English

Graphene Based Room-Temperature Terahertz Detector with Integrated Bow-Tie Antenna

• Jiawei Yang ^{1, 2,} ,
• Chunyang Zheng ^{2, 3,} ,
• Yahui Pang ^2, ,
• Zhongyang Ji ^{2, 4,} ,
• Yurui Li ^{2, 3,} ,
• Jiayi Hu ^{2, 3,} ,
• Jiangrui Zhu ^2, ,
• Qi Lu ^{2, 5,} ,
• Li Lin ^{2, 3, 6,} ,
• Zhongfan Liu ^{2, 3, 5, 7,} ,
• Qingmei Hu ^{2, ,} ,
• Baolu Guan ^{1, ,} ,
• Jianbo Yin ^{2, 4, ,}

• 1.

  Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

• 2.

  Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China

• 3.

  Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

• 4.

  Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

• 5.

  College of Science, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

• 6.

  School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

• 7.

  College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Corresponding author: Email: huqm@bgi-graphene.com (Q.H.); Email: gbl@bjut.edu.cn (B.G.); Email: yinjb-cnc@pku.edu.cn (J.Y.)

• Received Date: 04 July 2023
  Accepted Date: 16 August 2023
  Revised Date: 15 August 2023
  Available Online: 15 October 2023
• Fund Project:

  the National Key R & D Program of China 

  National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China 

Abstract: In electromagnetic spectrum, terahertz (THz) wave is between light and microwave. Its photon energy is much lower than normal infrared light and its frequency is higher than microwave. Therefore, it is hard to implement techniques of these two spectral ranges into THz spectrum, especially techniques in generation, modulation and detection. This has hindered the exploitation of THz spectrum although recent studies have showed its promising potentials in industries such as semiconductors, biotechnology, communications, imaging and so on. In THz detection, it is critical to have detectors with high response speed, high sensitivity and capability of operating at room temperature. In this study, we have designed a bow-tie antenna and integrated it into a graphene photodetector. By simulating with finite element analysis, we optimize the total length of the bow-tie antenna as about 50 μm and a gap of about 800 nm in the middle in order to target at 2.7 THz wave. By design, the antenna localizes the THz radiation to the narrow gap and enhances the local electric field by more than 20 times. Inside the same narrow gap, we build a graphene pn junction by applying different voltages on the two halves of the antenna, which also function as two independent gate electrodes in the device. In this device geometry, the absorption enhancement region overlaps with photocarrier separation regions in graphene, which therefore greatly increases photocurrent generation as firstly reported in Ref. 25. In addition to the antenna, we also design the channel. Firstly, we use BN-encapsulated graphene which has shown low residual doping (residual doping concentration of 1.3 × 10¹¹ cm⁻²) and high mobility (μ up to 20000 cm²∙V⁻¹∙s⁻¹ at room temperature) in the device. The high‑quality graphene as channel guarantees a large seeback-coefficient difference at the pn junction and fast photoresponse. Secondly, the channel width at the antenna gap is reduced for further increasing the electron temperature and photocarrier-separating efficiency. Whereas the channel width at the contact is maintained for decreasing the contact resistance. With the antenna and channel design in an as-fabricated device, the photocurrent is enhanced by up to 2 orders of magnitude when the polarization of incident wave coincides with the optimized polarization of the antenna. The corresponding noise equivalent power (NEP) is calculated as about 1 nW∙Hz^−1/2 if Johnson-Nyquist noise is assumed as the dominating noise. Moreover, the operating frequency is measured as larger than 5 kHz, which, together with the enhanced photoresponse, indicates that our design is a promising candidate for THz detection.

Key words:
• Graphene
•  /  Bow-tie antenna
•  /  Terahertz detector
•  /  pn junction

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