanosheets and thus improved the dispersion and oxidase activity of MnO2 nanosheets. A colorimetric sensor based on the oxidase-like activity of ZIF-90-MnO2 was constructed to detect glutathione (GSH) colorimetrically. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the detection limit of GSH was 0.30 μmol/L (3σ), the linear range was 1.25—30 μmol/L, and the whole detection was completed within 15 min. Coexisting substances in the serum samples did not interfere with the detection. The strategy of preparing ZIF-90-MnO2 nanosheet composite under mild conditions was expected to extend the application of MnO2 as an oxidase-like enzyme.
ZIF-90-MnO2 nanosheet composite was prepared by growing MnO2 nanosheets on ZIF-90 at 55 °C with dissolved oxygen. ZIF-90 provided nucleation sites and support for the growth of MnO2 nanosheets and thus improved the dispersion and oxidase activity of MnO2 nanosheets. A colorimetric sensor based on the oxidase-like activity of ZIF-90-MnO2 was constructed to detect glutathione (GSH) colorimetrically. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the detection limit of GSH was 0.30 μmol/L (3σ), the linear range was 1.25—30 μmol/L, and the whole detection was completed within 15 min. Coexisting substances in the serum samples did not interfere with the detection. The strategy of preparing ZIF-90-MnO2 nanosheet composite under mild conditions was expected to extend the application of MnO2 as an oxidase-like enzyme.
2023, 51(5): 901-910
doi: 10.19756/j.issn.0253-3820.221401
Abstract:
Cancer is one of the main threats to human health. Due to the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, the surface microenvironment of cancer cells is in a weakly acidic state (~pH 6.5), and the concentrations of K+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are also significantly higher than normal levels. These environmental characteristics are of great significance in specific diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In view of the above environmental factors, an acid-responsive G-quadruplex (G4) fluorescent ligand (PSNB) that was fluorescently lit under acidic conditions (~pKa 5.2) was synthesized, and its pKa increased to 7.0 after binding to G4, which could work normally in acidic microenvironment of cancer cells. The designed probe could undergo addition reaction with HSO3-, resulting in quenching of the fluorescence, and the fluorescence was restored after H2O2 oxidation. Based on this, a K+ and H+ logically controlled H2O2 sensing platform using PSNB and G4 was constructed. Under the optimal conditions, fluorescence recovery intensity showed a good linear relationship with concentration of H2O2 in the range of 1-1000 μmol/L with a detection limit of 1 μmol/L, exhibiting a high selectivity to H2O2. The concentration of intracellular H2O2 in MCF-7 cell lysate was measured to be about 331 μmol/L, which was consistent with the concentration range previously reported (0.1-1 mmol/L).
Cancer is one of the main threats to human health. Due to the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, the surface microenvironment of cancer cells is in a weakly acidic state (~pH 6.5), and the concentrations of K+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are also significantly higher than normal levels. These environmental characteristics are of great significance in specific diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In view of the above environmental factors, an acid-responsive G-quadruplex (G4) fluorescent ligand (PSNB) that was fluorescently lit under acidic conditions (~pKa 5.2) was synthesized, and its pKa increased to 7.0 after binding to G4, which could work normally in acidic microenvironment of cancer cells. The designed probe could undergo addition reaction with HSO3-, resulting in quenching of the fluorescence, and the fluorescence was restored after H2O2 oxidation. Based on this, a K+ and H+ logically controlled H2O2 sensing platform using PSNB and G4 was constructed. Under the optimal conditions, fluorescence recovery intensity showed a good linear relationship with concentration of H2O2 in the range of 1-1000 μmol/L with a detection limit of 1 μmol/L, exhibiting a high selectivity to H2O2. The concentration of intracellular H2O2 in MCF-7 cell lysate was measured to be about 331 μmol/L, which was consistent with the concentration range previously reported (0.1-1 mmol/L).
