English

Progress in the Preparation and Application of Electrocatalysts Based on Microorganisms as Intelligent Templates

• Mingjun Ma ^1, ,
• Zhichao Feng ^1, ,
• Xiaowei Zhang ^1, ,
• Chaoyue Sun ^1, ,
• Haiqing Wang ^{1, ,} ,
• Weijia Zhou ^1, ,
• Hong Liu ^{1, 2, ,}

• 1.

  Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Ji'nan 250022, China

• 2.

  State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China

Corresponding author: Haiqing Wang, Email: ifc_wanghq@ujn.edu.cn (H.W.); Hong Liu, Email: ifc_liuh@ujn.edu.cn (H.L.)

• Received Date: 02 June 2021
  Accepted Date: 15 July 2021
  Revised Date: 02 July 2021
  Available Online: 15 June 2022
• Fund Project:

  the National Key Research and Development Program of China 

  the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China 

  the Project of "20 items of University" of Jinan, China 

Abstract: The storage and conversion of renewable energy through electrocatalysis is of considerable significance for improving the energy structure, protecting the ecological environment, and achieving the national strategy of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The development of low-cost and high-efficiency electrocatalysts has become a major scientific challenge worldwide. Microorganisms are widely found in nature and are characterized by their rich structure, composition and metabolism. These properties facilitate their use as intelligent templates for electrocatalyst structures and as sources of non-metallic elements such as carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, as well as metallic elements. The use of microorganisms in electrocatalyst production has become a new trend owing to the advantages of non-toxicity, reproducible production, and ease of scaling up. Thus, this paper reviews the development of microbial "intelligence" guided preparation of electrocatalysts and their current applications in the fields of hydrogen evolution reactions, oxygen evolution reactions, oxygen reduction reactions, carbon dioxide reductions and lithium batteries. In order to achieve the function of "intelligent" guidance of microorganisms, four aspects need to be addressed: (1) the selection of suitable microbial species and the culture and activation conditions, which significantly helps in tailoring the microbial properties for specific applications; (2) the exploration of microbial species that can accumulate metal species from their living environment and thus produce metal nanoparticles, which will help obtain nanocomposites with desired properties; (3) the selection of compounds with good catalytic properties, high stability, and compatibility with microbial substrates; and (4) the development of highly controllable nanocatalysts through modern molecular biology and genetic engineering to regulate microbial life processes such as metabolic proliferation and apoptosis. With the resolution of these issues, we believe that the application of microbial intelligent templates guided electrocatalysts can be further extended to other electrocatalytic reactions such as ethanol oxidation reactions (EOR), nitrogen reduction reactions (NRR), and to other applications in fields such as electronics, sensing, imaging, and biomedicine. The goal of this review is to promote a deeper understanding of the correlations among microbial metabolism, catalyst micro-nano structures and structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, the challenges associated with such materials and the prospects for future development are discussed herein.

Key words:
• Microorganism
•  /  Electrocatalysis
•  /  Structure-activity relationship
•  /  Energy conversion
•  /  Energy storage

• 1. [1]

     Peng, P.; Zhou, Z.; Guo, J.; Xiang, Z. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2 (6), 1308. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00267

  2. [2]

     Xiao, W.; Lei, W.; Gong, M.; Xin, H. L.; Wang, D. ACS Catal. 2018, 8 (4), 3237. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04420

  3. [3]

     Grigoriev, S. A.; Mamat, M. S.; Dzhus, K. A.; Walker, G. S.; Millet, P. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 2011, 36 (6), 4143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.013

  4. [4]

     Bard, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132 (22), 7559. doi: 10.1021/ja101578m

  5. [5]

     Zhao, S.; Wang, D. W.; Amal, R.; Dai, L. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (9), 1801526. doi: 10.1002/adma.201801526

  6. [6]

     Ma, Y.; Guan, G.; Hao, X.; Cao, J. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2017, 75, 1101. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.092

  7. [7]

     Li, Y.; Dong, Z.; Jiao, L. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10 (11), 1902104. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902104

  8. [8]

     Logan, S. R.; Moss, R. L.; Kemball, C. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1958, 54, 922. doi: 10.1039/TF9585400922

  9. [9]

     Alexander, A. M.; Hargreaves, J. S. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39 (11), 4388. doi: 10.1039/B916787K

  10. [10]

      闵航. 微生物学. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2005.Min, H. Microbiology; Zhejiang University Press: Hangzhou, 2005.

  11. [11]

      Alberts, B.; Bray, D.; Hopkins, K.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M.; Roberts, K.; Walter, P. Essential Cell Biology; Garland Press: Shrewsbury, 1998.

  12. [12]

      翟中和, 王喜忠, 丁明孝. 细胞生物学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2011.Zhai, Z. H.; Wang, X. Z.; Ding, M. X. Cell Biology; Higher Education Press: Beijing, 2011.

  13. [13]

      Anam, M. B.; Istiaq, A.; Kariya, R.; Kudo, M.; Ishtiyaq Ahmad, S. A.; Ito, N.; Okada, S.; Ohta, K. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2021, 26, 100946. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100946

  14. [14]

      Wang, Q.; Yang, J.; Zhou, X.; Tang, J.; Zhong, H.; Jia, M.; Cui, M.; Jiang, M.; Wang, H. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166 (4), A704. doi: 10.1149/2.0901904jes

  15. [15]

      Guo, Z.; Ren, G.; Jiang, C.; Lu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Jiang, L.; Dai, L. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5 (1), 17064. doi: 10.1038/srep17064

  16. [16]

      Varman, A. M.; He, L.; You, L.; Hollinshead, W.; Tang, Y. J. Microb. Cell Fact. 2014, 13 (1), 42. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-42

  17. [17]

      Zhou, W. J.; Xiong, T. L.; Shi, C. H.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, K.; Zhu, N. W.; Li, L. G.; Tang, Z. H.; Chen, S. W. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2016, 55 (29), 8416. doi: 10.1002/anie.201602627

  18. [18]

      Markou, G.; Mitrogiannis, D.; Çelekli, A.; Bozkurt, H.; Georgakakis, D.; Chrysikopoulos, C. V. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 259, 806. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.08.037

  19. [19]

      Zhang, X. R. Acta Microbiol. Sin. 2011, (03), 12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1634.2008.04.011

  20. [20]

      Heuer-Jungemann, A.; Feliu, N.; Bakaimi, I.; Hamaly, M.; Alkilany, A.; Chakraborty, I.; Masood, A.; Casula, M. F.; Kostopoulou, A.; Oh, E.; et al. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119 (8), 4819. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00733

  21. [21]

      Gahlawat, G.; Choudhury, A. R. RSC Adv. 2019, 9 (23), 12944. doi: 10.1039/C8RA10483B

  22. [22]

      Lee, L. A.; Nguyen, H. G.; Wang, Q. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011, 9 (18), 6189. doi: 10.1039/C1OB05700F

  23. [23]

      Heldal, M.; Norland, S.; Tumyr, O. Appl. Environ. Microb. 1985, 50 (5), 1251. doi: 10.1128/aem.50.5.1251-1257.1985

  24. [24]

      Klaus-Joerger, T.; Joerger, R.; Olsson, E.; Granqvist, C. G. Trends Biotechnol. 2001, 19 (1), 15. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01514-6

  25. [25]

      Russo, E. Nature 2003, 421 (6921), 456. doi: 10.1038/nj6921-456a

  26. [26]

      Faramarzi, M. A.; Sadighi, A. Adv. Colloid Interfaces 2013, 189–190, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.12.001

  27. [27]

      Trevors, J. T. Ation. Leeuw. Int. J. G. 1997, 71 (3), 257. doi: 10.1023/A:1000175217677

  28. [28]

      Beveridge, T. J.; Murray, R. G. J. Bacteriol. 1980, 141 (2), 876. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.2.876-887.1980

  29. [29]

      Srivastava, S. K.; Constanti, M. J. Nanopart. Res. 2012, 14 (4), 831. doi: 10.1007/s11051-012-0831-7

  30. [30]

      Wang, T.; Zhu, J.; Wei, Z.; Yang, H.; Ma, Z.; Ma, R.; Zhou, J.; Yang, Y.; Peng, L.; Fei, H.; Lu, B.; Duan, X. Nano Lett. 2019, 19 (7), 4384. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00996

  31. [31]

      Liu, J.; Zheng, Y.; Hong, Z.; Cai, K.; Zhao, F.; Han, H. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2 (9), e1600858. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600858

  32. [32]

      Guo, X.; Qian, C.; Wan, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, H.; Zhang, J. Nanoscale 2020, 12 (7), 4374. doi: 10.1039/c9nr10785a

  33. [33]

      Kalathil, S.; Katuri, K. P.; Alazmi, A. S.; Pedireddy, S.; Kornienko, N.; Costa, P. M. F. J.; Saikaly, P. E. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31 (10), 3686. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00394

  34. [34]

      Singh, P.; Kim, Y. J.; Zhang, D.; Yang, D. C. Trends Biotechnol. 2016, 34 (7), 588. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.006

  35. [35]

      Li, Q.; Lin, B.; Zhang, S.; Deng, C. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (15), 5719. doi: 10.1039/C6TA01465H

  36. [36]

      Li, J.; Wang, L.; Li, L.; Lv, C.; Zatovsky, I. V.; Han, W. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2019, 11 (8), 8072. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b21976

  37. [37]

      Li, G. X.; Yu, J. Y.; Jia, J.; Yang, L. J.; Zhao, L. L; Zhou, W. J.; Liu, H. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1801332. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201801332

  38. [38]

      Yu, J. Y.; Li, G. X.; Liu, H.; Zhao, L. L; Wang, A. Z.; Liu, Z.; Li, H. D.; Liu, H.; Hu, Y. Y.; Zhou, W. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1901154. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201901154

  39. [39]

      Li, G.; Wang, J.; Yu, J.; Liu, H.; Cao, Q.; Du, J.; Zhao, L.; Jia, J.; Liu, H.; Zhou, W. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2020, 261, 118147. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118147

  40. [40]

      Li, G.; Yu, J.; Yu, W.; Yang, L.; Zhang, X.; Liu, X.; Liu, H.; Zhou, W. Small 2020, 16, 2001980. doi: 10.1002/smll.202001980

  41. [41]

      Sharma, A.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, K.; Chetri, S. P. K.; Vashishtha, A.; Singh, P.; Kumar, R.; Rathi, B.; Agrawal, V. J. Appl. Phycol. 2016, 28 (3), 1759. doi: 10.1007/s10811-015-0715-1

  42. [42]

      MubarakAli, D.; Gopinath, V. Mater. Lett. 2012, 74, 8. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.01.026

  43. [43]

      Abboud, Y.; Saffaj, T.; Chagraoui, A.; El Bouari, A.; Brouzi, K.; Tanane, O.; Ihssane, B. Appl. Nanosci. 2014, 4 (5), 571. doi: 10.1007/s13204-013-0233-x

  44. [44]

      Li, D.; Chang, G.; Zong, L.; Xue, P.; Wang, Y.; Xia, Y.; Lai, C.; Yang, D. Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 17, 22. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.08.004

  45. [45]

      Chandrasekaran, S.; Sweetman, M. J.; Kant, K.; Skinner, W.; Losic, D.; Nann, T.; Voelcker, N. H. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50 (72), 10441. doi: 10.1039/C4CC04470C

  46. [46]

      Cui, J.; Xi, Y.; Chen, S.; Li, D.; She, X.; Sun, J.; Han, W.; Yang, D.; Guo, S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26 (46), 8487. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201603933

  47. [47]

      Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, J.; Li, Y; Chen, X.; Zhang, P. Catalysts 2019, 9, 730. doi: 10.3390/catal9090730

  48. [48]

      Wen, A. M.; Steinmetz, N. F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45 (15), 4074. doi: 10.1039/C5CS00287G

  49. [49]

      Oh, D.; Qi, J.; Lu, Y. C.; Zhang, Y.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Belcher, A. M. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4 (1), 2756. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3756

  50. [50]

      Oh, D.; Qi, J.; Han, B.; Zhang, G.; Carney, T. J.; Ohmura, J.; Zhang, Y.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Belcher, A. M. Nano Lett. 2014, 14 (8), 4837. doi: 10.1021/nl502078m

  51. [51]

      Records, W. C.; Yoon, Y.; Ohmura, J. F.; Chanut, N.; Belcher, A. M. Nano Energy 2019, 58, 167. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.083

  52. [52]

      Yang, C.; Choi, C. H.; Lee, C. S.; Yi, H. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (6), 5032. doi: 10.1021/nn4005582

  53. [53]

      Aljabali, A. A. A.; Sainsbury, F.; Lomonossoff, G. P.; Evans, D. J. Small 2010, 6 (7), 818. doi: 10.1002/smll.200902135

  54. [54]

      Sicard, C.; Brayner, R.; Margueritat, J.; Hémadi, M.; Couté, A.; Yéprémian, C.; Djediat, C.; Aubard, J.; Fiévet, F.; Livage, J.; et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20 (42), 9342. doi: 10.1039/C0JM01735C

  55. [55]

      Niu, S.; Cai, J.; Wang, G. Nano Res. 2021, 14 (6), 1985. doi: 10.1007/s12274-020-3249-z

  56. [56]

      Hua, W.; Sun, H. H.; Xu, F.; Wang, J. G. Rare Met. 2020, 39 (4), 335. doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01384-7

  57. [57]

      Wang, J.; Gao, Y.; Kong, H.; Kim, J.; Choi, S.; Ciucci, F.; Hao, Y.; Yang, S.; Shao, Z.; Lim, J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49 (24), 9154. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00575D

  58. [58]

      Shinozaki, K.; Zack, J. W.; Richards, R. M.; Pivovar, B. S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162 (10), F1144. doi: 10.1149/2.1071509jes

  59. [59]

      Wei, L.; Karahan, H. E.; Goh, K.; Jiang, W.; Yu, D.; Birer, Ö.; Jiang, R.; Chen, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3 (14), 7210. doi: 10.1039/C5TA00966A

  60. [60]

      Zhang, T. Q.; Liu, J.; Huang, L. B.; Zhang, X. D.; Sun, Y. G.; Liu, X. C.; Bin, D. S.; Chen, X.; Cao, A. M.; Hu, J. S.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139 (32), 11248. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b06123

  61. [61]

      Pan, Y.; Mauzeroll, J. Joule 2020, 4 (4), 712. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.015

  62. [62]

      Dau, H.; Limberg, C.; Reier, T.; Risch, M.; Roggan, S.; Strasser, P. ChemCatChem 2010, 2 (7), 724. doi: 10.1002/cctc.201000126

  63. [63]

      Ma, X.; Zhang, X. Y.; Yang, M.; Xie, J. Y.; Lv, R. Q.; Chai, Y. M.; Dong, B. Rare Met. 2021, 40 (5), 1048. doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01704-x

  64. [64]

      Yang, H.; Gong, L.; Wang, H.; Dong, C.; Wang, J.; Qi, K.; Liu, H.; Guo, X.; Xia, B. Y. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11 (1), 5075. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18891-x

  65. [65]

      Rho, J.; Lim, S. Y.; Hwang, I.; Yun, J.; Chung, T. D. ChemCatChem 2018, 10 (1), 165. doi: 10.1002/cctc.201701111

  66. [66]

      Suh, W. k.; Ganesan, P.; Son, B.; Kim, H.; Shanmugam, S. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 2016, 41 (30), 12983. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.090

  67. [67]

      Gómez-Marín, A.; Feliu, J.; Edson, T. ACS Catal. 2018, 8 (9), 7931. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01291

  68. [68]

      Ding, R.; Liu, Y.; Rui, Z.; Li, J.; Liu, J.; Zou, Z. Nano Res. 2020, 13 (6), 1519. doi: 10.1007/s12274-020-2768-y

  69. [69]

      Wang, Y.; Wang, D.; Li, Y. SmartMat 2021, 2 (1), 56. doi: 10.1002/smm2.1023

  70. [70]

      Liu, X.; Liu, H.; Chen, C.; Zou, L.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, B.; Zou, Z.; Yang, H. Nano Res. 2019, 12 (7), 1651. doi: 10.1007/s12274-019-2415-7

  71. [71]

      Chen, H.; Liang, X.; Liu, Y.; Ai, X.; Asefa, T.; Zou, X. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32 (44), 2002435. doi: 10.1002/adma.202002435

  72. [72]

      Ma, X.; Lei, Z.; Feng, W.; Ye, Y.; Feng, C. Carbon 2017, 123, 481. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.091

  73. [73]

      Ferrero, G. A.; Preuss, K.; Marinovic, A.; Jorge, A. B.; Mansor, N.; Brett, D. J. L.; Fuertes, A. B.; Sevilla, M.; Titirici, M. M. ACS Nano 2016, 10 (6), 5922. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01247

  74. [74]

      Ye, Y.; Duan, W.; Yi, X.; Lei, Z.; Li, G.; Feng, C. J. Power Sources 2019, 435, 226770. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226770

  75. [75]

      Stolarczyk, J. K.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Polavarapu, L.; Feldmann, J. ACS Catal. 2018, 8 (4), 3602. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00791

  76. [76]

      Corbin, N.; Zeng, J.; Williams, K.; Manthiram, K. Nano Res. 2019, 12 (9), 2093. doi: 10.1007/s12274-019-2403-y

  77. [77]

      Yang, C. H.; Nosheen, F.; Zhang, Z. C. Rare Met. 2021, 40 (6), 1412. doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01600-4

  78. [78]

      Kuang, M.; Guan, A.; Gu, Z.; Han, P.; Qian, L.; Zheng, G. Nano Res. 2019, 12 (9), 2324. doi: 10.1007/s12274-019-2396-6

  79. [79]

      Chen, G. Z.; Chen, K. J.; Fu, J. W.; Liu, M. Rare Met. 2020, 39 (6), 607. doi: 10.1007/s12598-020-01416-2

  80. [80]

      Leitner, W. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 1995, 34 (20), 2207. doi: 10.1002/anie.199522071

  81. [81]

      Benson, E. E.; Kubiak, C. P.; Sathrum, A. J.; Smieja, J. M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38 (1), 89. doi: 10.1039/B804323J

  82. [82]

      Wu, J.; Huang, Y.; Ye, W.; Li, Y. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4 (11), 1700194. doi: 10.1002/advs.201700194

  83. [83]

      宋雨珂, 谢文富, 邵明飞. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38, 2101028. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202101028Song, Y. K.; Xie, W. F.; Shao, M. F. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2022, 38, 2101028. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202101028

  84. [84]

      郝磊端, 孙振宇. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37 (7), 2009033. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009033Hao, L. D.; Sun, Z. Y. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37 (7), 2009033. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009033

  85. [85]

      Li, L.; Zhang, C. W.; Chen, G. Y. J.; Zhu, B.; Chai, C.; Xu, Q. H.; Tan, E. K.; Zhu, Q.; Lim, K. L.; Yao, S. Q. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5 (1), 3276. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4276

  86. [86]

      Marques Mota, F.; Nguyen, D. L. T.; Lee, J. E.; Piao, H.; Choy, J. H.; Hwang, Y. J.; Kim, D. H. ACS Catal. 2018, 8 (5), 4364. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00647

  87. [87]

      Bosque, I.; Bach, T. ACS Catal. 2019, 9 (10), 9103. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01039

  88. [88]

      Rosen, J.; Hutchings, G. S.; Lu, Q.; Rivera, S.; Zhou, Y.; Vlachos, D. G.; Jiao, F. ACS Catal. 2015, 5 (7), 4293. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00840

  89. [89]

      Pan, Y.; Paschoalino, W. J.; Bayram, S. S.; Blum, A. S.; Mauzeroll, J. Nanoscale 2019, 11 (40), 18595. doi: 10.1039/C9NR04464G

  90. [90]

      Ai, G.; Dai, Y.; Mao, W.; Zhao, H.; Fu, Y.; Song, X.; En, Y.; Battaglia, V. S.; Srinivasan, V.; Liu, G. Nano Lett. 2016, 16 (9), 5365. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01434

  91. [91]

      Wu, M.; Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Yang, S.; Ma, J.; Dou, S. SmartMat 2021, 2(1), 5. doi: 10.1002/smm2.1015

  92. [92]

      Xia, L.; Zhou, Y.; Ren, J.; Wu, H.; Lin, D.; Xie, F.; Jie, W.; Lam, K. H.; Xu, C.; Zheng, Q. Energ. Fuel. 2018, 32 (9), 9997. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01453

  93. [93]

      苏岳锋, 张其雨, 陈来, 包丽颖, 卢赟, 陈实, 吴锋. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37 (3), 2005062. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202005062Su, Y. F.; Zhang, Q. Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, L. Y.; Lu, Y.; Chen, S.; Wu, F. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37(3), 2005062. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202005062

  94. [94]

      张思东, 刘园, 祁慕尧, 曹安民. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(11): 2011007. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202011007Zhang, S. D.; Liu, Y.; Qi, M. Y.; Cao, A. M. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37 (11), 2011007. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202011007

  95. [95]

      Hu, G.; Sun, Z.; Shi, C.; Fang, R.; Chen, J.; Hou, P.; Liu, C.; Cheng, H. M.; Li, F. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 (11), 1603835. doi: 10.1002/adma.201603835

  96. [96]

      Hao, J. N.; Huang, Y. J.; He, C.; Xu, W. J.; Yuan, L. B.; Shu, D.; Song, X. N.; Meng, T. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8 (1), 562. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18895-6

  97. [97]

      Zhong, Y.; Xia, X.; Deng, S.; Xie, D.; Shen, S.; Zhang, K.; Guo, W.; Wang, X.; Tu, J. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30 (46), 1805165. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805165

  98. [98]

      Gao, S.; Fan, H.; Zhang, S. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2 (43), 18263. doi: 10.1039/C4TA03558E

  99. [99]

      Zhang, C.; Shen, L.; Shen, J.; Liu, F.; Chen, G.; Tao, R.; Ma, S.; Peng, Y.; Lu, Y. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (21), 1808338. doi: 10.1002/adma.201808338

  100. [100]

       Xie, Y.; Fang, L.; Cheng, H.; Hu, C.; Zhao, H.; Xu, J.; Fang, J.; Lu, X.; Zhang, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4(40), 15612. doi: 10.1039/C6TA06164H

  101. [101]

       Zhou, L.; Fu, P.; Wang, Y.; Sun, L.; Yuan, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (19), 7222. doi: 10.1039/C6TA01662F

  102. [102]

       Shen, S.; Zhou, R.; Li, Y.; Liu, B.; Pan, G.; Liu, Q.; Xiong, Q.; Wang, X.; Xia, X.; Tu, J. Small Methods 2019, 3 (12), 1900596. doi: 10.1002/smtd.201900596

  103. [103]

       Wang, X.; Ai, W.; Li, N.; Yu, T.; Chen, P. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3(24), 12873. doi: 10.1039/C5TA01987G

  104. [104]

       Wei, L.; Karahan, H. E.; Zhai, S.; Yuan, Y.; Qian, Q.; Goh, K.; Ng, A. K.; Chen, Y. J. Energy Chem. 2016, 25 (2), 191. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2015.12.001

•