Recent Advances in Surface-Modified g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for H2 Production and CO2 Reduction

Citation: Yunfeng Li, Min Zhang, Liang Zhou, Sijia Yang, Zhansheng Wu, Ma Yuhua. Recent Advances in Surface-Modified g-C₃N₄-Based Photocatalysts for H₂ Production and CO₂ Reduction[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2021, 37(6): 200903. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202009030 shu

g-C₃N₄表面改性及其光催化制H₂与CO₂还原研究进展

李云锋 ^{1,
,} ,
张敏 ^1, ,
周亮 ^1, ,
杨思佳 ^1, ,
武占省 ^{1,
,} ,
马玉花 ^{2,
,}

1.
西安工程大学环境与化学工程学院，西安 71004
2.
新疆师范大学化学化工学院，乌鲁木齐 830054

作者简介: Yunfeng Li received his Ph.D. from Northeast Normal University in 2018. He then joined College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering in Xi'an Polytechnic University as Assistant Professor. His research interests focus on environment and energy photocatalysis;

Zhansheng Wu, received his Ph.D. from Beijing Institute of Technology in 2011. He then joined School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering in Xi'an Polytechnic University as Professor. His research interests focus on environmental chemical engineering;
Yuhua Ma obtained her Ph.D. degree from Xinjiang University in 2017. She then became a lecturer at Xinjiang Normal University. Her main research background lies in the area of nanostructured semiconductor photocatalyst for energy and environmental applications;

通讯作者: 李云锋, liyf377@nenu.edu.cn
武占省, wuzhans@126.com
马玉花, 15199141253@163.com

基金项目:
国家自然科学基金 22008185

国家自然科学基金 52063028

陕西省教育厅科研项目 19JK0376

陕西省自然科学基础研究项目 2019JQ-841

国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目 S202010709004

摘要: 石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)作为一种不含金属的有机高分子材料，因独特的能带结构、易于制备以及成本低廉而备受关注。但一些瓶颈问题仍然制约着其光催化活性。截至目前，人们已经尝试了许多方法来优化g-C₃N₄的光电性能，例如：元素掺杂、官能团改性以及构筑异质结等，而这些改性策略均与g-C₃N₄的表面行为密切相关。所以，g-C₃N₄的表面行为对其光催化性能起着关键作用。因此，本文对典型表面改性方法(表面功能化和构建异质结)制备的g-C₃N₄基光催化剂进行了全面综述，阐述了其光激发和响应机制，详细介绍了其可见光照射下光生载流子的转移路线和表面催化反应。此外，本文总结了表面改性g-C₃N₄基光催化剂在光催化制氢与CO₂还原方面的潜在应用。最后，根据已有研究，我们提出了今后有待进一步探索与解决的几方面问题。

关键词:

English

Recent Advances in Surface-Modified g-C₃N₄-Based Photocatalysts for H₂ Production and CO₂ Reduction

Yunfeng Li ^{1,
,} ,
Min Zhang ^1, ,
Liang Zhou ^1, ,
Sijia Yang ^1, ,
Zhansheng Wu ^{1,
,} ,
Ma Yuhua ^{2,
,}

1.
College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710000, China
2.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China

Author Bio: Yunfeng Li received his Ph.D. from Northeast Normal University in 2018. He then joined College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering in Xi'an Polytechnic University as Assistant Professor. His research interests focus on environment and energy photocatalysis;Zhansheng Wu, received his Ph.D. from Beijing Institute of Technology in 2011. He then joined School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering in Xi'an Polytechnic University as Professor. His research interests focus on environmental chemical engineering;Yuhua Ma obtained her Ph.D. degree from Xinjiang University in 2017. She then became a lecturer at Xinjiang Normal University. Her main research background lies in the area of nanostructured semiconductor photocatalyst for energy and environmental applications;

Corresponding author: Yunfeng Li, liyf377@nenu.edu.cn Zhansheng Wu, wuzhans@126.com Ma Yuhua, 15199141253@163.com

Received Date: 07 September 2020
Accepted Date: 08 October 2020
Revised Date: 30 September 2020
Available Online: 15 June 2021
Fund Project:

Abstract: Solar energy is the largest renewable energy source in the world and the primary energy source of wind energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, and fossil fuel. Photocatalysis technology is a sunlight-driven chemical reaction process on the surface of photocatalysts that can generate H₂ from water, decompose organic contaminants, and reduce CO₂ into organic fuels. As a metal-free polymeric material, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention because of its special band structure, easy fabrication, and low costs. However, some bottlenecks still limit its photocatalytic performance. To date, numerous strategies have been employed to optimize the photoelectric properties of g-C₃N₄, such as element doping, functional group modification, and construction of heterojunctions. Remarkably, these modification strategies are strongly associated with the surface behavior of g-C₃N₄, which plays a key role in efficient photocatalytic performance. In this review, we endeavor to provide a comprehensive summary of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts prepared through typical surface modification strategies (surface functionalization and construction of heterojunctions) and elaborate their special light-excitation and response mechanism, photo-generated carrier transfer route, and surface catalytic reaction in detail under visible-light irradiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic H₂ generation and reduction of CO₂ into fuels are summarized. Finally, based on the current research, the key challenges that should be further studied and overcome are highlighted. The following are the objectives that future studies need to focus on: (1) Although considerable effort has been made to develop a surface modification strategy for g-C₃N₄, its photocatalytic efficiency is still too low to meet industrial application standards. The currently obtained solar-to‑hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of g-C₃N₄ for H₂ generation is approximately 2%, which is considerably lower than the commercial standards of 10%. Thus, the regulation of the surface/textural properties and electronic band structure of g-C₃N₄ should be further elucidated to improve its photocatalytic performance. (2) Significant challenges remain in the design and construction of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts by facile, low-cost, and reliable methods. To overcome the limitations of conventional heterojunctions thoroughly, a promising S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic system was recently reported. The study further clarifies the charge transfer route and mechanism during the catalytic process. Thus, the rational design and synthesis of g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunctions will attract extensive scientific interest in the next few years in this field. (3) First-principle calculation is an effective strategy to study the optical, electrical, magnetic, and other physicochemical properties of surface strategy modified g-C₃N₄, providing important information to reveal the charge transfer path and intrinsic catalytic mechanism. As a result, density functional theory (DFT) computation will be paid increasing attention and widely applied in surface-modified g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts.

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Recent Advances in Surface-Modified g-C₃N₄-Based Photocatalysts for H₂ Production and CO₂ Reduction

Corresponding author: Yunfeng Li, liyf377@nenu.edu.cn Zhansheng Wu, wuzhans@126.com Ma Yuhua, 15199141253@163.com

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